Psych Ch 3

Each neuron is connected to about ________ other neurons. 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

10,000

an _____records the brain's electrical activity.

EEG

Which of the following is not one of the four lobes of the cortex? Temporal Occipital Anterior Frontal

anterior

The axon

carries information away from the cell body and to other cells.

The hypothalamus monitors (select all that apply): memory voluntary movement eating drinking sex

eating drinking sex

There are _____chromosomes in the human body.

46

Which of the following neurotransmitters has been linked to memory, movement of skeletal muscles, and Alzheimer's disease? Dopamine Acetylcholine Serotonin Glutamine Glutamate

Acetylcholine

Which of the following are the correct divisions of the peripheral nervous system? Brain and spinal cord Efferent and afferent Muscular and vascular Autonomic and somatic

Autonomic and somatic

Which of the following comprise the main components of the peripheral nervous system? Autonomic nervous system Central nervous system Somatic nervous system Spinal cord

Autonomic nervous system Somatic nervous system

Complexity

Billions of nerve cells in the brain in collaboration and communication with each other are responsible for your behaviors and mental processes

______ area is a region in the brain responsible for the production of speech. Wernicke's Broca's The frontal lobe

Brocas

How does the endocrine system work? By emitting electrochemical impulses between neurons By releasing neurotransmitters into synapses By creating proteins from genes By releasing hormones into the bloodstream

By releasing hormones into the bloodstream

What do the neuron's terminal buttons release into the synapse? Chemicals called neurotransmitters Electrically charged particles called ions Fatty substances called glycerides

Chemicals called neurotransmitters

This image shows two neurons; their primary function is to generate, conduct, and receive electrochemical impulses. Note that there are not "neurons" and "mirror neurons," in that they are physiologically the same. All neurons carry electrochemical messages and have a soma (which includes the nucleus, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria), dendrites, and an axon. All neurons have axons that direct information away from the soma and dendrites that direct information toward the soma, or cell body. However, mirror neurons are special populations of neurons that fire both when an action is performed and observed. Which of the following describes what is happening to the neurons in Cory's brain while watching his friend sculpt clay? Cory's neurons remain neutral, waiting for information to act on. Cory's neurons convert stored electrical impulses as energy to use for the same activity later. Cory's mirror neurons are responding in the same way that they do when he himself sculpts clay. Corey's neurons double in number because of the extra information he is processing.

Cory's mirror neurons are responding in the same way that they do when he himself sculpts clay.

Which of the following techniques would be the most effective at determining the electrical activity that might been seen during an epileptic seizure? EEG PET scan MRI Brain lesioning

EEG

What functions do endorphins have? Eliminate pain Regulate sleep and mood Stimulate the firing of neurons Depress nervous system activity

Eliminate pain Stimulate the firing of neurons Depress nervous system activity

Valium and other antianxiety drugs increase the inhibiting effects of which of the following neurotransmitters? Norepinephrine GABA Glutamate Acetylcholine

GABA

_____is believed to be the neurotransmitter that plays a key function as the brain's "brake pedal," inhibiting many neurons from firing.

GABA

What did Michael Gazzaniga do with split brain patients? He completed the first successful surgery on a split brain patient. He determined the need for split brain surgery on seizure patients. He tested the first split brain patient. He dated the first split brain patient.

He tested the first split brain patient.

Forebrain

Hypothalamus Thalamus Basal ganglia

In this activity, you will determine the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system's role in arousing and calming the body. Drag each label into the corresponding box. Sympathetic Branch

Increase in heart rate Dilation in pupils Halt in digestion Increase in breathing rate Release of epinephrine in adrenal glands

Which of the following statements regarding norepinephrine are true? (Choose every correct answer.) It helps control alertness. It initiates the firing of neurons in the central nervous system. It excites the heart muscle. It inhibits the firing of neurons in the central nervous system.

It helps control alertness. It excites the heart muscle. It inhibits the firing of neurons in the central nervous system.

