Psych Ch. 11 Test

History's most rapidly adopted technology are _ _. Phone talking is being displaced by _ and _.

cell phones; texting; emailing

Satisfied and successful people devote less time to _ _ than to _ _.

correcting deficiencies; accentuating strengths

Sexual expression varies widely from one ___ to another and with the passage of ___.

culture; time

In many nations, the nature of work has changed, from _ to _ to _ _.

farming; manufacturing; knowledge work

Interviewers tend to _ (feel confident/lack confidence) in their ability to predict job performance from unstructured interviews. These impressions tend to be highly _ (accurate/error-prone).

feel confident; error-prone

Surveys of life satisfaction reveal that ___ satisfaction is strongly predictive of well-being in poorer nations, where-as ___-___ satisfaction matters more in wealthy nations and ___-___ in individualist nations.

financial; home-life; self-esteem

Gays and lesbians may have certain physical traits that fall midway between straight males and females, including ___ ridge counts, greater odds of being (right/left)-handed, and anatomical traits of the ___ within the hearing system.

fingerprint; left; cochlea

Psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi formulated the concept of _, which is defined as a focused state of _ and diminished awareness of _ and time. People who experience this state also experience increased feelings of _-_, _, and _-_.

flow; consciousness; self; self-esteem; competence; well-being

The best predictor of long-term job performance for most jobs is _ _ _. Interviewers tend to _ (over/under) estimate their interviewing skills and intuition -- a phenomenon labeled the _ _.

general mental ability; over; interviewer illusion

Taste preferences for sweet and salty are (genetic/learned). Other influences on taste include ___ and ___.

genetic; conditioning; aversion

The hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach is ___.

ghrelin

With repeated exposure, the emotional response to an erotic stimulus often _.

habituates

Most women and men (have/don't have) sexual fantasies. Compared with women's fantasies, men's sexual fantasies are more ___________. Sexual fantasy (do/don't) indicate sexual problems or dissatisfaction.

have; more physical and fast paced, less romantic and personal; don't

Compared with European teens, American teens have (higher/lower) rates of teen pregnancy.

higher

The aim of drive reduction is to maintain a constant internal state, called ___.

homeostasis

The brain area that plays a role in hunger and other bodily maintenance functions is the ___. One area called the _ _ has a center that secretes appetite-stimulating hormones and another that secretes suppressing hormones.

hypothalamus; arcuate nucleus

Researcher Simon LeVay discovered a cluster of cells in the ___ that is larger in ___ men than in all others. Gays and lesbians differ from their straight counterparts in their preference for sex-related ___.

hypothalamus; heterosexual; odors

Behavior is often not so much pushed by our drives as it is pulled by ___ in the environment.

incentives

Rather than reduce a physiological need, some motivated behaviors actually ___ arousal. This demonstrates that human motives (do/do not) always satisfy some biological need.

increase; don't

The field of _ -_ psychology applies psychology's principles to the workplace. The subfield of _ psychology focuses on employee recruitment, training, appraisal, and development. Another subfield, _ psychology, examines how work environments and _ styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity. A third subfield, _ _ psychology, focuses on the design of appliances, machines, and work environments.

industrial organizational; personnel; organizational; management; human factors

People who are overly self-important, self-focused, and self-promoting are said to be _. People who score high on this trait tend to be (especially active/less active) on social networking sites.

narcissistic; especially active

According to another view of motivation, organisms may experience a physiological ___, which creates a state of arousal that ___ the organism to reduce the need.

need; drives

We have a natural dislike of many foods that are ___; this ___ was probably adaptive for our ancestors, and protected them from toxic substances.

novel; neophobia

In one experiment, job applicants were rated as less worthy of hiring when they were made to appear ___.

obese

The energy equivalent of a pound of fat is approximately ___ calories.

3,500

Studies in Europe and the United States indicate that approximately ___ percent of men and ___ percent of women are exclusively homosexual. This finding suggests that popular estimates of the rate of homosexuality are (high/low/accurate)

3-4; 1-2; high

Some organizations practice _-_ feedback, in which employees not only rate themselves but are also rated by their supervisors and other colleagues.

360-degree

The two researchers who identified a four-stage sexual response cycle are ___ and ___. In order, the stages of the cycle are the ___ phase, the ___ phase, ___, and the ___ phase.

Masters; Johnson; excitement; plateau; orgasm; resolution

Rates of teen intercourse are roughly similar in ___ ___ and ___ ___ but much lower in ___ and ___ countries among North Americans of ___ descent.

