Psych

The theory that we explain someone's behaviors by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition is called (the):

attribution theory.

At approximately what age do individuals begin to make two-word statements?

2 years

According to the NIMH (2008), which disorders are reported to yield the highest frequency?

Depressive and bipolar

Carlos is extremely self-conscious about his weight. Often, he starves himself for days and works-out 7 days a week for hours on end. Despite his behavior, he still feels fat (though he is considerably underweight). What disorder might Carlos be suffering from?

Anorexia nervosa

Which personality disorder is characterized by a lack of conscience for wrongdoing and may involve aggressive and ruthless acts?

Antisocial personality disorder

Which disorder is characterized by significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt (without compensatory purging or fasting):

Binge-eating disorder

Harold notices that several of his family members suffer from psychological disorders. Which disorder should he be most concerned about, given heritability estimates?

Bipolar disorder

Which brain area controls the expression of language?

Broca's area

Which of the following is TRUE regarding intuition?

Intuition is adaptive.

Which of the following does NOT explain the utility of a theory?

It explains causation.

Marcus has unpredictable episodes of anxiety where he can't breathe and feels like he's having a heart attack. Though these feelings are temporary, they fill him with dread and worry. Which disorder might Marcus be suffering from?

Panic disorder

Which structural component of language is the smallest unit of distinctive sound?

Phoneme

During which stage of cognitive development are children egocentric?

Preoperational

Which mental technique may assist in achieving one's goal?

Process simulation

Which of the following is NOT a consideration in generalizing from a sample?

Random sampling is unnecessary if the sample is large.

Which of the following is a common symptom of a depressive disorder?

Rumination

Which of the following suspects is MOST likely to be shot and killed by police?

Suan, a Black man who is pulled over for running a red light

Which of the following is FALSE regarding decision making?

We are more confident about successful decisions than unsuccessful decisions.

Which of the following is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

A direct relationship in which two sets of scores increase together or decrease together represents

a positive correlation.

A methodological rule or procedure that guarantees solving a problem is called a/an:

algorithm.

Which of the following would be most consistent with a GRIT strategy?

announcing that defense expenditures will be cut by 5 percent and inviting the enemy to do likewise

Maturation suggests that

biological growth stages are relatively uninfluenced by experience.

Naobi knows that she shouldn't smoke and that it's unhealthy. When her friends peer pressure her into trying a cigarette, she gives in but feels guilty. Later she rationalizes her behavior by stating it wasn't that bad. This is an example of (the):

cognitive dissonance theory.

A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment is called a

confounding variable.

After an experiment, research participants are told its purpose and about any deception they may have experienced. This is called Group of answer choices

debriefing.

The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change is called (the):

epigenetics.

Which of the following can amplify racial bias in decisions by police officers to shoot a suspect?

fatigue

A correlation between physical attractiveness and dating frequency of +0.60 would indicate that

less frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness.

A hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common is called:

mania.

When we are influenced because we desire to gain approval and avoid disapproval, it is called:

normative social influence.

Replication of a research study is most likely to be facilitated by

operational definitions.

Tamarah claims to learn a lot from and really enjoy her psychology professor. Her friends believe this is more due to the fact that her psychology professor has a British accent, which Tamarah finds appealing. This is an example of (the):

peripheral route persuasion.

When pressured to conform, people may do the opposite of what is expected as a way of increasing their sense of

personal control.

The expectation that others will help, not hurt, those who have helped them is called (the):

reciprocity norm.

Repeating the essence of a previous research study to verify whether its findings extend to a new group of research participants and to different circumstances is called

replication.

Professor X is studying the effect of exposure to sexual content on sexual thoughts. She assigns students to one of two conditions. In the first condition, participants are exposed to explicit sexual content and then given a word-completion task, which involves filling in the letter missing from each word. Based on the letter added, the word could be of a sexual nature or not. For instance, b_d could be completed as "bed," indicating sexual thought, or as "bad," which has no sexual connotation. In the second condition, participants are not exposed to explicit sexual content but are assigned the same word-completion task. To ensure ethical treatment of participants, Professor X will NOT need to

report the results of individual participants.

A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two factors, is called a

scatterplot.

Professor X is studying the effect of exposure to sexual content on sexual thoughts. She assigns students to one of two conditions. In the first condition, participants are exposed to explicit sexual content and then given a word-completion task, which involves filling in the letter missing from each word. Based on the letter added, the word could be of a sexual nature or not. For instance, b_d could be completed as "bed," indicating sexual thought, or as "bad," which has no sexual connotation. In the second condition, participants are not exposed to explicit sexual content but are assigned the same word-completion task. The dependent variable is

sexual thought.

When Arturo and Maria visit a local jewelry store to purchase an engagement ring, the store is crowded and there is only one salesperson. When the salesperson finally approaches them, she is irritated by their request for help. Arturo and Maria realize that her behavior is due to the lack of sales help and the number of customers in the store. They are attributing the salesperson's behavior based on

situational attributions.

Whether it's cheering, clapping, or rope pulling, people tend to expend less effort on collective tasks than they do when performing the same task alone, a phenomenon called

social loafing.

When Christa learned that she did not make the cheerleading team, she stole clothes and toiletries out of the lockers of several cheerleaders. Her behavior is best explained in terms of

the frustration-aggression principle.

When shopping for a new cell phone, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have familiar brand names. This preference best illustrates the importance of

the mere exposure effect.

Which theory best explains why the excitement that lingers after a frightening event can facilitate passionate love?

the two-factor theory