Psych Chap 8

classical conditioning = Pavlov:

US = UR (food = saliva) NS + US = conditioning UCR (NS-->CS) = acquisition CS + US = CR CS = CR Extinction: when CS stops equalling CR

Negative punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.

decreases; increases (pg. 332)

If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of the music you heard there. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by:

biological predispositions (pg. 322)

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a(n):

UR (unconditioned response) (pg. 317)

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n):

US (unconditioned stimulus) (pg. 317)

operant conditioning & law of effect = B.F. Skinner:

+/- reinforcement vs. +/- punishment, behavior modified by consequence Skinner box/operant chamber

Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior?

Bandura (pg. 343)

You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed to your eye. Blinking to the tone presented without an air puff is a(n):

CR (conditioned response) (pg. 317)

Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) ________ comes after a(n) _____.

CS; US (conditioning=FAIL when CS(conditioned stimulus) comes AFTER an US(unconditioned stimulus)) (pg. 318)

The law of effect was most clearly highlighted by:

Skinner's experiments on reinforcement. (pg. 327)

Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates:

associative learning (pg. 314)

If you have a frightening experience immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates:

classical conditioning (pg. 315-316)

People have been observed to form negative attitudes toward Pokemon characters who were repeatedly shown with negative words and images next to them. This best illustrates the impact of:

classical conditioning (pg. 319)

The predictability of an association between a CS and a US facilitates an organism's ability to anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) ________ perspective.

cognitive (pg. 321)

Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward. This provides enhancement for the role of ________ in operant behavior.

cognitive processes (pg. 335)

If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer.

conditioned (pg. 330)

A word of praise is to a soothing backrub as ________ is to ________.

conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer (pg. 330)

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n):

conditioned stimulus (pg. 317)

After being bitten by his neighbor's dog, Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs. This best illustrates the process of:

discriminations (pg. 320)

During a typical morning, Colin checks the clock frequently before being reinforced with confirmation that the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break has arrived. In this case, Colin's behavior is reinforced on a ________ schedule.

fixed-interval (pg. 332)

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 25,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-ratio (pg. 329 & 332)

A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Angie still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates:

generalization (pg. 320)

An empathic husband who observes his wife in pain will exhibit some of the brain activity as she is showing. This best illustrates the functioning of:

mirror neurons (pg. 341)

observational learning = Bandura

mirror neurons, modeling, pro/anti-social models

Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of:

negative reinforcement (pg. 329)

latent learning = Edward C. Tolman:

not immediately expressed in an overt response; it occurs without any obvious reinforcement of the behavior or associations that are learned. --requires incentive to be drawn out

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:

observable behavior (pg. 316)

If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustrates:

observational learning (pg. 341)

If children get attention from their parents for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick in anticipation of more attention. This best illustrates:

operant conditioning. (pg. 326)

To reduce the personally harmful behavior of some self-destructive children, therapists have squirted water in their faces whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of water is a:

positive punishment (pg. 332)

In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as:

shaping (pg. 328)

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates:

spontaneous recovery (pg. 319)

Because she has oversight responsibility for the servicing and repair of her company's fleet of cars, Rhonda frequently calls the garage mechanic to inquire whether service on various cars has been completed. Because service completion times are unpredictable, she is likely to be reinforced with positive responses to her inquiries on a ________ schedule.

variable-interval (pg. 332)

For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a ________ schedule.

variable-ratio (pg. 332)