Psych Chapt. 12, 14, 15

In cognitive-social learning theories of personality, the cognitive expectancy related to the source of individual outcomes is known as ________. A. reciprocal determinism B. locus of control C. response tendencies D. defense mechanisms

B

One criticism of the DSM-IV and DSM-5 is that they led to "false epidemics" by _________. A. overemphasizing observation as a diagnostic tool B. categorizing some normal behaviors as abnormal C. underemphasizing observation as a diagnostic tool D. categorizing some abnormal behaviors as normal

B

One reliable correlate of schizophrenia is the presence of enlarged ventricles, which indicates that schizophrenia is associated with ____. A. frontal lobe activity B. neural degeneration C. synapses that rely on glutamate D. excessive dopamine activity

B

One unfortunate result of the scientifically unsupported contention that vaccinations play a major role in the development of autism spectrum disorder is that in the first half of 2008, rates of ______ cases in the United States doubled, compared with the rates observed between 2000 and 2007. A. mumps B. measles C. rubella D. shingles

B

Self-regulation is defined as ______. A. the cognitive organization that helps us think about the self B. conscious efforts to manage the self C. knowledge of the self D. judgments of the self's worth

B

According to Walter Mischel, if a child experiences a particular situation, then he or she will respond with a unique, stable set of behaviors. These if-then patterns lead to the stable characteristics we think of as ____. A. traits B. temperament C. personality D. self-concept

C

Researchers have tried to connect several biological variables to personality, including temperament, _______, and brain structure. A. shared experiences B. brain size C. emotional responsiveness D. genetic predispositions

D

Studies have shown that self-consciousness makes people ________. A. more likely to cheat B. clumsier C. more generous D. behave ethically

D

A biological bridge between the experience of stress, circadian rhythms, and the development of depression is formed by hormones released at times of stress, including ____. A. cortisol B. serotonin C. orexins D. benzodiazepines

A

A personality is an individual's characteristic way of thinking, _____, and behaving. A. feeling B. giving C. receiving feedback D. managing

A

A projective personality test provides ___________ onto which the test taker "projects" his or her personality. A. an ambiguous stimulus B. a specific stimulus C. a blank slate D. a standardized inventory

A

A trait is _____. A. a stable personality characteristic B. an aspect of your personality that you suppress C. the personality characteristic that people like about you D. an unconscious desire

A

Barbiturates were once commonly used to treat anxiety; however, they are not ideal because they ____. A. are highly addictive B. are not very effective C. can cause seizures D. increase the risk of stroke

A

Bart was recently diagnosed with schizophrenia and has since started taking Thorazine. He meets with his doctor, Dr. Aimes, at a follow-up visit to evaluate his progress on Thorazine. Dr. Aimes would most likely note that the Thorazine has been effective at reducing Bart's ____. A. delusions B. social withdrawal C. anhedonia D. avolition

A

Frustration over the lack of emphasis on ____ in psychotherapy has led to considerable debate. A. science B. ego C. id D. philosophy

A

Jane sometimes sits for hours with her arm bent behind her head and one leg crossed under her. Her mother tries to reposition her but she resists. This is an example of ____. A. catatonia B. avolition C. restricted affect D. asociality

A

Most patients with schizophrenia demonstrate a lower level of frontal lobe activity than healthy control participants. Why would this difference be significant? A. The frontal lobes are important to higher cognitive processes and attention. B. The frontal lobes manage motor skills and speech. C. The frontal lobes are important to stress reaction and the formation of memories. D. The frontal lobes manage vision and hearing.

A

People who differ in _______ show different volumes of areas of the brain that have been implicated in sensitivity to threat and stress. A. neuroticism B. introversion C. self-regulation D. agreeableness

A

The DSM says that engaging in compulsive behavior for more than 1 hour per ____ is considered abnormal. A. day B. week C. month D. 6 months

A

The cognitive organization that helps us think about the self and process self-relevant information is ____. A. a self-schema B. a self-concept C. self-awareness D. self

A

The collective self is influenced by ________. A. the larger groups to which a person belongs B. family members C. coworkers D. acquaintances

A

The process of developing self-esteem begins _______. A. in adolescence B. in infancy C. in early childhood D. in adulthood