Western Europe; Latin America; Arab; Asian; Asian

Motivation is defined as __________.

a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal

Psychologists refer to the desire for significant accomplishments, for mastering skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard as _ _.

achievement motivation

Brain scans reveal more activity in the ___ among (women/men) who are viewing erotica

amygdala; men

A criticism of Maslow's theory is that the sequence is ___ and not ___ fixed.

arbitrary; universally

Research has shown that erotic stimuli (are/aren't) as nearly as arousing for women as for men.

are

Human motivation aims not to eliminate ___ but to seek ___ ___ of arousal

arousal; optimum levels

Effective leaders tend to exude a self-confidence _ that is a mix of a _ of some goal, an ability to _ the goal clearly, and enough optimism to _ others to follow. Leadership that inspires others to transcend their own self-interests for the sake of the groups is called _ leadership.

charisma; vision; communicate; inspire; transformational

Performance appraisal methods include _, _ _ scales, and _ _ scales.

checklist; graphic rating; behavior rating

When asked what makes life meaningful, most people mention ____________________.

close, satisfying relationships with family, friends, or romantic partners.

Positive moods at work contribute to worker _, _, and _. Researchers have also found a positive correlation between measures of organizational success and employee _, or the extent of workers' involvement, satisfaction, and enthusiasm.

creativity; persistence; helpfulness; engagement

Performance appraisal is subject to bias. When the overall evaluation of an employee biases ratings of work-related behaviors, a _ _ have occurred. the tendency to be too easy or too harsh results in _ and _ errors, respectively. When raters focus on easily remembered recent behavior, they are committing the _ error.

halo error; leniency; severity; recency

The best managers help people to _ their talent, match tasks to their _, care how their people feel about their work, and _ positive behaviors.

identify; talent; reinforce

One example of good design is the use of _ _ that broadcast sound directly through a person's own hearing aid. This is an example of an effective _ _ technology.

loop system; assistive listening

Effective managers _(rarely/often) exhibit a high degree of both task and social leadership. The _ effect occurs when people respond more positively to managerial decisions on which they have voiced an opinion.

often; voice

Human factors psychologists help to design machines and work settings that fit our _. They also devise ways to reduce the _, _, and _ that contribute to traffic accidents.

perceptions; distractions; fatigue; intention

Research has shown that _-_ is a better predictor of school performance than _ _ have been. Extremely successful individuals differ from equally talented peers in their _, their passionate dedication to a long-term goals.

self-discipline; intelligence scores; grit

Problems that consistently impair sexual functioning are called _ _. Examples include _ _, _ _, and _ _.

sexual disorders; erectile dysfunction; premature ejaculation; orgasmic dysfunction

A person's sexual attraction toward members of a particular gender is referred to as ___ ___.

sexual orientation

Researchers' values (should/should not) be openly stated.

should

Gay men's scores on tests of _ _ resemble those of straight women.

spatial abilities

Higher worker achievement is motivated by a leader who sets _, _ goals. When people state goals together with _ and _ _, they become more focused in their work.

specific; challenging; subgoals; implementation intentions

Managers who are directive, set clear standards, organize work, and focus attention on specific goals are said to employ _ _. More democratic managers who aim to build teamwork and mediate conflicts in the workforce employ _ _.

task leadership; social leadership

The most effective style of leadership _ (varies/does not vary) with the situation and/or the person.

varies

Obesity has also been linked in women to their risk of late-life _ disease and brain tissue loss.

Alzheimer's

The philosopher ___ referred to humans as the ___ animal. From an evolutionary standpoint, social bonds in humans boosted our ancestors' ___ rates. As adults, those who formed ___ were more likely to ___ and co-nurture their offspring to maturity.

Aristotle; social; survival; attachments; reproduce

(Throughout the world/only in certain cultures do) people use social exclusion, or ___, to control social behavior. Researchers have found that social exclusion elicits increased activity in brain areas, such as the _ _ _ that also activate in response to _.