Serotonin is involved in the regulation of which of the following? Memory Learning Attention Voluntary movement

Learning Attention

What technique for studying the brain creates an image of the brain using a magnetic field and radio waves? Brain lesioning EEG PET MRI

MRI

A(n) ______ uses a magnetic field to create an image of the brain, while a(n) ______ allows us to see what is going on in the brain while it is working. fMRI; EEG PET; MRI EEG; fMRI MRI; fMRI

MRI; fMRI

______ uses a magnetic field to create an image of the brain, but cannot provide information about the brain as it processes information. However, a(n) ______ can provide information about the brain as it processes information.

MRI; fMRI EEG; MRI EKG; fMRI fMRI; MRI

What are the structures of the hindbrain? Amygdala Medulla Cerebellum Pons

Medulla Cerebellum Pons

How is the triggering of migraine headaches and seizures related to glutamate? Migraine headaches and seizures are triggered by low levels of glutamate. Migraine headaches and seizures are triggered by high levels of glutamate. Migraine headaches are triggered by low levels of glutamate, while seizures are triggered by high levels of glutamate. Migraine headaches are triggered by high levels of glutamate, while seizures are triggered by low levels of glutamate.

Migraine headaches and seizures are triggered by high levels of glutamate.

What is the name of the field that uses advanced technology to actually manipulate genes in order to determine their effect on behavior? Behavior genetics Polygenic inheritance Molecular genetics Selective breeding

Molecular genetics

Which of the following statements regarding oxytocin are true? Oxytocin plays a role in social bonding. Oxytocin regulates sleep and mood. Oxytocin is a hormone. Oxytocin is a neurotransmitter.

Oxytocin plays a role in social bonding. Oxytocin is a hormone. Oxytocin is a neurotransmitter.

Which of the following comprise the two primary divisions of the nervous system? (Select all that apply.) Autonomic nervous system Peripheral nervous system Integrative nervous system Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system Central nervous system

Complex human characteristics such as personality are determined by multiple genes. This is an example of what principle of genetics? Dominant-recessive principle Polygenic inheritance Implantation Selective breeding

Polygenic inheritance

Hindbrain

Pons Cerebellum Medulla

Electrochemical Transmission

Processing of two types of communication, electrical and chemical, in order for the messages to be set to your billions of nerve cells

Integration

Pulling information together from your environment as well as within your own body demonstrates the numerous processes happening at the same time

In this activity, you will determine the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system's role in arousing and calming the body. Drag each label into the corresponding box. Parasympathetic Branch

Reduction in heart rate Constriction of pupils Reduction in breathing rate Stimulation of digestion

Which of the following functions are controlled by the medulla? Reflexes Appetite Breathing Heart rate

Reflexes Breathing Heart rate

Midbrain

Reticular formation Striatum

Select all of the following that are structures of the midbrain. Reticular formation Cerebellum Medulla and pons Substantia nigra

Reticular formation Substantia nigra

Which procedure allows researchers to randomly disrupt brain activity in participants and therefore to make causal inferences about the role of brain areas in behavior? an fMRI TMS a CAT scan a PET scan

TMS

The nervous system is composed of many components, including the brain, spinal cord, and individual neurons throughout the body, all of which can communicate with one another. What does this prove about the nervous system? The nervous system is not integrated. The nervous system is fast. The nervous system is highly integrated. The nervous system is slow.

The nervous system is highly integrated.

The medulla oblongata, located within the brain stem, is responsible for respiration, blood pressure, and heartbeat. Consider this: You've had a fight with your significant other who emotionally attacked you; voices were raised, bodies were tense; you were on edge, ready to throw a verbal barb to protect yourself against the next insult thrown your way. You were breathing fast and your heart was pounding. Because you had been in fight-or-flight mode (self-preservation from emotional attacks), your medulla oblongata directed blood flow to increase, which caused increased respiration, elevated blood pressure, and faster heartbeat. For a person in a state of fight-or-flight, what is a realistic reaction for that person to experience due to the medulla oblongata? The person will start to cry. The person will throw up. The person will breathe slowly. The person will have an accelerated heart rate.

The person will have an accelerated heart rate.