A

To avoid the pitfalls of observation and interview, many psychologists turn to ____. A. standardized tests of personality B. individualized tests of personality C. participant observation D. long-term qualitative studies

A

We use _______ to establish boundaries between the self and other people. A. self-awareness B. self-esteem C. self-consciousness D. self-regulation

A

What is one of the primary characteristics of panic disorder? A. Fear of future attacks B. Chronic anxiety C. More common in males than females D. Borderline agoraphobia

A

What is the social-cognitive learning theory of personality that features the mutual influence of the person and situation on each other? A. Reciprocal determinism B. Behaviorism C. Self-efficacy D. Locus of control

A

Which of these concepts did Adler contribute to psychodynamic thought? A. The concept of the inferiority complex B. The idea of sibling rivalry C. The idea of an "id" D. The concept of the collective unconscious

A

Which of these psychologists is/are associated with the humanistic theory of personality? A. Maslow and Rogers B. Freud C. Bandura D. Cattell and Allport

A

____ phobias are fears of objects or situations, other than those associated with agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder. A. Specific B. Ideal C. Odd D. Obsessive

A

4. Researchers have identified structural correlates in the brains of adults for four of the Big Five personality traits. Which Big Five personality trait has not yet been correlated with a structure of the brain? A. Agreeableness B. Openness C. Neuroticism D. Conscientiousness

B

6. The relationship between brain structure and the Big Five personality traits is ______, meaning we do not know if they are responsible for personality, the result of personality, or the result of other unknown variables. A. causal B. correlational C. logical D. reasonable

B

A research study (Gollan et al., 2010) found that the recognition of facial expressions by people with depression followed which of the following patterns? A. Participants with depression were more likely than control participants to misidentify happy or surprised facial expressions. B. Participants with depression were more sensitive to sad faces than control participants, especially at lower intensities. C. Participants with depression were less likely than control participants to misidentify harsh facial expressions, such as fear or anger. D. The severity of the participants' depression was negatively correlated with their accuracy in recognizing sad faces.

B

According to Freud, the self is known as the ____ in psychoanalysis. A. superego B. ego C. id D. argo

B

After several failed attempts at treating his major depressive episodes over the years, Patrick considers undergoing ECT. He discusses this with his doctor, who warns him that ECT can lead to ____, which can last for at least 6 months after the procedure is completed. A. insomnia B. memory loss C. increased anxiety D. aggressive behavior

B

Analia is training to be a clinical psychologist. She is interested in using a cognitive approach when dealing with patients; however, she knows that cognitive therapy is most successful when it is combined with ____ techniques. A. psychoanalytic B. behavioral C. humanistic D. functionalist

B

Because of ethical concerns, if a prospective employer asks you to take a personality test, it would be smart to _________________. A. practice taking the test on your own so you can make yourself look good B. fully educate yourself about the test before deciding whether to take it C. complete it as quickly as possible D. challenge the results

B

Behaviors that characterize a small minority of people are ____. A. normal B. abnormal C. case studies D. cognitive issues One criticism of the DSM-IV and DSM-5 is that they led to "false epidemics" by _________.

B

Children with highly reactive temperaments often display higher levels of _______ in adulthood. A. conscientiousness and extroversion B. introversion and neuroticism C. self-regulation and introversion D. conscientiousness and extroversion

B

Combat veterans with PTSD seem particularly sensitive to _____. A. touch B. smells C. sounds D. pictures

B

Evidence suggests that the earliest attempts at psychosurgery involved ____. A. lobotomies B. trepanation C. canalization D. cauterization

B

Gabriel has become so fearful of going outside his home alone and being in open spaces, such as parking lots, that he has difficulty holding a job. This is best described as ____. A. a phobia B. agoraphobia C. a panic attack D. claustrophobia

B

Shaun tells her best friend, Cheryl, that she recently began cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), via online live video sessions with a therapist. Because Cheryl, a clinical psychology graduate student, is familiar with the research on this approach, she is likely to advise Shaun that ____. A. studies show that this method of communication is not effective B. online CBT therapy is just as effective as face-to-face therapy C. most online therapists are not certified D. this method of providing therapy is highly controversial and rarely used

B

The critical finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart was that identical twins raised apart and together were ____. A. very similar to one another on nonreligious social attitudes but quite far apart on occupational interests B. very similar to one another whether the overall positive correlation for a particular characteristic was strong or weak C. very different from each other, depending on the families within which they were raised D. generally similar to each other on physical characteristics but not on social characteristics

B

What is a weakness of the theory that the interpretation of body symptoms, such as an increased heart rate, could lead to increasing anxiety and, ultimately, to panic? A. Patients are more worried about appearing weird than about heart attacks. B. Panic does not increase levels of the stress hormone cortisol. C. Patients are not affected by an injection of sodium lactate. D. Panic does not increase levels of the neurotransmitter orexin.

