Psych Chapter 5

variable interval schedule of reinforcement.

Fishing is an example of an activity with a:

behavior modification

For each day of the week that Tanya is good, she earns a fake dollar from her teacher. By the end of every week, Tanya has the option of using her dollars to buy something from the school store or saving them to buy something at a later time. The issue of fake dollars in response to good behavior is an example of _______.

not rewarded.

In Tolman's study of latent learning, one group of rats was rewarded for getting out of the maze, a second was not rewarded during training trials but was rewarded eventually, and a third group of rats was:

whether the subject is responding to a UCS or a CS.

In classical conditioning, the actual response involved in a CR and a UCR are the same. (For example, it might be salivation in both cases.) However, what makes that response (salivation) considered conditioned or unconditioned depends on:

on a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

In most employment situations, people are paid:

preparing the training arena.

In toilet training a cat, "Lid Up, Seat Down" is known in operant conditioning as:

Thorndike's law of effect

states that "responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation." (good thing happens, you do it again;; bad thing happens, you wont do it again)

imitation

A five-year old watches his father dunk a basketball. Since the child is unable to reach the basket in the way his father can, the child cannot learn this behavior by observing because he cannot accomplish the step of:

discriminative stimulus

A police car is a ___________ for slowing down

spontaneous recovery.

After a lengthy period during which the UCS was not applied, Pavlov's dogs stopped responding to the metronome. If a weaker conditioned response to the metronome occurred at some point after this, it would be a demonstration of:

Jeremiah left the room after the bell rang

At the end of his first day of kindergarten and the entire week thereafter, Jeremiah's teacher exclaimed, "You may all leave" just after the sounding of a loud bell. On the first day of the second week of school, Jeremiah immediately left the room just as the school bell rang, without any notice from his teacher. In this example, what is the conditioned response?

possible links between children's exposure to violence on television and aggressive behavior toward others

Bandura conducted some of his research to study:

negative reinforcement

Every time Paul's neighbor upstairs plays loud music, Paul bangs on his ceiling with a broom and the music stops. Paul's behavior of banging on the ceiling to get the music to stop is an example of _______.

a chimp fitting one stick into another stick to reach out of his cage for a banana

Kohler's chimpanzee experiment involved:

desire

Noah is a junior in college and has always been an average student. This semester, he has a political science class for which he feels very passionate, and he sees himself pursuing a career in politics. For the first time, he wants to do well so that he can get an "A." This is an example of which element of observational learning?

Memory

Observer must be able to retain memory of what was done. May not have the occasion to use an observed behavior right away; therefore, must store a mental representation of it (including its steps).

Attention

Observer must pay attention to the model's behavior and its consequences.

Does not teach appropriate behavior

Punishment

imitate many of the violent actions they witnessed on TV.

Sammy and his friends are watching animated fight scenes on television. Based on Bandura's findings in the Bobo doll experiment, it seems likely that later, at play, Sammy and his friends will:

generalization.

Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to CS

consequences

The heart of operant conditioning is the effect of _________ on behavior.

Imitation:

The learner must be capable of reproducing the model's behavior

Motivation

The learner must have the desire or motivation to perform the behavior.

cognition.

The mental events that take place inside a person's mind while behaving are known as:

acquisition.

The repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS is called:

but it is essentially the same response

The response that is given to the conditioned stimulus is not usually quite as strong as the original unconditioned response, ______________.

operant

Voluntary behavior, to Skinner, was ______ behavior.

a conditioned stimulus

When a previously neutral stimulus, through repeated pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, begins to cause the same kind of reflexive response, the neutral stimulus has become:

the cold water

Whenever you take a shower in your bathroom at home, the water in the shower turns icy cold just as the toilet in another bathroom is flushed, causing you to cringe. After several experiences of this occurrence, you find that you tend to cringe whenever you hear a toilet flush, even when you're not in the shower. In this example of classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus?

Ama slows down her car after seeing a police officer on the side of the road.

Which of the following examples of change demonstrates learning?

Martin Seligman

Which of the following individuals believed that cognition was an important part of behavior?

One-year-old baby Jesse could not walk two months ago but now he can.

Which of the following is an example of maturation?

Learned Helplessness

a breakdown in learning ability caused by repeated exposure to uncontrollable averse event.

Fixed schedules of reinforcement

a schedule of reinforcement used within operant conditioning.

Punishment

any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again

Reinforcement

any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again

secondary reinforcer

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

primary reinforcer

any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch

Ratio schedules of reinforcement

are more resistant than interval schedules and variable schedules more resistant than fixed ones

partial schedules of reinforcement

are more resistant to extinction than continuous reinforcement schedules

variable schedules of reinforcement

being delivered following an average number of responses.

Conditioned emotional response

can refer to a specific learned behavior or a procedure commonly used in classical or Pavlovian conditioning research

interval schedules of reinforcement

grounded in the principles of operant conditioning and provides reinforcement for a specific behavior after an inconsistent amount of time has passed.

Learning

is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.

Vicarious Conditioning

learning of various attitudes, feelings, beliefs and emotions, not through direct exposure to a stimulus, but through observing how others react to it.

Continuous schedules of reinforcement

occurs when reinforcement is delivered after every single target behaviour whereas an intermittent schedule of reinforcement (INT) means reinforcement is delivered after some behaviours or responses but never after each one.

Operant conditioning

the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses

Punishment by application (positive punishment):

the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus

Punishment by removal (negative punishment)

the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus

Positive reinforcement

the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable stimulus

Negative reinforcement

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

Stimulus Discrimination

when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.