psych chapter 13
reduce cognitive dissonance
(1) change the attitude, (2) change the behavior, (3) distort attitude(s), and (4) distort perceived behavior(s)
Realistic Conflict Theory
The idea that limited resources lead to conflict between groups and result in increased prejudice and discrimination
first impression
The most important part of how you perceive others and others perceive you which is based on primary effect
bystander effect
a person in need of help is less likely to receive assistance as the number of onlookers increases
behavioral
addresses the actions taken
Stereotypes
attitudes and opinions about people based on the group they are affiliated with
closemindedness
collective rationalization and stereotyped views of outgroup
pluralistic ignorance
error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do
Consistency
how a person acts in the same situation/context across time
Social influence
the ability to control another person's behavior
discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
Attitudes
variations in thoughts, ideas, and opinions
self-serving bias
when individuals credit their successes to internal/disposition causes and their failures to external/situational causes.
confirmation bias
when we are more likely to attend to and process facts or events that are consistent with our initial impression
false consensus effect
when we overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs
concept of Groupthink I am the only person who disagrees so there is no point in my saying anything - I will just look like an idiot.
Self-censorship concept of Groupthink
distinctiveness
a person's actions must also be considered, which determines whether the person behaves similarly across different situations/contexts
Nuremberg Code
a set of ethical guidelines that were put forth after the gruesome revelations of the mass genocide of millions of people and the horrific experiments done on unwilling men, women, and children
Kelley's covariation model
a single exposure to a person is insufficient to form accurate attributions, meaning multiple observation of behavior over time in a variety of different contexts are required to assess the source of another's behavior.
obedience to authority
a tendency to comply with instructions from an authority
another word for fundamental attribution error
actor-observer bias.
cognitive
addresses the thoughts one may have about someone or something
Social norms
behaviors that vary across contexts, cultures, and time
consensus
compares the extent to which an individual's behavior resembles the behavior of others
Dispositional or internal causes
encompass personality traits and characteristics of the person
situational or external causes
function of the environment
Prejudice
hate and consists of negative attitudes directed at groups who share a similar characteristic
fundamental attribution error (FAE)
how we assign attributes to self and others
impression formation
how we formulate opinions about individuals or groups. Impression formation is heavily influenced by information that is initially available
overestimating the group
illusion of invulnerability and a belief in inherent morality of the group
collectivist societies
people define themselves as part of a group and stress group goals over individual goals eastern
conformity
the extent to which individuals modify their behavior to be consistent with the behavior of others in the group
Groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
diffusion of responsibility
the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent
Attribution theory
the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
mutual interdependence
A shared sense that individuals or groups need each other in order to achieve common goals
attitude component. Jasper is terrified of snakes
Affective attitude component.
attitude component. Jonathon likes the new suit he bought - it makes him feel good about his appearance when he wears it.
Affective attitude component.
attitude component. Sasha loves animals and spends every Saturday volunteering at the animal shelter.
Behavioral attitude component.
attitude component. Susan goes to the movie to see a feature film starring her favorite actor.
Behavioral attitude component.
attitude component. Felix believes that his Range Rover is safer than his friend's Kia based on safety reports.
Cognitive attitude component.
attitude component. Whenever Aaron sees someone smoking¸ he is reminded that smoking causes cancer.
Cognitive attitude component.
Based on the information provided, which of the following best represents the desired normative behavior?
Coming to class on time
What aspect of Kelley's covariation theory compares the late arrival of student X to the on-time arrival of other students?
Consensus
What aspect of Kelley's covariation theory considers the repeated late arrival of student X
Consistency
behavior with its description. Hateful behaviors toward others
Discrimination behavior with its description.
What component of Kelley's covariance model considers the similarity of student X's behavior in other courses?
Distinctiveness
Student X blamed her lateness on parking problems, which assumes a(n) ______________ attribution.
External, Situational
If your professor perceives you as a mature and responsible student, what would they most likely think if you came to class late?
If your professor perceives you as a mature and responsible student, what would they most likely think if you came to class late?
concept of Groupthink Everyone agrees - we are all a go!
Illusion of unanimity concept of Groupthink
When making attributions about the causes of the behavior of others, we tend to make ______________ attributions
Internal, Dispositional
Wondering whether student X has frontal-lobe damage or a psychological disorder assumes a ______________ attribution is being made.
Internal, Dispositional
concept of Groupthink Nothing can possibly go wrong
Invulnerability concept of Groupthink
Which of the following would represent a dispositional attribute
Jesse is lazy, Joanna is intelligent.
Which of the following best represents the fundamental attribution error?
Keanu failed the exam because he is lazy.
In a situation where groupthink is occurring, which of the following statements best represents the illusion of invulnerability?
Let's do it—we never fail.
behavior with its description. Fighting over a few desirable jobs
Limited Resources behavior with its description.
When uncertain what to do in a situation, people may fail to act because they rely on the social cues from others to determine appropriate behavior, but they fail to recognize that others are similarly uncertain and are also looking for directive social cues. Which one of the following best describes the above situation?
Pluralistic ignorance
behavior with its description. Negative attitudes about a group of people
Prejudice behavior with its description.
behavior with its description. Picking on someone with less power
Scapegoat behavior with its description.
Which of the following helps preserve self-esteem?
Self-serving bias
behavior with its description. Assumed attributions based group
Stereotype behavior with its description.
concept of Groupthink They are idiots - we are so superior and will crush them
Stereotyped out-group concept of Groupthink
When you meet someone for the first time, how quickly do you form an impression of that person?
Within seconds to minutes of meeting
self-fulfilling prophecy
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
stereotype threat
a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
three factors that need consideration when making internal or external attributions
consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus
pressure for uniformity
direct pressure on dissenters, self-censorship, illusions of unanimity, and self-appointed mindguards
affective
includes one's feelings about the attitude in questions
individualistic
independent, distinct, separate western
primacy effect
initial impression is more salient and is indicative
mere exposure effect
more time and experience we have with another person can also increase our liking, a phenomenon known
scapegoat
one who bears the blame for others
