Psych CH 1-2 Exam study
For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________.
perceivable and measurable
Introspection
examination of one's own thoughts and feelings
Sierra wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Sierra should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology.
industrial-organizational
Cognitive view perspective
Human thought and the process of knowing focus on mental processes and language; how people think and make decisions
Psychoanalysis founder
Sigmund Freud
According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health?
interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors
I am currently studying the role that forgiveness plays in family relationships. I want to examine the extent to which forgiveness fosters the development of a healthy family environment and positive individual traits.
Perspective: Positive Psychology Specialty: Counseling
I investigate the early life experiences of people who seek psychotherapy for symptoms of depression.
Perspective: Psychodynamic Specialty: Clinical
I compare problem-solving strategies in the U.S. and China.
Perspective: Sociocultural Specialty: Cognitive
Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study ________.
the mind and behavior
Behaviorism (Watson)
the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only Behavior is learned brought psychology back to scientific inquiry
Psychology
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
According to Sigmund Freud, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through ________.
the use of reinforcement and punishment
Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________
thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions
Which of the following is an example of research someone might conduct in the area of health psychology?
whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese
Sociocultural View
-cross cultural differences in the causes and consequences of behavior -social learning and diversity in behavior and mental processes
Behaviorism founder
John B. Watson
behavioral view
Primarily concerned with observable behavior that can be objectively recorded. Everything that is observable is also learned. Pavlov, Skinner, Watson. This is all about learning.
Psychoanalysis (Freud)
The unconscious (unaware) mind is where we put our negative urges and desires primal sexual and aggressive instincts childhood experiences are key
Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist?
Wilhelm Wundt
Structuralism (Wundt)
all conscious experiences (even complex) can be broken down into component parts of sensations and feelings
Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?
clinical psychology
When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ________ trait.
conscientiousness
4 goals of psychology
describe, explain, predict, control
Gestalt Psychology (wertheimer)
disagreed with structuralism and instead believed ( the whole is greater than the sum of the parts) Sensations and perceptions cannot simply be broken down into pieces and still be understood; instead we look at pattern to make sense of the world
Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first?
hypothesis
Gus spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Gus is engaged in ________.
introspection
Humanism (rogers)
Focused on each individual's potential and stressed the importance of grown and self-actualization
I compare mate selection patterns in primitive and modern societies.
Perspective: Evolutionary Specialty: Social
Behaviorists study ________.
Behaviorists study ________.
8 perspectives of psychology
Biological Cognitive Psychodynamic Humanistic Behavioral Evolutionary Sociocultural Positive Psychology
Humanist view (rogers, maslow)
Emphasized an individual's inherent capacity for making rational choices motivation to develop to maximum potential-self actualization
Evolutionary View
Evolutionary adaptations cause behavior. How/why did certain adaptations occur. Survival of the fittest.
Structuralism
Founder Edward Titchener
Carl Rogers
Founder of Humanism; self-concept and unconditional positive regard drive personality
William James (functionalism) famous students
G. Stanley Hall- First Ph.D in psychology in U.S founded American psychological Association (APA) Mary Whiton Calkins-completed coursework for Ph.D but not awarded; 1st female president of APA Margaret Washburn-1st U.S. woman to earn official Ph.D in psych Francis Sumner-first african-american to earn Ph.D. in psyc
Gestalt founder
Max Wertheimer
I develop programs to help people modify unhealthy eating habits, focusing on the environmental cues that trigger overeating.
Perspective: Behavioral Specialty: Counseling
I study brain development in infants.
Perspective: Biological Specialty: Developmental
positive psychology view
Recently emerged from humanistic perspective. Positive traits: happiness, optimism, creativity, resilience, character strengths, wisdom.
Psychology should scientifically investigate observable behaviors that can be measured objectively and should not study consciousness or mental processes.
School/Approach: Behaviorism Founder: John Watson
Psychology should investigate the big picture of sensation and perception and seek out patterns that explain why the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
School/Approach: Gestalt Founder: Max Wertheimer
Psychology should emphasize each person's unique potential for psychological growth and self-directedness.
School/Approach: Humanism Founder: Carl Rogers
Human behavior is strongly influenced by unconscious sexual and aggressive conflicts.
School/Approach: Psychoanalysis Founder: Sigmund Freud
Psychology should focus on the elements of conscious experiences, using the method of introspection.
School/Approach: Structuralism Founder: Edward Titchener
Psychology should study how behavior and mental processes allow organisms to adapt to their environemnts
School/approach: Functionalism Founder: William James
Biological Perspective
Study the physical bases of human and animal behavior (i,e the brain, spinal cord)
________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.
________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.
Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences.
a person's unconscious
Critical thinking is ________.
applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information
psychodynamic view
behavior is explained in terms of past experiences and motivation forces
Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology.
developmental
William James was the ________.
first American psychologist
Functionalism
focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment expanded research into direct observation in natural settings (rather than mere introspection)
Functionalism
founded by William Jamea
Wilhelm Wundt
founder of psychology
I provide Ralph with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when he does something I like. I punish him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something I don't like. I am applying the principles of ________ in an attempt to modify Ralph's behavior.
operant conditioning
Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ________.
personality
