Psych chapter 8 study guide

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.

flashbulb memory

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias.

hindsight

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?

hippocampus

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.

implicit

Engram refers to the ________.

physical trace of a memory.

___ memory is relatively resistant to forgetting.

procedural

The overall outcome of Lashley's search for the engram was the

realization that memories are not stored in any specific brain structure.

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

recognition

The step of ___ is required in order to move information from STM into LTM.

rehearsal

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

rehearsal.

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance?

self-reference effect

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.

semantic

The input of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding.

semantic

Which of the following is the least best way that you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states?

stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study.

The three basic memory processes are ______ (converting stimuli into aform that can be stored in memory), ______ (retaining information in memory), and ______ (accessing stored information).

encoding, storage, retrieval

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

explicit memories

People may not intend to distort facts, but ________.

it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories.

Procedural memory is to ______ as declarative memory is to ______ .

knowing how; knowing that

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding?

remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

retrieval.

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

Which of the following is a good example of visual encoding?

thinking about a dog you want to adopt and having the image of the dog appear in your mind

Accessibility of memory decreases over time is to __ as false memories are too __.

transience; suggestibility

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? There are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory.

Change the word "sensory" to the word "acoustic"

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

cerebellum

A memory storage system that contains memory of impressions for around 15-20 seconds is called

short-term memory

According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________.

short-term memory itself has different forms.

Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding.

visual

________ encoding is the encoding of images.

visual

Which of the following is best an example of retrograde amnesia?

Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her.

Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia.

anterograde

Encoding information occurs through ________.

automatic processing and effortful processing.

Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding?

being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics

Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system.

bias

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Persistence refers to lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention.

change the word "persistence" to the word "absent-mindedness"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The step of recall, which is the conscious repetition of information to be remembered in order to move it from STM into long- term memory, is called memory consolidation.

change the word "recall" to the word "rehearsal"

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________.

explicit memory.

What are the two components of declarative memory?

semantic and episodic

Regarding eyewitness testimony, which of the following statements is least true?

the more confidently an eyewitness expresses his/her testimony, the much higher the accuracy of the person's testimony is likely to be.

Which of the following is best an example of a mnemonic device?

using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the name of the five Great Lakes.

Which category of memory-failure, associated with what the textbook so-called seven sins of memory, is exemplified by the following? Samantha left her phone somewhere, but she can't remember where.

forgetting

researches demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in _____.

memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running.

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.

misinformation effect paradigm

which statement best describes the current state of opinion on recovered memories of childhood abuse?

some recovered memories are genuine, whereas others are false, and psychologists lack apt tools in order to differentiate between them.

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.

your first day of school

According to Craik and Tulving, how do process verbal information best?

semantic encoding

________ encoding is the encoding of sounds.

Acoustic

Aleah remembers that her dog is named Rocky and her cat is named Skipper, but she can't remember the name of her first grade teacher's dog and cat. This is an example of ________.

Atkinson-Shiffrin model.

which of the following is least helpful to reduce the effects of interference on memory?

Avoid over learning

________ is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner.

Egocentric bias

Which of the following examples best illustrates that the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm?

Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list.

which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia?

John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.

Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory.

What did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in?

Stroop effect

Which of the following statements about the amygdala is least correct?

The amygdala has no meaningful role in transferring new learning into long-term memory.

What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged?

another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus.

Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example best illustrates the ________ theory.

arousal

Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

arousal theory

Seven, plus-or-minus-two refers to

capacity of short-term memory

What should be changed in order to make the following sentence true? Long-term memory has two parts: semantic memory and episodic memory.

change the word "long-term" to the word "declarative"

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

construction; reconstruction

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.

encoding failure

What did Lashley develop by purposely damaging the brains of rats that had learned a task and then testing those rats to see if the brain damage impaired their ability to complete that same task?

equipotentiality hypothesis

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is most correct?

eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

Which of the following is least correct?

flashbulb memories are immune to distortion

Remembering ________ is a good example of procedural memory.

how to use the phone.

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

What is semantic memory?

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

Tina enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.

relearning

Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to French. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember French vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference.

retroactive

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has _________ amnesia.

retrograde

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.

retrograde; anterograde

which of the following neurotransmitters is least associated with memory?

endorphins

Which of the following statements about encoding is least true?

Encoding involves a single set of neurotransmitters located in the prefrontal cortex.

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

How did Lashley develop the equipotentiality hypothesis?

He trained rats in the correct route through a maze, then deliberately damaged their brains and observed that this did not inhibit their progress through the maze.

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?

If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

What is the main idea of the stroop effect?

The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information.

Jan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until she hears the alphabet song. Then she can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.

acoustic

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?

amygdala

The __ regulates __ while the __ is responsible for ___

amygdala, emotional ; hippocampus, memory consolidation.

what should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

change the word "transitional" to the word "sensory"

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

chunking

When asked to report his social security number Ian says, "999991111." Ian has taken the larger 9-digit number and broken it down into smaller pieces, which makes it easier to recall. This is best explained by the concept of __________.

chunking

Explicit is to ______ memory as implicit is to ______ memory.

declarative ; non-declarative

Chuck wakes up in the middle of the night. He dreamed that he left the oven on, and he is now convinced that the oven is on. Chuck can't go back to sleep until he turns the oven off. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?

distortion

flashbulb memories are most likely to be associated with _____.

emotionally charged experiences.

Chuck was in a car accident. He wishes he could put it behind him, but every night he has dreams about it, and every time he sees a car he remembers how he felt that day. Which category of memory-failure associated with what the textbook refers to as the so-called the seven sins of memory is best exemplified?

intrusion

In order for a memory to go into permanent storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory.

long-term

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information.

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

Which of the following is a way police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome? Police have ________.

modified the way witnesses are questioned.

The Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve suggests that forgetting

occurs quickly at first, and then slows down.

Proactive inference occurs when

older memories interfere with newer memories.

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.

suggestibility

Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories?

suggestibility

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Giorgio memorizes the German poem, "The Erlking," in order to recite it in his eighth grade German class. He remembers the poem well for weeks after the presentation, but gradually his ability to recite the poem fades. This is an example of ________, one of the seven sins of memory.

transience

What is procedural memory?

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things.

Remembering ________ is a good example of semantic memory.

what the word chocolate means