PSYCH Ch.6 Review

_______ was one of the first researchers to look at the laws involved in learning voluntary responses. a. Ivan Pavlov b. B. F. Skinner c. John Watson d. Edward Thorndike

d. Edward Thorndike

_______is the disappearance or weakening of a learned response, following the removal or absence of the unconditional stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning). a. Stimulus generalization b. Spontaneous recovery c, Stimulus discrimination d. Extinction

d. Extinction

16. At the end of each day during the first week of kindergarten, Jeremiah's teacher exclaimed, "You may all leave" just after a loud bell rang. On the first day of the second week of school, Jeremiah immediately left the room just as the bell rang, without any notice from his teacher. In this example, what is the conditioned response? a. Jeremiah left the room after his teacher told him to do so. b. Jeremiah's teacher told the class to leave. c. The bell rang loudly. d. Jeremiah left the room after the bell rang.

d. Jeremiah left the room after the bell rang.

19. Which individual discovered that hopelessness and powerlessness could be important parts of learned behavior? a. B. F. Skinner b. Edward Thorndike c. John Watson d. Martin Seligman

d. Martin Seligman

27. Köhler's chimpanzee experiment involved: a. two chimps forming a relationship to solve a problem together. b. a young chimp gaining insight from an older chimp. c. testing a chimp to find out its strategy for climbing a tree to reach a banana. d. a chimp fitting one stick into another stick to reach out of his cage for a banana.

d. a chimp fitting one stick into another stick to reach out of his cage for a banana.

12. When a previously neutral stimulus, through repeated pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, begins to cause the same kind of reflexive response, the neutral stimulus has become: a. a reflex. b. a discriminative stimulus. c. extinct. d. a conditioned stimulus.

d. a conditioned stimulus.

41. Lan received a noisemaker for his birthday and has played with it every day. Desperate for some peace and quiet, Lan's father gives him a lollipop, which takes Lan's attention away from the toy and gives his dad some temporary silence. What kind of reinforcement process is taking place? a. Lan is being positively reinforced for playing with the noisemaker. b. Lan's father is being positively reinforced for giving Lan the lollipop. c. Lan is being negatively reinforced for playing with the noisemaker. d. No reinforcement is occurring, but Lan's father is receiving punishment.

a. Lan is being positively reinforced for playing with the noisemaker.

38. _______ is more resistant to extinction than a. Partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement b. Negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement c. Continuous reinforcement; partial reinforcement d. Positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement

a. Partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement

29. ________ occurs when an organism learns to respond to different stimuli in different ways. a. Stimulus discrimination b. Spontaneous recovery c. Stimulus generalization d. Acquisition

a. Stimulus discrimination

7. Birds, who find their food by sight, will avoid any object or insect that simply looks like one that made them sick. This is a result of: a. biological preparedness. b. maturation. c. reflex. d. operant conditioning.

a. biological preparedness.

21. In his study of rats in mazes, Tolman concluded that the rats in the group that did not receive reinforcement for solving the maze had: a. learned the maze by wandering around in it and forming a cognitive map. b. more interest in the reinforcement than did the other groups. c. learned to expect reinforcement every tenth day. d. been more motivated by the variable interval schedule of reinforcement.

a. learned the maze by wandering around in it and forming a cognitive map.

43. The second group of rats in Tolman's maze experiment was not reinforced for finding the exit until the tenth day. Once they started getting reinforcement, the rats: a. learned to find the exit almost immediately. b. took just as long to find the exit as the third group, which received no reinforcement. c. showed no interest in finding the exit. d. learned to find the exit after five more days.

a. learned to find the exit almost immediately.

28. In most employment situations, people are paid: a. on a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement. b. on a variable schedule of reinforcement. c. on a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement. d. as continuous reinforcement.

a. on a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement.

33. Anna's mother scolds her for lying. Anna's mother is using: a. punishment by application. b. punishment by removal. c. positive reinforcement. d. negative reinforcement.

a. punishment by application.

31. When children witness other children cry when getting a vaccination, and the witnesses then cry before the needle even touches them, it is an example of: a. vicarious conditioning. b. biological preparedness. c. a reflex. d. an unconditioned response.

a. vicarious conditioning.