What is the function of Broca's area in the brain? Vision The production of speech Higher order reasoning The understanding of language

The production of speech

Which part of the brain's core is responsible for sorting information and relaying it to appropriate areas in the forebrain for further integration and interpretation? The hypothalamus The cerebellum The reticular formation The thalamus

The thalamus

What is the function of Wernicke's area in the brain? Higher order reasoning. Vision The control of speech The understanding of language

The understanding of language

Adaptability

The unique capacity of change that occurs in your brain

What is the purpose of the corpus callosum? To modulate emotional states To connect the brain's two hemispheres To improve balance and coordination To regulate internal states

To connect the brain's two hemispheres

What is the function of the basal ganglia? Higher order thinking To regulate breathing To coordinate voluntary movement To put information into memory

To coordinate voluntary movement

What is the function of the basal ganglia? To coordinate voluntary movement To regulate breathing Higher order thinking To put information into memory

To coordinate voluntary movement

How do neurons communicate between each other? Using chemical messengers Using mechanical impulses Using electrical impulses Using electrochemical impulses

Using chemical messengers

In addition to the frontal lobe, mirror neurons are also known to activate within the parietal lobe of the brain, which is responsible for sensory integration as well as many other functions. Several areas of the parietal lobe are responsible for language processing and are interconnected with the premotor cortex. Recent research has revealed that when you hear someone speak, mirror neurons in your parietal and frontal lobes are active. Amazingly, the same premotor cortex neurons that are active when you say something are also active when you hear another person make the same utterance. Moreover, neuroscientists currently speculate that when infants mimic what is being said to them, they are actually training their mirror neuron systems; turns out all that babbling is very important to development. What area of the brain is responsible for the understanding of language? parieto-occipital area left cerebral hemisphere Broca's area Wernicke's area

Wernicke's area

Another part of Phineas Gage's brain that was damaged was the cerebral cortex—a superficial layer of gray matter (neural tissue) covering most of the brain's surface. The cerebral cortex is highly involved in memory, attention, perception, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. The cerebral cortex is also referred to as gray matter because it contains many densely packed neurons, giving it the gray color. It varies as to how much gray matter can be damaged before behavior changes. Researchers estimate that Gage lost about 4 percent of his cerebral cortex in the accident. The cerebral cortex, or gray matter, contains hundreds of millions of densely packed neurons. The top layer of the cerebrum, highlighted in orange, is the cerebral cortex. Could the loss of 4 percent of the cerebral cortex cause the behavior changes noted in Phineas Gage? Probably not, since so little of the cortex was lost. No, as it was mostly the frontal lobe that was damaged. Yes, the loss of any nontrivial amount of gray matter would affect behavior. It is uncertain, since gray matter covers such a wide area of the cerebrum.

Yes, the loss of any nontrivial amount of gray matter would affect behavior.

Fight-or-flight reactions begin after you perceive a threat to your emotional, mental, or physical self-preservation. All emotions you feel in the face of the threat (fear, concern, worry) are governed by the amygdalae (singular: amygdala). Consider this: You're about to miss an important deadline and suddenly you are panicked, frenzied, and scrambling around; this missed deadline might cause you to be fired and you are fearful about losing a sustainable income. These emotions are influenced by the amygdalae. The amygdalae are located deep within the temporal lobe, which is pictured above. Which of the following describes a fight-or-flight reaction influenced by the amygdalae? On a hot day, you profusely sweat due to heat. Your smartphone was stolen and you panic upon realizing it's gone. Your palms get sweaty just before you give your oral presentation.

Your smartphone was stolen and you panic upon realizing it's gone.

Implanting healthy tissue into a damaged brain is called a brain transplant. collateral sprouting. a brain graft. neurogenesis.

a brain graft

Which of the following people would NOT have elevated levels of endorphins? a depressed person someone in shock after an accident a woman giving birth long-distance runner

a depressed person

Adaptability

a. As the world is constantly changing, the brain and nervous system allow persons to adapt to those changes. b. Plasticity refers to the brain's special physical capacity for change. c. Because the brain has plasticity, it can change in response to experience. Our daily experiences contribute to the wiring and rewiring of the brain.