Throughout the world; ostracism; anterior cingulate cortex; pain

The study of sexual behavior and what motivates it (can/cannot) be free of values.

cannot

Childhood events and family relationships (are/aren't) important factors in determining a person's sexual orientation. Also, homosexuality (does/doesn't) involve a fear of the other gender that leads people to direct their sexual desires toward members of their own gender.

aren't; doesn't

People experience a deep sense of well-being when their need for relatedness is satisfied along with two other basic psychological needs: _ and _.

autonomy; competence

The rate of energy expenditure in maintaining basic functions when the body is at rest is the ___ ___ rate. When food intake is reduced, the body compensates by (lowering/raising) this rate.

basal metabolic; lowering

The consistency of brain, genetic, and prenatal findings suggest that _ plays the larger role in predisposing sexual orientation, which explains why sexual orientation is (difficult/relatively easy) to change. Those who believe that sexual orientation is determined by _ express more accepting attitudes toward homosexual persons.

biological; difficult; biology

Global increases in the prevalence of obesity are most common in (developed/developing) nations. Two reasons are changing _ _ and _ _.

developed; food consumption; activity levels

When rats had their stomachs removed, hunger (did/did not) continue

did

Studies of adoptees and twins (do/don't) provide evidence of a genetic influence on obesity. A particular variant of the gene called ___ has been shown to nearly double a person's risk of becoming obese.

do; FTO

Studies of twins suggest that genes probably (do/don't) play a role in homosexuality. Research has confirmed that homosexual men have more homosexual relatives on their (mother's/father's) side than on their (mother's/father's) side.

do; mother's; father's

Same-sex attraction (does/doesn't) occur among animals.

does

Being slightly overweight (poses/doesn't pose) serious health risks. In the United States, over ___ percent of adults are obese. Significant obesity increases the risk of _______________.

doesn't pose; 34%; diabetes, high-blood pressure, arthritis; heart disease, gallstones, and cancer.

A person's sexual orientation (does/doesn't) appear to be voluntarily chosen. Several research studies reveal that women reveal that sexual orientation among (women/men) tends to be less strongly felt and potentially more changeable than among the other gender. This phenomenon has been called the gender difference in ___ ___.

doesn't; women; erotic plasticity

Sex hormone levels (do/don't) predict sexual orientation.

don't

Also contributing to the problem of obesity are _ factors. Adults who suffer from _ _ are more vulnerable to obesity. People are (less/more) likely to become obese when a friend becomes obese, demonstrating _ influence as a factor in obesity.

environmental; sleep loss; more; social

In most mammals, females are sexually receptive only during ovulation, when the hormone, ___ (such as ___), have peaked.

estrogen; estradiol

As a result of Darwin's influence, many complex behaviors were classified as rigid, unlearned behavior patterns that are characteristic of a species, called ___. Although early instinct theory (did/did not) explain human motives, the underlying assumption that ___ predispose species-typical behavior remains strong.

instinct; did not; genes

Four perspectives on motivation are ___ theory (which has been replaced by the ___ perspective), ___-___ theory, ___ theory, and the ___ of needs proposed by ___.

instinct; evolutionary, drive-reduction; arousal; hierarchy; Maslow

Increases in the hormone ___ diminish blood ___, partly by converting it to stored fat, which causes hunger to ___.

insulin; glucose; increase

Sexual orientation (is/is not) an indicator of mental health.

is not

The concept of a precise body set point that drives hunger (is/isn't) accepted by all researchers. Some researchers believe that set point can be altered by slow sustained changes in _ _, and that _ _ also drive feelings of hunger.

isn't; body weight; psychological factors

After years of placing individual refugee and immigrant families in ___ communities, U.S. policies today encourage ___ ___.

isolated; chain migration

People who view their work as an unfulfilling but necessary way to make money see it as a _. Those who see it as an opportunity to advance from one position to a better one view work as a _. People who view their work as a _ report the greatest satisfaction.

job; career; calling

Obese people are often stereotyped as ___, ___, and ___.

lazy; slow; sloppy

Other appetite hormones include: _, which is secreted by fat cells and decreases hunger; _, which is secreted by the hypothalamus and triggers hunger; and _ from the digestive tract, which decreases hunger.

leptin; orexin; PYY

When a portion of an obese person's stomach is surgically sealed off, the remaining stomach produces (more/less) ghrelin.

less

One study found that obese women earned ___ than a control group of non-obese women and were less likely to be ___.

less; married

A person whose weight goes beyond this level (set point) will tend to feel (more/less) hungry than usual and expend (more/less) energy

less; more

Normal hormonal fluctuations in humans have (little/significant) effect on sexual motivation. In later life, frequency of intercourse (increases/decreases) as sex hormone levels (increase/decline).

little; decreases; decline

People who are _ spend greater-than-average time online. People who are active in _ _ are less likely to know their real-world neighbors.

