Psych exam 2 - Sean Study

Biological predisposition in classical conditioning

Natural predispositions contain what stimuli and responses can easily be associated

Light and shadow

Nearby objects reflect more light into our eyes than more distant objects. Given two identical objects, the dimmer one appears to be farther away.

Nearsightedness

Nearby objects seen more clearly, lens focuses image distant objects in front of retina

Proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, connectedness

What are the grouping principles?

Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami

What are the taste receptors?

Cortex, hippocampus, frontal lobe

What are the three main parts of the brain?

Spacing, next-in-line, serial position

What are the three memory effects?

Vestibular sense

What controls balance?

Connectedness

Spots, lines, and areas are seen as unit when connected

Operant conditioning

Voluntary (willful) behavior

C

A word of praise is to a delicious meal as _____ is to _____. operant conditioning; classical conditioning a delayed reinforcer; an immediate reinforcer a conditioned reinforcer; a primary reinforcer partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement

C

A word of praise is to a delicious meal as ______________ is to ______________. A. operant conditioning; classical conditioning B. partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement C. conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer D. delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer

Pupil

Adjustable opening in the center of the eye

Short term memory

Limited in duration (about 20 seconds)

Repression

A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

Echoic memory

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

Iconic memory

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Cerebellum

A neural center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories

Hippocampus

A neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories

Classical conditioning

A neural stimulus is paired with a stimulus that evokes the reflex; neural stimulus eventually comes to evoke the reflex

Context

A neutral facial expression may be perceived as sadder at a funeral than at a circus. This best illustrates a(n) _____ effect.

A

A neutral facial expression may be perceived as sadder at a funeral than at a circus. This best illustrates: A. a context effect. B. the Ponzo illusion. C. visual capture. D. interposition.

Short-term memory

A newer understanding of ___________ that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

Iris

A ring of muscle that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

Bigger

A study referred to in your text showed that a softball will appear _____ when you are hitting well.

Empathy

Actually feeling someones pain as if it was you.

Semantic

How do you encode long term memory?

Copy

How do you encode sensory memory?

Phonemic

How do you encode working memory?

Encoding to storage to retrieval

How does learning things work in order?

20 sec

How long do you remember things with working memory?

C

If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, which type of neuron is likely to be activated in an empathetic response to this observation? A. motor neuron B. sensory neuron C. mirror neuron D. interneuron

Misinformation effect

Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

Reinforcer

Increases chance of behavior happening again

D

Individuals _____ information about space. For example, while reading a textbook, one encodes the place on a page where certain material appears. forget use echoic memory to encode mirror automatically process

Top-down processing

Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes; as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

Retroactive interference

Disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old information

Neural stimulus (NS)

Does not initially trigger a response but after repeated association with the UCS, acquires the ability to do so

Temporal

Jasmine was in a serious car accident and is having trouble recognizing familiar faces. She most likely suffered damage to her _____ lobe, just behind her right ear.

Long term memlory

Essentially unlimited capacity store

C

Even after we learn the material, _______________ increases retention. A. underlearning B. sleeping C. overlearning D. unlearning

Relative motion

Objects closer to a fixation point move faster and in opposing direction to those objects that are farther away from a fixation point, moving slower and in the same direction.

Interposition

Objects that occlude other objects tend to be perceived as closer

Motion perception

Objects traveling towards us grow in size and those moving away shrink in size. The same is true when the observer moves to or from an object.

Linear perspective

Parallel lines converge with distance

Wavelength

Radio waves, X-rays, infrared rays, gamma rays and ultraviolet waves are all forms of electromagnetic energy that differ in terms of their _____.

Monocular

Relative motion is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?

Audition

The sense of hearing

Kinesthesis

The sense of our body parts position and movement is?

Tactile

The sense of touch

Pressure, warmth, cold, pain

The sense of touch is a mix of four distinct skin senses; what are they?

Acuity

The sharpness of vision

C

Which is an example of an implicit memory? the date of Abraham Lincoln's birthday being taught by a parent to ride a bike how to ride a bike the correct spelling of emancipation

C

Which is believed to be the neural basis for learning and memory? semantic encoding proactive interference long-term potentiation priming

Cognitive map

Mental representation of the layout of one's environment

Monocular

Relative height is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?

Recall

The ability to retrieve information learned earlier and not in conscious awareness - fill in the blank test.

110

What is the decibel of a jet plane at 500 feet?

60

What is the decibel of a normal conversation?

20

What is the decibel of whispers?

Closed

"gate" is _____ by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.

Opened

"gate" is ______ by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers

Perceptual adaptation

(vision) ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field

Bobo doll

What was the name of the experiment Albert Bandura did?

False

According to your text, even imagining nonexistent events can create _____ memories.

Pitch

A tones highness or lowness, depends on frequency

Depth perception

Ability to see objects in three dimensions

8%

According to Webers law what is light intensity?

