psych chapter 13

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reduce cognitive dissonance

(1) change the attitude, (2) change the behavior, (3) distort attitude(s), and (4) distort perceived behavior(s)

Realistic Conflict Theory

The idea that limited resources lead to conflict between groups and result in increased prejudice and discrimination

first impression

The most important part of how you perceive others and others perceive you which is based on primary effect

bystander effect

a person in need of help is less likely to receive assistance as the number of onlookers increases

behavioral

addresses the actions taken

Stereotypes

attitudes and opinions about people based on the group they are affiliated with

closemindedness

collective rationalization and stereotyped views of outgroup

pluralistic ignorance

error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do

Consistency

how a person acts in the same situation/context across time

Social influence

the ability to control another person's behavior

discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

Attitudes

variations in thoughts, ideas, and opinions

self-serving bias

when individuals credit their successes to internal/disposition causes and their failures to external/situational causes.

confirmation bias

when we are more likely to attend to and process facts or events that are consistent with our initial impression

false consensus effect

when we overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs

concept of Groupthink I am the only person who disagrees so there is no point in my saying anything - I will just look like an idiot.

Self-censorship concept of Groupthink

distinctiveness

a person's actions must also be considered, which determines whether the person behaves similarly across different situations/contexts

Nuremberg Code

a set of ethical guidelines that were put forth after the gruesome revelations of the mass genocide of millions of people and the horrific experiments done on unwilling men, women, and children

Kelley's covariation model

a single exposure to a person is insufficient to form accurate attributions, meaning multiple observation of behavior over time in a variety of different contexts are required to assess the source of another's behavior.

obedience to authority

a tendency to comply with instructions from an authority

another word for fundamental attribution error

actor-observer bias.

cognitive

addresses the thoughts one may have about someone or something

Social norms

behaviors that vary across contexts, cultures, and time

consensus

compares the extent to which an individual's behavior resembles the behavior of others

Dispositional or internal causes

encompass personality traits and characteristics of the person

situational or external causes

function of the environment

Prejudice

hate and consists of negative attitudes directed at groups who share a similar characteristic

fundamental attribution error (FAE)

how we assign attributes to self and others

impression formation

how we formulate opinions about individuals or groups. Impression formation is heavily influenced by information that is initially available

overestimating the group

illusion of invulnerability and a belief in inherent morality of the group

collectivist societies

people define themselves as part of a group and stress group goals over individual goals eastern

conformity

the extent to which individuals modify their behavior to be consistent with the behavior of others in the group

Groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

diffusion of responsibility

the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent

Attribution theory

the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

mutual interdependence

A shared sense that individuals or groups need each other in order to achieve common goals

attitude component. Jasper is terrified of snakes

Affective attitude component.

attitude component. Jonathon likes the new suit he bought - it makes him feel good about his appearance when he wears it.

Affective attitude component.

attitude component. Sasha loves animals and spends every Saturday volunteering at the animal shelter.

Behavioral attitude component.

attitude component. Susan goes to the movie to see a feature film starring her favorite actor.

Behavioral attitude component.

attitude component. Felix believes that his Range Rover is safer than his friend's Kia based on safety reports.

Cognitive attitude component.

attitude component. Whenever Aaron sees someone smoking¸ he is reminded that smoking causes cancer.

Cognitive attitude component.

Based on the information provided, which of the following best represents the desired normative behavior?

Coming to class on time

What aspect of Kelley's covariation theory compares the late arrival of student X to the on-time arrival of other students?

Consensus

What aspect of Kelley's covariation theory considers the repeated late arrival of student X

Consistency

behavior with its description. Hateful behaviors toward others

Discrimination behavior with its description.

What component of Kelley's covariance model considers the similarity of student X's behavior in other courses?

Distinctiveness

Student X blamed her lateness on parking problems, which assumes a(n) ______________ attribution.

External, Situational

If your professor perceives you as a mature and responsible student, what would they most likely think if you came to class late?

If your professor perceives you as a mature and responsible student, what would they most likely think if you came to class late?

concept of Groupthink Everyone agrees - we are all a go!

Illusion of unanimity concept of Groupthink

When making attributions about the causes of the behavior of others, we tend to make ______________ attributions

Internal, Dispositional

Wondering whether student X has frontal-lobe damage or a psychological disorder assumes a ______________ attribution is being made.

Internal, Dispositional

concept of Groupthink Nothing can possibly go wrong

Invulnerability concept of Groupthink

Which of the following would represent a dispositional attribute

Jesse is lazy, Joanna is intelligent.

Which of the following best represents the fundamental attribution error?

Keanu failed the exam because he is lazy.

In a situation where groupthink is occurring, which of the following statements best represents the illusion of invulnerability?

Let's do it—we never fail.

behavior with its description. Fighting over a few desirable jobs

Limited Resources behavior with its description.

When uncertain what to do in a situation, people may fail to act because they rely on the social cues from others to determine appropriate behavior, but they fail to recognize that others are similarly uncertain and are also looking for directive social cues. Which one of the following best describes the above situation?

Pluralistic ignorance

behavior with its description. Negative attitudes about a group of people

Prejudice behavior with its description.

behavior with its description. Picking on someone with less power

Scapegoat behavior with its description.

Which of the following helps preserve self-esteem?

Self-serving bias

behavior with its description. Assumed attributions based group

Stereotype behavior with its description.

concept of Groupthink They are idiots - we are so superior and will crush them

Stereotyped out-group concept of Groupthink

When you meet someone for the first time, how quickly do you form an impression of that person?

Within seconds to minutes of meeting

self-fulfilling prophecy

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

stereotype threat

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

three factors that need consideration when making internal or external attributions

consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus

pressure for uniformity

direct pressure on dissenters, self-censorship, illusions of unanimity, and self-appointed mindguards

affective

includes one's feelings about the attitude in questions

individualistic

independent, distinct, separate western

primacy effect

initial impression is more salient and is indicative

mere exposure effect

more time and experience we have with another person can also increase our liking, a phenomenon known

scapegoat

one who bears the blame for others


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