B

What is one limitation of using an interview to conduct a personality assessment? A. It's too objective. B. The person being interviewed can easily hide some aspects of his or her personality. C. It lacks consistency over time. D. It's too specific.

B

What is the downside to using behavioral interventions to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? A. Resistance from people with ADHD B. Difficulty in maintaining consistency C. Ineffectiveness at increasing self-control D. Reduction in creativity

B

What is the relationship between medication and the treatment of borderline personality disorder? A. Medications are typically underprescribed for the treatment of borderline personality disorder. B. No medications are currently approved specifically for the treatment of borderline personality disorder. C. Medications are ineffective in treating borderline personality disorder because of compliance issues. D. Although medications are typically very effective at first, their effectiveness diminishes quickly when treating borderline personality disorder.

B

Which aspect of temperament is the ability to control attention and inhibit one's response to perceived stimuli? A. Introversion B. Self-regulation C. Reactivity D. Neuroticism

B

Which of the following biological factors may be implicated in depression? A. Smaller hippocampal volume B. Increased right prefrontal cortex activity C. A surplus of serotonin availability at the synapses D. Lower levels of natural benzodiazepine activity

B

Which of the following is a potential cause of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? A. Sugar B. Food additives C. Poor parenting D. Thimerosal

B

Which of the following is true regarding the role of dopamine in schizophrenia? A. Medications that block dopamine activity can produce schizophrenia-like hallucinations and delusions. B. An overactive dopamine system may be the major biochemical culprit in many cases of schizophrenia. C. Phencyclidine (PCP, or angel dust) can reduce schizophrenia-like symptoms by acting on synapses that use dopamine as their neurotransmitter. D. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia accounts for 90% to 95% of the symptoms that people with schizophrenia experience.

B

Which of these psychologists is/are associated with the psychodynamic theory of personality? A. Maslow and Rogers B. Freud C. Bandura D. Cattell and Allport

B

____ of another's emotions helps to often diffuse needless hostility. A. Transference B. Reflection C. Resistance D. Cognition

B

Because of the severity and lifelong nature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), parents of children with ASD are especially vulnerable to cures that have little support in research. What is an example of one of these so-called cures? A. Fish oil supplements B. Hypothermic exposure C. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment D. Nitric oxide infusions

C

Dr. DeMarco prefers to use cognitive and behavioral techniques, rather than medication, to treat her clients with anxiety disorders because ____. A. they are more fully covered by insurance companies B. they are more accepted in the public eye C. they have no side effects D. they are less upsetting to clients

C

Felix was recently prescribed SSRIs to treat his depression. Before he takes his first dose, Felix flips through the medication insert and reads the list of side effects, which include ____. A. insomnia B. constipation C. headaches D. the risk of stroke

C

In Freud's model of the structure of personality, which of these would be an example of the ego? A. The part of our personality that operates according to the pleasure principle B. The part of our personality that functions as a conscience C. The component of the personality that is readily seen by others, acting as the person's "self" D. The primitive drives that serve as a source of energy for the personality

C

Mia's doctor tells her that her depression and sleep problems are related. How would the doctor most likely explain this? A. Mia has too little dopamine activity at the synapse. B. Mia is spending too little time in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. C. Mia is spending too much time in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. D. Mia has too much dopamine activity at the synapse.