26. What does punishment do to a response? a. weakens it b. strengthens it c. extinguishes it d. shapes it

a. weakens it

46. In classical conditioning, the actual response involved in a CR and a UCR are the same (for example, salivation). However, what makes that response (salivation) conditioned or unconditioned depends on: a. whether the subject is responding to a UCS or a CS. b. what sort of food is eliciting the response. c. how the subject feels about the stimulus and the response. d. the presence of an NS.

a. whether the subject is responding to a UCS or a CS.

40. Which of the following examples of change demonstrates "learning" as defined in the text? a. Kara asks her mom for a new pair of shoes after noticing an increase in the size of her feet. b. Ama slows down her car after seeing a police officer on the side of the road. c. Isaiah sits up for the first time. d. As Lamont grows older he begins to look more and more like his father.

b. Ama slows down her car after seeing a police officer on the side of the road.

Shortly after eating a piece of his great-aunt's famous coconut cake, which he's had many times, Amad became very nauseous. Now, whenever his greataunt offers him a piece of cake, Amad quickly declines. Which concept best explains Amad's change in behavior? a. vicarious conditioning b.conditioned taste aversion c.extinction d. stimulus discrimination

b. conditioned taste aversion

34. Marco's mom gives him a treat every night after dinner when he picks up his plate and places it in the dishwasher. Marco's mom uses: a. partial reinforcement. b. continuous reinforcement. c. a variable schedule of reinforcement. d. negative reinforcement.

b. continuous reinforcement.

39. For every three boxes of cookies Tammy sells, her scout troop gets a dollar. On what schedule of reinforcement is Tammy being conditioned? a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. variable ratio

b. fixed ratio

23. In Seligman's study on dogs, the dogs that were not conditioned to fear the tone: a. jumped over the fence when the tone sounded. b. jumped over the fence when the shock started. c. refused to move even after the shock started. d. showed distress when the tone sounded.

b. jumped over the fence when the shock started.

47. A stimulus that has no effect on the desired response is a(n): a. unconditioned stimulus. b. neutral stimulus. c. ineffective stimulus. d. conditioned stimulus.

b. neutral stimulus.

42. Issuing a time-out to a disobedient child is an example of a. shaping b. punishment by removal c. negative reinforcement d. punishment by application

b. punishment by removal

9. Four-year-old Joshua reacts with anxiety to the sound of thunder. When a chair slides across the wooden floor, making a sound similar to thunder, Joshua reacts with some anxiety. This is an example of: a. stimulus discrimination. b. stimulus generalization. c. a neutral stimulus. d. a spontaneous recovery

b. stimulus generalization.

Small steps in behavior that are reinforced, one after the other, to create a particular goal are known as: a. successive reinforcers. b. successive approximations. c. discriminative stimuli. d. secondary reinforcers

b. successive approximations.

Fishing is an example of an activity with a: a. fixed interval schedule of reinforcement. b. variable interval schedule of reinforcement. c. fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement. d. variable ratio schedule of reinforcement.

b. variable interval schedule of reinforcement.

48. An example of a conditioned taste aversion is: a. when dogs salivate in order to help digest their food. b. when coyotes eat sheep laced with lithium chloride, get extremely sick, then stop eating sheep meat. c. when dogs jump out of a pen to escape electrical shock. d. when rats go through the maze more quickly when reinforced with food.

b. when coyotes eat sheep laced with lithium chloride, get extremely sick, then stop eating sheep meat.

11. The repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS is called: a. spontaneous recovery. b. extinction. c. acquisition. d. aversion.

c. acquisition.

Bandura conducted some of his research to study: a. the effects of rewards on children's behavior. b. hero worship in children. c. children's exposure to aggressive behavior toward others. d. people's innate perception of relationships.

c. children's exposure to aggressive behavior toward others.