Electrochemical Transmission

a. Electrical impulses and chemical messenger systems allow the brain and nervous system to work as an information-processing system.

Integration

a. The brain integrates information from the environment so that people can function in the world. b. Each nerve cell in the brain communicates, on average, with 10,000 other nerve cells, which allows your nervous system to process a multitude of experiences at various levels simultaneously.

Complexity

a. The brain is composed of billions of nerve cells, and the orchestration of these nerve cells allows a person to carry out a variety of activities. b. The human brain and nervous system are incredibly complex and awe-inspiring.

If someone is bitten by a poisonous spider, which neurotransmitter causes muscle spasms and weakness? acetylcholine serotonin GABA norepinephrine

acetylcholine

The little blips of electricity generated by neurons are called the action potential. axon. neural network. degree of connectivity.

action potential

Sensory or ________nerves carry information to the brain and spinal cord.

afferent

Plasticity can be affected by: gender age marital status amount of damage

age amount of damage

The ______ principle states that once the threshold has been crossed, the action potential either fires or it does not. There is no half measure. threshold all-or-nothing polarization neuron

all or nothing

Neurons

are the nerve cells that control the information-processing function.

The corpus callosum is composed of a large bundle of _____ , which allow the left and right hemispheres to communicate with each other.

axons

The forebrain structure that works with the cerebellum to coordinate balance is the basal ganglia. pons. cerebral cortex.

basal ganglia.

The somatosensory cortex processes information about personality. body sensations. visual stimuli. auditory stimuli.

body sensations

A recessive gene will exhibit its trait only when both genes in a pair are recessive. there is a birth defect. there is at least one dominant gene in the pair. both genes in a pair are dominant.

both genes in a pair are recessive.

The _____ stem is a hindbrain structure that connects to the spinal cord and regulates basic survival functions.

brain

The central nervous system is composed of the ________and spinal cord.

brain

The central nervous system is composed of the______and spinal cord.

brain

What part of the hindbrain connects to the spinal cord and regulates basic survival functions? Cerebellum Amygdala Cerebral cortex Brain stem

brain stem

What part of the hindbrain connects to the spinal cord and regulates basic survival functions? Cerebral cortex Brain stem Cerebellum Amygdala

brain stem

he parasympathetic nervous system

calms the body down after the stressful situation and may be thought of as the system that "rests and digests."

Efferent nerves (or motor nerves)

carry information out of the brain and spinal cord. These nerves facilitate communication from the brain and spinal cord to other areas of the body such as muscles and glands.

Afferent nerves (or sensory nerves)

carry information to the brain and spinal cord. These nerves communicate information about the external environment and internal conditions from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.

What does every neuron have? (Choose every correct answer.) cell body fat cells axon dendrites

cell body axon dendrites

What does every neuron have? cell body fat cells dendrites axon

cell body dendrites axon

The nervous system has two main divisions: the ________ nervous system and the ________nervous system.

central, peripheral

Susan is practicing her overhand tennis serve. Which part of her brain is hard at work? Amygdala Brain stem Frontal lobe Cerebellum

cerebellum

The medulla, pons, and ____ are located in the hindbrain. amygdala thalamus cerebellum cortex

cerebellum

The ____ cortex is divided into two halves—the left and right hemispheres--and each one has different functions.

cerebral

In neural communication, when the electrical impulse gets to the end of the line, it communicates with the next neuron using genes. chemicals. chromosomes. electricity.

chemicals

In neural communication, when the electrical impulse gets to the end of the line, it communicates with the next neuron using genes. electricity. chemicals. chromosomes.

chemicals

Neurons use______to communicate with one another across the synaptic gap.

chemicals, neurotransmitters, or neurochemicals

____are threadlike structures that contain DNA.

chromosomes

What is the primary function of the prefrontal cortex? Cognitive reasoning Vision Regulation of breathing Hearing

cognitive reasoning

The cell body

contains the nucleus, which manufactures what the neuron needs for growth and maintenance.

A myelin sheath

covers the axon and is semipermeable, meaning that only certain substances can pass into and out of the axon. It is responsible for the insulation of axons and the speed of transmission of nerve impulses.

