Psych chapter 6 - Exam 2
Our ability to focus on informative changes in the environment is MOST directly supported by:
Adaptation
You are a building contractor surveying the progress on a home that is being built. From one angle, it appears that the home is completely framed. However, when you move to the right, you see the gaps. This illustrates the principle of:
Closure
External ear: Pinna
Collects sound eaves and funnels them towards the eardrum
Lens
Focuses light rays falling on the retina. Curvature of lens adjusts to alter visual focus.
Sensory receptor for taste
Tastes buds on tongue
Opponent process theory of color vision
The 4 basic colors are paired and the members of the pair oppose each other. If one member is stimulated the other is inhibited. red - green black - white blue- yellow
Katrina is driving her 15-year-old car. She notices a sound coming from the engine, which involves _____. Katrina immediately starts thinking that the sound is similar to the sound the car made the last time she had it repaired, which involves _____.
bottom-up; top-down
retinal disparity
a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.
Cornea
a clear membrane covering the visible part of the eye that helps gather and direct incoming light
Detection is to interpretation as _____ is to _____.
sensation; perception
Touch
sensed through pressure, temperature, and pain through the skin.
While playing golf, James forgets that his sunglasses are on top of his head. As the day goes on, he forgets that he placed them there. This demonstrates the process of:
sensory adaptation
Inner ear: Hair cells
the auditory receptors, stimulated by waves in fluid of the inner ear
Fovea
the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster
Tanisha asked her roommate to lower the radio as she was trying to study. Her roommate had turned the radio up originally from a volume level of 14 to 15, which was just enough for Tanisha to detect. She turned it back down to 14 after Tanisha asked her to lower it, which satisfied Tanisha. This is probably the result of:
the difference threshold
embodied cognition
the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements
Talia is 45 years old. She has started to notice that newspaper print is too small for her to read. Talia needs reading glasses because the:
the lens of her eyes is less able to accommodate
optic nerve
the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
Pupil
the opening in the center of the iris that helps regulate the amount of light passing into the rear chamber of the eye. Dilates & Constricts
figure-ground
the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground).
grouping
the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
vestibular sense
the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance
Gestalt Psychology
the study of how we integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.
Kinesthesia
the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts
proximity
things near one another are perceived as belonging together
Samantha opens her eyes in the morning to see flowers by her bedside. At that point, her eyes are receiving light energy, which they change into neural messages for the brain to process. This conversion of one form of energy into another is called:
transduction
Middle ear: Eardrum
vibrates in response to soundwaves
continuity
we see elements in ways to produce smooth continuation
Trichromatic theory of color vision
color vision is due to 3 colors sensitive to different wavelengths. long - red medium - green short - blue
Rods
Specialized visual receptors that play a key role in night vision and peripheral vision.
Properties of light waves
Stimulus input: light wavelength: hue/color amplitude: intensity/brightness
Sound waves
Stimulus input: sound waves wavelength: frequency/pitch amplitude: intensity/loudness
Retina
Light sensitive inner surface of the eye that contains receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin processing visual information
Smell
Olfactory; olfactory cilia in nasal cavity
"Believing is seeing." This reversal of a familiar saying BEST reflects the influence of _____ on sensation and perception.
Perceptual set
Perception
Process of organizing and interpreting sensory information
Inner ear: Cochlea
a fluid-filled, coiled tunnel that contains hearing receptors
what is a perpetual set and what is it affected by
a perpetual set is a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. affected by context, motivation, and emotion.
signal detection theory
a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise).
Stefan has volunteered to participate in an experiment studying vision. He has agreed to wear a pair of glasses that invert his vision. Due to perceptual _____, after about a week he is able to perform his usual tasks, like riding a bike or reading a book.
adaptation
McGurk Effect
an error in perception that occurs when we misperceive sounds because the audio and visual parts of the speech are mismatched.
Phi phenomenon
an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
bottom-up processing
analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information
Even when seen through sunglasses, grass appears equally as green as it does without glasses. This BEST illustrates color _____.
constancy
Transduction
conversion of one form of energy into another
As you watch a dog play in the park, light reflected from the dog's fur first passes through three structures of your eye. In what order does the light pass through these structures?
cornea, pupil, lens
monocular cues
depth cues available to either eye alone relative height relative size overlap/interposition linear perspective light and shadow
binocular cues
depth cues that depend on the use of two eyes
sensory adaptation
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
closure
group elements to create a sense of closure of complete figures
Denise wears an extremely bright safety yellow sweatshirt when she cycles to the gym after dark. The sweatshirt's brightness reflects the _____ of the light it reflects.
high amplitude
Middle ear: Ossicles
includes a hammer, anvil, and stirrup. forms a three-stage lever system that amplifies tiny changes in our pressure and concentrates that change on the cochlea.
top-down processing
information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
Malik knows that a passing bus is nearer than a parked car because the bus momentarily blocks his view of the car. This example illustrates the depth cue of:
interposition
perceptual constancy
perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change
Both _______________ and _______________ indicate how our experiences help us to construct perception.
perceptual set; context
Sensation
process where our sensory receptors & nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
An inability to recognize faces is called
prosopagnosia
The distance between our right and left eyes functions to provide us with a cue for depth perception known as _____ disparity.
retinal
Cones
retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.
Inner ear: Basilar membrane
runs the length of the cochlea and hold the auditory receptors
Sensory receptors
sensory nerve endings that respond to stimulus
5 basic tastes
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami