Psych chapter 1-15

antisocial personality disorder

41. __________ __________ __________ is a disorder in which a person has no morals or conscience and often behaves in an impulsive manner without regard for the consequences of that behavior.

borderline personality disorder

42. __________ __________ __________ is a maladaptive personality pattern in which the person is moody, unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others.

seasonal affective disorder

43. __________ __________ __________ is a mood disorder caused by the body's reaction to low levels of sunlight in the winter months.

maladaptive

5. Anything that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life is called __________.

consumer psychology

5. The branch of psychology that studies the habits of consumers in the marketplace, including compliance is known as __________ __________.

biological

6. The _________ model explains behavior as caused by biological changes in the chemical, structural, or genetic systems of the body.

compliance

6. __________ is the changing one's behavior as a result of other people directing or asking for the change.

psychoanalytical theorists

7. __________ __________ assume that abnormal behavior stems from repressed conflicts and urges that are fighting to become conscious.

foot-in-the-door technique

7. __________ __________ is asking for a small commitment and, after gaining compliance, asking for a bigger commitment.

resistance

7. __________ occurs when a patient becomes reluctant to talk about a certain topic, either changing the subject or becoming silent.

door-in-the-face technique

8. Asking for a large commitment and being refused, and then asking for a smaller commitment is known as __________ __________.

transference

8. In psychoanalysis, the tendency for a patient or client to project positive or negative feelings for important people from the past onto the therapist is known as __________.

person-centered therapy

9. A nondirective insight therapy based on the work of Carl Rogers in which the client does all the talking and the therapist listens is called __________ __________.

norm of reciprocity

9. The assumption that if someone does something for a person, that person should do something for the other in return is called the __________ __________ __________.

cognitive theorists

9. __________ __________ see abnormal behavior as coming from irrational beliefs and illogical patterns of thought.

generalized anxiety disorder

19. __________ __________ __________ is a disorder in which a person has feelings of dread and impending doom along with physical symptoms of stress, which lasts six months or more.

social influence

2. __________ __________ is the process through which the real or implied presence of others can directly or indirectly influence the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of an individual.

hippocrates

2. __________ believed that mental illness came from an imbalance in the body's four humors.

psychotherapy

2. __________ is a therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem talks with a psychological professional.

somatoform disorder

20. A __________ __________ is a disorder that takes the form of bodily illnesses and symptoms but for which there are no real physical disorders.

attribution

20. The process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of others is called __________.

rational-emotive behavioral

20. __________ __________ therapy is a cognitive-behavioral therapy in which clients are directly challenged in their irrational beliefs and helped to restructure their thinking into more rational belief statements.

psychosomatic disorder

21. A __________ __________ is a disorder in which psychological stress causes a real physical disorder or illness.

fundamental attribution theory

21. __________ __________ __________ is the tendency to overestimate the influence of internal factors in determining behavior while underestimating situational factors.

family therapy

21. __________ __________ is a form of group therapy in which family members meet together with a counselor or therapist to resolve problems that affect the entire family.

eclectic therapy

22. A therapy style that results from combining elements of several different therapy techniques is known as __________ _________.

prejudice

22. The negative attitude held by a person about the members of a particular social group is called a __________.

hypochorondriasis

22. __________ is a somatoform disorder in which the person is terrified of being sick and worries constantly, going to doctors repeatedly, and becoming preoccupied with every sensation of the body.

cybertherapy

23. Psychotherapy that is offered on the Internet is known as __________. It also has been called online, Internet, or Web therapy or counseling.

conversion disorder

23. The somatoform disorder in which the person experiences a specific symptom in the somatic nervous system's functioning, such as paralysis, numbness, or blindness, for which there is no physical cause is called __________ __________.

discrimination

23. When you treat people differently because of prejudice toward the social group to which they belong it is called __________.

dissociative amneisa

24. A loss of memory for personal information, either partial or complete, is known as __________ __________.

scapegoating

24. The tendency to direct prejudice and discrimination at out-group members who have little social power or influence is frequently known as __________.

biomedical therapies

24. Therapies that directly affect the biological functioning of the body and brain are known as _________ __________.

psychopharmacology

25. The use of drugs to control or relieve the symptoms of psychological disorders is known as __________.

social identity

25. __________ __________ is the part of the self-concept including one's view of self as a member of a particular social category.

dissociative fugue

25. __________ __________ is traveling away from familiar surroundings with amnesia for the trip and possible amnesia for personal information.

social comparison

26. The comparison of oneself to others in ways that raise one's self-esteem is called __________ __________.

dissociative identity disorder

26. __________ __________ __________ is a disorder occurring when a person seems to have two or more distinct personalities within one body.

antipsychotic drugs

26. __________ __________ are drugs used to treat psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and other bizarre behavior.

antianxiety drugs

27. Drugs used to treat and calm anxiety reactions, and are typically minor tranquilizers, are known as _________ _________.

self-fulfilling prophecy

27. __________ __________ is the tendency of one's expectations to affect one's behavior in such a way as to make the expectation more likely to occur.

cyclothymia

28. A disorder that consists of mood swings from moderate depression to hypomania and lasts two years or more is called __________.

jigsaw classroom

28. The educational technique in which each individual is given only part of the information needed to solve a problem, causing the separate individuals to be forced to work together to find the solution is called the __________ __________.

antimanic drugs

28. __________ __________ are used to treat bipolar disorder and include lithium and certain anticonvulsant drugs.

major depression

29. A __________ __________ is severe depression that comes on suddenly and seems to have no external cause.

antidepressant drugs

29. Drugs used to treat depression and anxiety are called __________ ____________.

psychopathology

3. The study of abnormal behavior is called __________.

biomedical therapy

3. __________ __________ is a therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem is treated with biological or medical methods to relieve symptoms.