The frontal lobes, shown above from a lateral view, account for almost 50 percent of the volume of each of the two hemispheres of the brain. They are frequently referred to as the executive arm of the brain because they are responsible for many of our higher order functions, such as: language, movement, reasoning, planning, problem solving, and personality. Gage's behavior changed after his accident. One of the major changes that others around him noticed was that became ill-tempered and had a difficult time holding a job. Although the brain structures are intertwined and no one area is entirely responsible for one function, it is likely that the damage to the frontal lobes was responsible for changes in Gage's behavior. What is the most likely reason that Gage's personality changed after his accident? damage to the frontal lobes, which are largely responsible for personality damage to the right hemisphere of the frontal lobes, which is largely responsible for personality and planning damage to the right hemisphere of the brain, which is largely responsible for personality damage to the left lateral geniculate nucleus, which is largely responsible for vision

damage to the frontal lobes, which are largely responsible for personality

Medications used to treat ______ often act upon serotonin. depression Parkinson disease migraine headaches sexual dysfunction

depression

Medications used to treat ______ often act upon serotonin. sexual dysfunction Parkinson disease migraine headaches depression

depression

Information is transmitted through the nervous system by: digital transmission electrical impulses genetic transfer chemical messengers

electrical impulses chemical messengers

Communication in the nervous system is electrochemical; within a _______neuron and______ to cross the synaptic gap.

electrical, chemical

The thyroid, the pancreas, and the ovaries are all examples of ____glands.

endocrine

The_____ system consists of glands that send chemical messages (hormones) through the blood.

endocrine

Which of the following are techniques for studying the brain that creates an image of the brain using a magnetic field and radio waves? EEG PET fMRI MRI

fMRI MRI

True or false: Glutamate is a sugar found inside the synaptic gap between two neurons.

false

The ______ is made up of the limbic system, thalamus, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex. brain stem forebrain hindbrain midbrain

forebrain

Phineas Gage was a railroad worker who sustained damage to his ______lobes, when an iron rod was driven up through the left side of his face and out of the top of his head during a blasting accident.

frontal

The actual genetic material present in every cell of a particular person's body is called a trait. characteristic. genotype. phenotype.

genotype

The medulla is important in coordinating movements. governs eating and sex. governs breathing and reflexes. is important in the formation of memory.

governs breathing and reflexes.

A brain ______ is an experimental procedure involving the implantation of healthy tissue into damaged regions of the brain. transplant lesion graft patch

graft

The temporal lobes are primarily involved in: hearing memory attention language processing personality

hearing memory language processing

Which of the following structures has a special role in memory? Basal ganglia Hippocampus Thalamus Hypothalamus

hippocampus

Eating, drinking, and sex are all monitored by the: hypothalamus hippocampus basal ganglia thalamus

hypothalamus

The cerebral cortex, limbic system, thalamus, basal ganglia, and ____ make up the forebrain. reticular formation medulla hypothalamus pons

hypothalamus

When a(n) ______ reaches a terminal button, neurotransmitters are released. impulse neuron synapse dendrite

impulse

The nervous system consists of neurons throughout the body, all of which can communicate with one another. This demonstrates the high degree of _____ in the nervous system. complexity integration plasticity communication

integration

The central nervous system (CNS)

is comprised of the brain and spinal cord.

The peripheral nervous system (PNS

is comprised of the nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body. The function of the peripheral nervous system is to bring information to and from the brain and spinal cord. It also carries out the commands of the CNS.

The nervous system

is the body's electrochemical communication system.

Neuroscience

is the field of study of the nervous system. The researchers that conduct research on the nervous system are called neuroscientists.

The function of the somatic nervous system

is to convey information from the skin and muscles to the CNS. It regulates information about pain and temperature.

The autonomic nervous system's function

is to take messages to and from the body's internal organs and so it regulates breathing, heart rate, and digestion.