C

Most efforts to study how genetics affects personality use ____. A. factor analysis B. qualitative methods C. the twin study method D. the study of extended families

C

One reason standardized personality tests are widely used is that ___________. A. they are based on self-reporting and so are more reliable B. they are more subjective than observation and interview C. they allow for large numbers of people to be assessed quickly and inexpensively D. their results are always valid

C

People who differ in neuroticism show different volumes of areas of the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and hippocampus, areas that have been implicated in ____. A. planning and achieving goals B. voluntary control of behavior C. sensitivity to threat and stress D. executive functions

C

Researchers have connected which of the Big Five personality traits to specific structures in the brain? A. Extroversion, agreeableness, and openness B. Openness, agreeableness, neuroticism, and extroversion C. Agreeableness, neuroticism, extroversion, and conscientiousness D. Conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness

C

Teens typically experience a burst of cortical gray matter growth at puberty, followed by a wave of gray matter loss extending into their early twenties. Teens diagnosed with schizophrenia experience ____. A. no loss of gray matter B. loss of abnormally low levels of gray matter C. loss of gray matter that spreads in waves into their early twenties D. loss of gray matter that progresses like a drip through midlife

C

The weight of scientific evidence indicates that thimerosal, a mercury-containing preservative that has been used in vaccines, ____. A. has been found to cause autism spectrum disorder B. may contribute to the development of autism spectrum disorder C. plays no part in the development of autism spectrum disorder D. caused autism spectrum disorder when used in the routine measles/mumps/rubella vaccination

C

What is self-actualization? A. A person's ability to see the best in others B. A person's achievement of the highest-paying job C. A person's drive to maximize his or her personal potential D. A person's tendency to focus on his or her own needs to the exclusion of others' needs

C

What would behaviorists expect to happen to an individual's response tendencies over time? A. They would stay the same. B. They would change only in response to major traumatic events. C. They would change to reflect the individual's new experiences and interactions with the environment. D. They would change as the individual observed others' behavior.

C

Which of the following describes a behaviorist approach to the study of psychology? A. Behaviorists emphasized the significance of abnormal behaviors. B. Behaviorists relied heavily on animal research for their findings. C. Behaviorists emphasized learning as an important influence on personality. D. Behaviorists advocated studying exceptional people to see why they succeeded.

C

Which of the following is an advantage of personality inventories? A. They are strong in reliability though weak in validity. B. Testing is more expensive but valid and reliable. C. Large numbers of people can be assessed quickly and inexpensively. D. They are very nuanced and subjective.

C

Which of the following statements about self-esteem and social comparisons is true? A. People with high self-esteem tend to make upward comparisons. B. People with low self-esteem tend to make downward comparisons. C. People with low self-esteem tend to make upward comparisons. D. People with high self-esteem tend to make both upward and downward comparisons.

C

Who popularized the use of frontal lobotomies in the United States by performing the procedure on thousands of individuals between the 1930s and 1950s? A. Egas Moniz B. Ken Kesey C. Walter Freeman D. John Fulton

C

1. Assessing other people's personalities by listening to them and watching their behavior is called __________. A. introspection B. inventory C. projection D. observation

D

A child's ________, which is linked to later personality, is defined as a pattern of mood, activity, or emotional responsiveness. A. self-esteem B. self-concept C. character D. temperament

D

A projective personality test provides an ambiguous stimulus onto which the test taker "projects" his or her personality. This is based on ____. A. social-cognitive learning theory B. the humanistic theory of personality C. the Big Five theory D. Freudian theory

D

A psychologist using a humanistic approach views society as a ____. A. bridge between isolation and belongingness B. resource for support and empathy C. tool to help guide behavior D. source of psychological discontent

D

After running out of the medication he takes to treat his bipolar disorder, Dan calls the pharmacy and asks for a refill of his prescription. Which medication would he most likely request? A. Potassium phosphate B. Sodium bicarbonate C. Manganese chloride D. Lithium carbonate

D

Although the exact mode of action of ECT is currently unknown, most patients experience an increase in responsiveness to ____. A. serotonin and acetylcholine B. dopamine and acetylcholine C. serotonin and norepinephrine D. dopamine and norepinephrine

D

Bipolar disorder is different from major depressive disorder because it involves ____. A. hallucinations B. stable serotonin levels C. a weaker genetic component D. a manic phase

D

Deborah is terrified of flying, but when her daughter moves 2,000 miles away, she is determined to get on a plane to visit her. Her therapist uses a technique in which Deborah's old irrational fears of flying are replaced with rational thoughts about the safety of flying. This technique is referred to as ____. A. logical awareness B. self-rationality C. assisted lucidity D. cognitive restructuring