lonely; social networking

Starting from the idea that ___-___ needs such as the need for water take precedence over others, Maslow constructed a hierarchy of needs.

lower-level

Fat tissue has a (higher/lower) metabolic rate than lean tissue. The result is that fat tissue requires (more/less) food energy to be maintained.

lower; less

Research with amnesia patients indicates that part of knowing when to eat is our ___ of our last meal.

memory

Men who have older brothers are somewhat (more/less) likely to be gay. This phenomenon, which has been called the ___ ___-___ ___, may represent a defensive maternal ___ response to substances produced by (male/female) fetuses.

more; fraternal birth-order effect; immune; male

In support of this idea is evidence that when people and other animals are given unlimited access to tasty foods, they tend to ___ and ___ ___. For these reasons, some researchers prefer to use the term ___ ___ as an alternative to the idea that there is a fixed set point.

overeat; gain weight; settling point

According to Maslow, the ___ needs are the most pressing, whereas the highest order needs relate to ___ and ___.

physiological; transcendence; actualization

Homosexual and bisexual people appear more often in certain populations, including ___, ___ ___, ___, and ___.

poets; fiction writers; artists; musicians

In animals and some rare human cases, sexual orientation has been altered by abnormal ___ conditions during prenatal development. In humans, prenatal exposure to hormone levels typical of ___, particularly between ___ and ___ months after conception, may predispose an attraction to males.

prenatal; females; 2; 5

The sense of mutual obligations between workers and employers is called the _ _.

psychological contract

Most homosexuals begin thinking of themselves as gay or lesbian around _.

puberty

During resolution, males experience a ___ ___, during which they are incapable of another orgasm

refractory period

Generally speaking, social networkings (reveal/do not reveal) people's real personalities.

reveal

Texting and emailing can stimulate healthy _-_ but an even better predictor of life satisfaction is _ _ _ communication.

self disclosure; face to face

Researchers have found that people who are rejected are more likely to engage in ___-___ behaviors, to under perform on ___ ___, and to act in disparaging or ___ ways.

self-defeating; aptitude tests; aggressive

Feeling accepted and loved by others boosts our ___-___.

self-esteem

Keys observed that men became preoccupied with thoughts of food when they underwent ____.

semistarvation

Carbohydrates boost levels of the neurostransmitter ___, which (calms/arouses) the body.

serotonin; calms

The weight level at which an individual's body is programmed to stay is referred to as the body's ___ ___.

set point

An APA report points to the increasing _ of girls, which harms their _-_ and leads to unhealthy _ _. This occurs when girls are led to value themselves in terms of their _ _; compare themselves with narrowly defined _ _; and see themselves as _ _ for others' use.

sexualization; self-image; sexual development; sexual appeal; beauty standards; sexual beings

Unprotected sex has led to an increase in adolescent rates of ___ ___ ___. Teenage girls, because of their not yet fully mature biological development and lower levels of protective ___, may be especially vulnerable to STIs.

sexually transmitted infections; antibodies

Much of our ___ behavior aims to increase our belonging. For most people, familiarity leads to (liking/disliking)

social; liking

Because of ___ facilitation, people tend to eat (less/more) when they are with other people. The phenomenon of ___ ___ is the tendency to mindlessly eat more when portions are larger. Another factor that stimulates eating is _ _.

social; more; unit bias; food variety

Cannon and Washburn's experiment using a balloon indicated that there is an association between hunger and ___ ___.

stomach contractions

Researchers note that the first step to a stronger organization is to institute a _-_ selection system, which matches strengths to work.

strength-based

A more disciplined method of collecting information from job applicants is the _ _, which asks the same questions of all applicants. This method enhances the _ accuracy and _ of the interview process.

structured interview; predictive; reliability

Some homosexuals struggle with their sexual orientation and are at increased risk of ___ attempts.

suicide

The importance of the hormone ___ to male sexual arousal is confirmed by the fact that sexual interest declines in animals if their ___ are removed. In women, low levels of the hormone ___ may cause a waning of sexual interest.

testosterone; testes; testosterone

One theory proposes that people develop a homosexual orientation if they are segregated with (their own/the other gender) at the time their sex drive matures. The fact that early homosexual behavior (does/does not) make people homosexual (supports/conflicts with) this theory.

their own; does not; conflicts with

As children, most homosexuals (were/weren't) sexually victimized.

weren't

Performance appraisal has several purposes, including helping organizations decide _ _ _, and how to appropriately _ and _ workers, and how to better harness employees' _.

who to retain; reward and pay; strengths