Broca's area is a region in the______ hemisphere of the brain that is involved in the control of speech. People with damage in this part of the brain have problems saying words correctly.

left

When researchers measured EEG activity of participants watching amusing film clips, people showed more activation in the ___ prefrontal cortex. upper right left lower

left

Which part of the brain is essential for speech? left hemisphere right hemisphere amygdala hypothalamus

left hemisphere

The amygdala and the hippocampus are the principal structures of the brain stem. limbic system. midbrain. forebrain.

limbic system

Damage to the temporal lobes affects attention. long-term memory. motor control. personality.

long-term memory

The _____ begins where the spinal cord enters the skull. medulla thalamus hypothalamus basil ganglia

medulla

Samantha was in a car accident, and she had a lot of damage to her hippocampus. Which of the following functions is most likely to be compromised? Memory Language Coordination Personality

memory

The temporal lobes are primarily involved in: personality memory attention hearing language processing

memory hearing language processing

The limbic system is involved in relaying sensory information. memory and emotion. regulating the body's internal state. balance and the control of movement.

memory and emotion

______ genetics uses advanced technology to actually manipulate genes in order to determine their effect on behavior. Selective Polygenetic Behavioral Molecular

molecular

The central nervous system (CNS) contains _____ of all nerve cells in our body. around 75% less than half less than 10% more than 99%

more than 99%

Voluntary movement is processed by the _____ cortex.

motor

Endorphins are amino acids. synthetic opiates. natural opiates. antianxiety medications.

natural opiates.

A single cubic centimeter of the human brain consists of well-over 50 million nerve cells. neurotransmitters. chromosomes. amino acids.

nerve cells

The ______ ______ is the body's electrochemical communication circuitry.

nervous system

The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system are the major divisions of the ______. nervous system endocrine system circulatory system autonomic nervous system

nervous system

The________ ____________ is the body's electrochemical communication circuitry.

nervous system

Neural ______are interconnected pathways of nerve cells that integrate sensory input and motor output.

networks

Interconnected pathways of nerve cells that integrate sensory input and motor output are called axons. neural networks. neurotransmitters. dendrites.

neural networks

The cells in the nervous system that handle information processing are called synapses. blood cells. neurons. specialty cells.

neurons

There are two types of cells in the nervous system:_____and_____cells

neurons, glia

Communication between neurons occurs via chemical messengers called

neurotransmitters

Neurons communicate by releasing chemicals called________into a synapse.

neurotransmitters

Neurons use _____to communicate with one another across the synaptic gap.

neurotransmitters

When action potentials reach terminal buttons, chemical communicators called _____ are released.

neurotransmitters

Communication between neurons occurs via neurotransmitters. electrotransmitters. electrical communication. action potentials.

neurotransmitters.

Vision is primarily processed in the _____ lobes. temporal occipital parietal frontal

occipital

Glands are also considered organs. neurotransmitters. neurons. hormones.

organs

The important hormone and neurotransmitter in human love and bonding is norepinephrine. GABA. oxytocin. dopamine.

oxytocin

Spatial location and motor control are the responsibility of the _____ lobes of the brain.

parietal

The four lobes of the brain are: neocortex cortex parietal frontal occipital temporal

parietal frontal occipital temporal

The frontal lobes are involved in (select all that apply): hearing personality memory control of voluntary muscles intelligence

personality control of voluntary muscles intelligence

Collateral sprouting, substitution of function, and neurogenesis are all examples of brain functioning. integration. hemispheric neglect. plasticity.

plasticity

The brain's ____, or ability to change/adapt, can be affected by age, the extent of damage to the brain, or stress.

plasticity

As an example of ______ inheritance, complex characteristics are determined by multiple genes. genetic recessive polygenetic

polygenetic

The ____ is a bridge in the hindbrain that connects the cerebellum and the brain stem.

pons

The _____ connects the cerebellum and the brain stem. hypothalamus basal ganglia forebrain pons

pons

The ______ is a bridge in the hindbrain that connects the cerebellum and the brain stem.

pons

The _____ is the specific region of the brain responsible for higher-order cognitive functions such as planning and reasoning. somatosensory cortex visual association cortex prefrontal cortex association cortex

prefrontal cortex

The sympathetic nervous

prepares a person for a stressful situation and is associated with the "fight or flight" response

Glial cells (or glia)

provide structural, functional, and health support in the nervous system and play a role in memory, Alzheimer disease, pain, and some psychological disorders.