D

Dr. Moran believes that depression is purely the result of chemical imbalances of the brain and that a simple prescription should address each of his patient's needs. This single-perspective thinking usually leads to ____. A. more effective treatments B. a more accurate understanding of causal factors C. better outcomes D. single-perspective treatments

D

During the 20th century, psychological approaches to treatment reflected the rise of the ____ perspectives. A. psychodynamic and cognitive B. functionalist and Gestaltist C. structuralist and empiricist D. behavioral and humanist

D

Following observations of mood changes in people undergoing deep brain stimulation through surgically implanted electrodes for the relief of ______, physicians attempted to use that procedure for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression. A. autism spectrum disorder B. Huntington's disease C. Lou Gehrig's disease D. Parkinson's disease

D

Humanists advocate studying exceptional people to see _____. A. why they are abnormal B. how they communicate with others C. which memories they can recall under hypnosis D. why they succeeded

D

Lately, Rena finds her herself eating nonstop, even when she isn't hungry. She feels increasingly frustrated that she cannot seem to control her appetite and seeks the help of a mental health professional. Rena's therapist suggests that she find an alternative behavior to engage in, such as chewing a stick of gum or calling a friend, whenever she is compelled to grab a snack between meals. The therapist also encourages Rena to reward herself when she meets her goals. What type of therapy does this scenario illustrate? A. Psychoanalytical therapy B. Cognitive therapy C. Humanistic therapy D. Behavioral therapy

D

Of the following people, who is a member of a group that seems to have a disproportionate risk for bipolar disorder? A. Paul Pierce, a basketball player B. Mitt Romney, a politician C. Mark Zuckerberg, a computer programmer/entrepreneur D. Angelina Jolie, an actress

D

People with panic disorder have larger quantities of orexins than people without the disorder, which may lead to panic attacks. Orexins play an important role in ____. A. arousal and reward B. mobility, cognition, and reward C. learning and short-term memory D. wakefulness, vigilance, and appetite

D

Personality tests are widely used by therapists, potential employers, judges, and attorneys. These applications of personality assessment ____. A. are fundamental to a functioning society B. are well received by all concerned C. have been found to be civil rights violations D. raise important ethical concerns

D

Suzette seeks the help of a mental health professional because she just hasn't felt like herself lately; she is unusually sad, sleeps late, avoids her friends, and eats excessively. During her appointments, Suzette and her therapist engage in conversation as a way to help Suzette understand her feelings. This type of conversation is termed ____. A. psychodrama B. biofeedback C. dialectical therapy D. psychotherapy

D

What does it mean that the personality trait of shyness has a heritability factor of .40? A. 40% of the children of a shy person will also be shy. B. A child of two shy parents has an 80% chance of being shy. C. If a person is shy, it's 40% the result of genes and 60% the result of environmental influences. D. Across the human population, the variations in shyness are moderately influenced by both genetics and environmental factors.

D

What does the science of personality explore? A. Global patterns of identification, socialization, and adaptation B. Distinctive patterns of morals, desires, and behaviors C. Unique patterns of being, perceiving, and sensing D. Characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving

D

What is the goal of neurofeedback? A. to train the brain to react automatically to specific external cues B. to have internal emotional states match external physiological cues C. to ignite instinctive impulses that have been repressed by societal norms D. to help keep measures of brain activity within a certain range

D

Which of the following is true regarding the role of genes in schizophrenia? A. A single gene has been identified for schizophrenia that is present in most families that experience more than one case of the disorder. B. There is little support for a genetic basis for schizophrenia. C. Based on adoption studies, socioeconomic status is more determinative of schizophrenia than genetic factors. D. A large number of different genes have been implicated in the development of schizophrenia and appear to overlap with those involved with bipolar disorder.

D

Which therapist is most likely utilizing brief therapy during a session with a client? A. Dr. Leighton, who states, "Tell me about your childhood." B. Dr. Ma, who asks, "What did you dream about last night?" C. Dr. Draper, who states, "Close your eyes and tell me the first thing that comes to your mind." D. Dr. Milner, who states, "Let's come up with a plan for the next time you feel anxious."

D