conformity

3. __________ is the process of changing one's own behavior to match that of other people.

electroconvulsive therapy

30. A form of biomedical therapy to treat severe depression in which electrodes are placed on either one or both sides of a person's head and an electric current is passed through the electrodes that is strong enough to cause a seizure or convulsion is called __________ __________.

bipolar disorder

30. __________ __________ is severe mood swings between major depressive episodes and manic episodes.

mania

31. When an individual has excessive excitement, energy, and elation or irritability, it is known as __________.

psychosurgery

31. __________ is surgery performed on brain tissue to relieve or control severe psychological disorders.

schizophrenia

32. A severe disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, hallucinations, and is unable to distinguish between fantasy and reality is called __________.

psychotic

33. When someone does not have the ability to perceive what is real and what is fantasy, we say they are __________.

positive symptoms

34. The __________ __________ of schizophrenia are excesses of behavior or occur in addition to normal behavior; hallucinations, delusions, and distorted thinking.

negative symptoms

35. The __________ __________ of schizophrenia are lacks of behaviors or less-than-normal behavior like poor speech or loss of affect.

hallucinations

36. False sensory perceptions, such as hearing voices that do not really exist, are called __________.

paranoid

39. The type of schizophrenia in which the person suffers from delusions of persecution, grandeur, and jealousy, together with hallucinations is called __________ schizophrenia.

psychological disorder

4. A pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life is called a __________ __________.

groupthink

4. The kind of thinking that occurs when people place more importance on maintaining group cohesiveness than on assessing the facts of the problem with which the group is concerned is called __________.

Philippe Pinel

4. __________ __________ became famous for demanding that the mentally ill be treated with kindness, personally unlocking the chains of inmates in France.

personality disorder

40. A disorder in which a person adopts a persistent, rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior that interferes with normal social interactions is a __________ __________.

depression

13. One of the most common psychological disorders worldwide is __________.

affect

27. In psychology, an emotional reaction is called the __________.

delusions

37. False beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness are called __________.

disorganized

38. The type of schizophrenia in which behavior is bizarre and childish and thinking, speech, and motor actions are very disordered is called __________ schizophrenia.

behaviorists

8. Abnormal behavior is seen as learned by __________.

cognitive therapy

19. The type of therapy in which the focus is on helping clients recognize distortions in their thinking and replace distorted, unrealistic beliefs with more realistic, helpful thoughts is called __________ __________.

therapy

1. A treatment method aimed at making people feel better and function more effectively is called __________.

trepanning

1. In ancient times holes were cut in an ill person's head to let out evil spirits in a process called __________.

social psychology

1. The scientific study of how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others is called __________ __________.

Gestalt therapy

10. A form of directive insight therapy in which the therapist helps clients to accept all parts of their feelings and subjective experiences, using leading questions and planned experiences such as role-playing is called __________ __________.

lowball technique

10. The __________ __________ is getting a commitment from a person and then raising the cost of that commitment.

cultural relativity

10. __________ __________ is the need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which behavior takes place.

behavioral therapy

11. Action therapies based on the principles of classical and operant conditioning and aimed at changing disordered behavior without concern for the original causes of such behavior are called __________ __________.

culture-bound syndromes

11. Disorders found only in particular cultures are known as __________ __________.

obedience

11. The changing one's behavior at the command of an authority figure is called __________.

diagnostic and statistical manual

12. A manual of psychological disorders and their symptoms is called the __________ __________ __________ __________.

systematic desensitization

12. __________ __________ is a behavior technique used to treat phobias, in which a client is asked to make a list of ordered fears and taught to relax while concentrating on those fears.

social facilitation

12. __________ __________ is the tendency for the presence of other people to have a positive impact on the performance of an easy task.

aversion therapy

13. A form of behavioral therapy in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior is known as __________ __________.

social loafing

13. The tendency for people to put less effort into a simple task when working with others on that task is called __________ __________.

anxiety

14. Disorders in which the main symptoms are excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness are called __________ disorders.

flooding

14. __________ is a technique for treating phobias and other stress disorders in which the person is rapidly and intensely exposed to the fear-provoking situation or object and prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response.

attitude

14. __________ is a tendency to respond positively or negatively toward a certain person, object, idea, or situation.

phobia

15. A __________ is an irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity.

emotional (affective), cognitive, behavioral

15. There are three components to an attitude: __________, __________, and __________.

reinforcement

15. __________ is the strengthening of a response by following it with a pleasurable consequence or the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.

token economy

16. A __________ __________ is the use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges.

agoraphobia

16. The fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible is called __________.

persuasion

16. The process by which one person tries to change the belief, opinion, position, or course of action of another person through argument, pleading, or explanation is known as __________.

obsessive-compulsive disorder

17. The disorder in which intruding, recurring thoughts or obsessions create anxiety that is relieved by performing a repetitive, ritualistic behavior (compulsion) is called __________ __________.

social cognition

17. The mental processes that people use to make sense of the social world around them are called __________ __________.

extinction

17. The removal of a reinforcer to reduce the frequency of a behavior is called _________.

panic disorder

18. A person is said to have a __________ __________ when panic attacks occur frequently enough to cause the person difficulty in adjusting to daily life.

primacy effect

18. The very first impression one has about a person that tends to persist even in the face of evidence to the contrary is known as the __________ __________.

time-out

18. __________ is an extinction process in which a person is removed from the situation that provides reinforcement for undesirable behavior.

stereotype

19. A set of characteristics that people believe is shared by all members of a particular social category is known as a __________.