Dendrites

receive information and send that information on to the cell body.

A recessive genetic trait will be exhibited when both genes in a pair are____

recessive

The all-or-nothing principle

refers to the process during which when an electrical impulse reaches a certain level of intensity known as threshold, it fires and moves all the way down the axon without losing any of its intensity. It can be compared to a firecracker. Once the fuse is lit, the spark will travel to the end with the same intensity with which it started.

The hypothalamus, shown above, is responsible for creating, releasing, and inhibiting the secretion of hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol. It also regulates emotional behavior and controls the involuntary portion of the nervous system (e.g., breathing, heart rate, digestion). When you face a perceived threat and feel emotions influenced by the amygdalae, the hypothalamus begins the fight-or-flight process by telling nerve cells to release adrenaline (a fast-acting hormone that influences immediate changes in the body), cortisol (a low-acting hormone that influences long-term changes), and other hormones. What would the hypothalamus do in the wake of a perceived threat such as a bee hovering around your face? release hormones control your emotions to not react make you feel sleepy control your nervous system reactions

release hormones

____ is when a neuron's axon reabsorbs any neurotransmitter that is left over in the synapse. Reuptake Vacuuming Action potential Blocking

reuptake

The left hemisphere of the brain controls the _____ side of the body and vice versa. back right left front

right

When you hold something in your left hand, only the _____ detects it. right hemisphere of the brain corpus callosum frontal lobe left hemisphere of the brain

right hemisphere of the brain

____breeding is a technique in which two specific organisms are chosen for reproduction to see what traits their offspring display.

selective

Select all that apply ______ neurons receive information from sensory organs. (Select all that apply.) Afferent Efferent Sensory Motor

sensory

The occipital lobes process stimuli including (select all that apply): shape color sound motion motor control

shape color motion

What part of the brain is specifically responsible for processing information about bodily sensations? Somatosensory cortex Motor cortex Wernicke's area Occipital lobe

somatosensory cortex

If one experiences extensive damage to the cerebellum it is impossible to sit down. sleep. stand up. breathe.

stand up

What stimulates the release of norepinephrine? stress relaxation Alzheimer disease sleep

stress

The reticular formation and ____ are part of the midbrain region of the brain. substantia nigra basal ganglia limbic system pons

substantia nigra

Which of the following is not a part of the neuron? Dendrites Synapse Axons Cell body

synapse

The space between neurons is called a(n) ______ gap. axonic synaptic terminal button dendritic

synaptic

the ________gap is the space between two neurons.

synaptic

Auditory processing, or hearing, is primarily processed in the ______lobes.

temporal

Most neural input to the cerebral cortex goes through the hippocampus. basal ganglia. thalamus. hypothalamus.

thalamus

Afferent or sensory nerves carry information to only the brain. out of only the spinal cord. out of the brain and spinal cord. to the brain and spinal cord.

to the brain and spinal cord.

Computerized axial _____is an imaging technique that produces a three-dimensional image obtained from X rays.

tomography

True or false: In some cases of brain damage, the function of the damaged area will be taken over by another area not typically associated with such function.

true

True or false: Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a technique that allows doctors to make causal statements about behavior and brain function.

true

The motor cortex processes information about body sensations. personality. voluntary movement. visual information.

voluntary movement

When an action potential abides by the all-or-nothing principle, once it reaches its threshold it moves all the way down the axon immediately increasing in intensity. losing its intensity before gaining it again. slowly losing half of its intensity. without losing any of its intensity.

without losing any of its intensity.

CAT scans use ______ to study the brain. magnetic fields lasers glucose analysis X rays

x rays

Mirror neurons

· are specialized cells that appear to respond to both sensory and motor information. · These specialized cells, are activated when we perform an action or when we watch someone perform the same action. The role of these cells has sparked predictions about the function of neurons in imitating, social cognition, empathy, and understanding behavior.