8. Khalila decided to try a new dish consisting ofrice and tomatoes just as she was coming down with the flu. Now, every time she sees rice or tomatoes, she gets sick to her stomach. In this example, Khalila's experience of nausea at the sight of rice or tomatoes exhibits a(n) ________. a. unconditioned response b. conditioned stimulus c. conditioned response d. unconditioned stimulus

c. conditioned response

45. The heart of operant conditioning is the effect of __________ on behavior. a. biology b. reflexes c. consequences d. observation

c. consequences

14. When Pavlov stopped giving the dogs food after the real CS, they stopped salivating to the sound of the ticking. This is called: a. acquisition. b. stimulus generalization. c. extinction. d. higher-order conditioning.

c. extinction

20. After passing his chemistry exam, Tito was told by his parents that he could have access to the family car for a week. Tito's parents' are using a. behavior modification b. shaping c. higher-order conditioning d. positive reinforcement

c. higher-order conditioning

17. In John Watson's experiment with "Little Albert," he demonstrated that: a. human emotions are deeply rooted in the unconscious. b. chimps can be conditioned to share food. c. irrational fear responses could be conditioned. d. rats are able to create a cognitive map of a maze.

c. irrational fear responses could be conditioned.

10. Every time Paul's neighbor upstairs plays loud music, Paul bangs on his ceiling with a broom and the music stops. Paul's behavior of banging on the ceiling to get the music to stop is an example of a. punishment by application b. positive reinforcement c. negative reinforcement d. punishment by removal

c. negative reinforcement

36. Layla's new puppy keeps chewing the bottoms of her favorite curtains. Now, whenever Layla sees the puppy begin chewing, she turns on a device that makes a continuous, loud, annoying sound. She will not turn it off until the puppy stops chewing. Layla is using which technique to change the puppy's behavior? a. secondary reinforcement b. punishment c. negative reinforcement d. sound therapy

c. negative reinforcement

24. According to Bandura, to learn anything through observation, the learner must first: a. geta good night's sleep. b. repeat everything that is said during the process. c. pay attention. d. be motivated.

c. pay attention.

25. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian _________ who spent his life studying classical conditioning. a. psychologist b. psychiatrist c. physiologist d. physicist

c. physiologist

30. The behavior of infants, young children, and animals can be most easily reinforced using: a. secondary reinforcers. b. fixed reinforcement. c. primary reinforcers. d. partial reinforcement.

c. primary reinforcers.

13. A student in a fourth-grade class keeps talking out of turn, no matter how many times the teacher tells her to stop. Finally, in desperation, the teacher sends the student to the principal's office. This final action is a form of: a. negative reinforcement. b. positive reinforcement. c. punishment. d. antecedent.

c. punishment

22. A conditioned response that has been extinguished can reappear briefly in the presence of the original conditioned stimulus through a process called: a. successive approximation. b. law of effect. c. spontaneous recovery. d. vicarious conditioning.

c. spontaneous recovery.

35. Theo gets excited whenever he finds a quarter lying on the ground outside. While walking home from school one day, Theo noticed a shiny round object lying on the sidewalk and became very excited. He soon realized that the object was a bottle cap and his excitement quickly dissipated. Which concept is demonstrated in this example? a. extinction b. conditioned emotional response c. stimulus generalization d. spontaneous recovery

c. stimulus generalization

32. Bandura found that consequences: a. caused defiance in the research subjects. b. are only motivational if positive. c. are irrelevant in modeling behavior. d. do matter in motivating a person to imitate a model.

d. do matter in motivating a person to imitate a model.

37. Voluntary behavior, to Skinner, was _________ behavior. a. unconditioned b. punishable c. conditioned d. operant

d. operant

15. Doretha eats all of her dinner knowing that afterward she will get a bowl of ice cream. Doretha's behavior is best explained by what type of learning? a. insight learning b. social learning c. classical conditioning d. operant conditioning

d. operant conditioning

44. In his later research, Bandura added the condition of _____ into his studies ofbchildren and the Bobo doll. a. observation b. modeling c. aggression d. reward

d. reward

18. Tamar just can't seem to get away from the slot machines. She has no idea how many times she has to pull the levers to win money, but she's aware that at some point, she's likely to win. What schedule of reinforcement is being used in this example? a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. variable ratio

d. variable ratio