Forgetting

An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding, storage, or retrieval

C

B.F. Skinner believed that external influences, not _____, shape animal and human behavior. negative reinforcement positive reinforcement thoughts and feelings unconscious influences

Retroactive interference

Backwards acting interference

Antisocial

Bandura's studies show that antisocial models (family, neighborhood or TV) may have ______ effects.

Perceptual set

Based upon experiences

Localize the sound

Because we have two ears, sounds that reach one ear faster than the other ear cause us to _____ ___ _______.

C

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed into one's eye is a(n): conditioned stimulus (CS). unconditioned stimulus (US). unconditioned response (UR). conditioned response (CR).

Perceptual

Both _____ set and context indicate how our experiences help us to construct perception

A

Both _______________ and _______________ indicate how our experiences help us to construct perception. A. perceptual set; context B. convergence; perceptual constancy C. the phi phenomenon; size-distance relationships D. monocular cues; sensations

Fovea

Center of retina

A

Darlene is trying to remember the name of a woman sitting next to her on the bus. She knows she met her at a party, and she is trying to rember which one. Darlene is able to imagine where the woman was seated at the party, as well as what she was eating. Darlene is using _____ to remember the woman's name. retrieval cues proactive inhibition retroactive inhibition implicit memor

D

Darlene is trying to remember the name of a woman sitting next to her on the bus. She knows she met her at a party, and she is trying to remember which one. Darlene is able to imagine where the woman was seated at the party, as well as what she was eating. Darlene is using ____________ to remember the woman's name. A. proactive inhibition B. retroactive inhibition C. implicit memory D. retrieval cues

Cones

Daylight or well-lit conditions

Punisher

Decreases chance of behavior happening again

The signal detection theory

Dennis, a nurse, notes that some parents of asthmatic children respond to very small changes in their children's breathing, and seek care accordingly. However, other parents do not notice the same small changes. This type of difference in reaction to stimuli is best explained by:

C

Dr. Santos prefers to give all essay and fill-in-the-blank questions to fully test students': reconstruction. recognition. recall. relearning.

A

Even though it is completely dark outside and you are inside your house, you know that the color of your car as well as the size of it hasn't changed. This is an example of: A. perceptual constancy. B. the linear perspective. C. binocular cues. D. the phi phenomenon.

C

Events that are forgotten are like books that cannot be found in a library. Which of the following scenarios can BEST be used to explain the retrieval problem? A. The book was discarded and not replaced. B. The book was never purchased. C. You can't remember the author's name or the title of the book, so you can't look it up. D. The book was willfully thrown away.

Learning

Experience (nurture) is the key to ______.

A

Formerly depressed people's recollections more closely resemble: the recollections of people who never suffered from depression. currently depressed people's recollections. both currently depressed people's recollections and the recollections of people who never suffered from depression. neither currently depressed people's recollections nor the recollections of people who never suffered from depression.

Touch

Hepatic means?

A

Information processing is guided by higher-level mental processes such as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations. This process is called: A. top-down processing. B. bottom-up processing. C. psychophysics. D. signal detection.

Automatic processing

Information such as a route to your school

C-fibers

Is the response for pain.

C

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of: A. genetic predispositions. B. emotional outcomes. C. observable behavior. D. cognitive processes.

Conditioned response (CR)

Learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus

Monocular

Linear perspective is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?

Mirror neurons

May enable imitation, language learning, and empathy

Cones

Near center of retina

Perceptual set

Once John learned of Sara's abusive past, he began to perceive her cautious behavior around men as more self-protective rather than rude. This best illustrates the impact of:

A

Once John learned of Sara's abusive past, he began to perceive her cautious behavior around men as more self-protective rather than rude. This best illustrates the impact of: A. perceptual set. B. the phi phenomenon. C. visual capture. D. interposition.

Rods

Peripheral retina, detect black white and gray, twilight or low light

Perceptual constancy

Phyllis is doing a handstand in her yoga class. When she looks at the clock she can still tell that the time is 10 o'clock. This is thanks to:

Blind spot

Point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a ______ because there are no receptor cells located there

Storage decay

Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay.

Prosocial behavior

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior

Punishment

Powerful controller of unwanted behavior

Signal detection theory

Predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise)

Retroactive

Rashad is studying for tomorrow's biology exam. He has been reading and taking notes for hours, and he feels as though he can study biology no longer. To avoid _____ interference, the BEST thing for Rashad to do is to go directly to sleep.

Same time

Sensation and perception happen at the _____.

A

Sensory adaptation can be defined as: A. diminished sensitivity as a result of repeated stimulation. B. the relationship between the intensity of a physical stimulus, such as noise, and the psychological effect of the stimulus. C. the perception of stimuli below conscious awareness. D. the unconscious activation of associations that are linked with memories.

Brain

Sensory analysis starts with the sensory receptors and works up to the integration of sensory information in the _____. This process is called bottom-up processing.

A

Shaping is a method used by Skinner to: guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations. decrease an undesirable behavior. condition taste aversions in rats. explain how classical conditioning works.

Parallel processing

Simultaneous processing of several dimensions through multiple pathways

D

Skinner believed that _____ influences, not thoughts and feelings, shape animal and human behavior. cognitive internal unconscious external

A

Susan asked her roommate to lower the radio as she was trying to study. Her roommate had turned the radio up originally from a volume level of 14 to 15 which was just enough for Susan to detect. She turned it back down to 14 after Susan asked her to lower it. This is probably the result of: A. the difference threshold. B. absolute threshold. C. prosopagnosia. D. sensory adaptation.

Smell

The brain region for ______ is closely connected with the brain regions involved with memory. That is why strong memories are made through the sense of this sort.

Extrinsic motivation

The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

Parapsychology

The study of paranormal phenomena

Punisher

Unfavorable consequences are?

Social learning

Albert bandura was apart of what theory?

Space, time, frequency

The three things related to automatic processing?

C

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina is called the: A. cornea. B. iris. C. lens. D. pupil.

Ivan Pavlov

1849-1936; russian physician/neurophysiologist; nobel prize in 1904; studied digestive secretions

Retinal disparity

A famous Hollywood director has decided to present his latest film in 3-D. This will create a great movie-going experience for viewers as 3-D movies exaggerate:

B

A fill-in-the-blank test is a good example of: A. retrieval. B. recall. C. relearning. D. recognition.

B

A mental representation of the layout of one's environment is called a(n): A. intrinsic reward. B. cognitive map. C. observational learning. D. unconditioned stimulus.

Sensation

A process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energy

Perception

A process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

D

A rat is allowed to explore a maze for several trials. On the last trial he finds a piece of food at the end of the maze. On the following trial his speed through the maze increases dramatically. This is an example of: the law of effect. operant conditioning. classical conditioning. latent learning.

B

A rat is allowed to explore a maze for several trials. On the last trial he finds a piece of food at the end of the maze. On the following trial his speed through the maze increases dramatically. This is an example of: A. classical conditioning. B. latent learning. C. operant conditioning. D. the law of effect.

C

Abdul has to make an important phone call. Unfortunately, his cell phone is not charged and he has to use his landline, which does not store phone numbers. To make the call, he has to get the number from his cell phone and remember it long enough to dial on his landline. For this task, which memory system is MOST important? echoic memory flashbulb memory working memory long-term memory

Repressing

According to Sigmund Freud, one reason that people forget is because they are _____ painful memories.

0.3%

According to Webers law what is tone frequency?

2%

According to Webers law what is weight?

C

According to operant conditioning principles, which of the following would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning? A. Parents should ignore complaints or whining about school. B. If the girl refuses to get in the car, parents should explain why this is a problem and use time-outs. C. Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl. D. Parents should reward the girl when she cooperates by getting into the car in the morning.

C

According to the Gestalt psychologists, we tend to group together figures that are similar to each other. This is called the principle of: A. proximity. B. continuity. C. similarity. D. connectedness.

A

According to the _________________, the retina has three types of color receptors. Each of these types is sensitive to one of three colors: red, green, or blue. A. Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory B. opponent-process theory C. signal detection theory D. color constancy theory

C

According to the opponent-process theory of color vision, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Red-green color blindness is caused by the absence of the red-green opponent pair. B. Cones are sensitive to all colors in the visible spectrum. C. Blue and yellow receptors cannot be stimulated simultaneously; if one is activated, the other is inhibited. D. Red and yellow receptors cannot be stimulated simultaneously; if one is activated, the other is inhibited.

D

According to the results of series of experiments done by Elliot and Niesta (2008), if a woman wanted to increase her attractiveness to a male she should: agree to buy dinner. wear a black dress and black lipstick. put a blue streak in her hair. wear a red dress and red lipstick.

Biological influence

Activity in spinal cords large and small fibers, genetic difference in endorphin production, the brain's interpretation of CNS activity.

Positive reinforcement

Adds a positive stimulus (a hug)

Positive punishment

Administer an aversive stimulus (spanking)

Touch

Adults who were blind from birth but who gained sight after surgery were NOT able to recognize objects by sight that were familiar by _____.

Circle, triangle

After cataract surgery, blind adults were able to regain sight. These individuals could differentiate figure and ground relationships, yet they had difficulty distinguishing between a ____ and a ____.

B

After hearing that Bryce had served a prison sentence, Janet began to perceive his genuinely friendly behavior as insincere and manipulative. This best illustrates the impact of: A. visual capture. B. perceptual set. C. the phi phenomenon. D. interposition.

Adaptation

After some practice, Carol was able to read books while holding them upside down. This best illustrates perceptual _____.

D

All of the following are Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology EXCEPT: A. the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods. B. principles of learning apply across species. C. significant psychological phenomena can be studied objectively. D. his methods demonstrated the importance of subjective judgments.

Pupil

Allows light into the eye

Depth perception

Allows us to judge distance

Deja vu

Already seen (french)

A

Although Skinner and other behaviorists did not think that it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining human learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. Which of the following findings suggests that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning: A. Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes. B. Children learn from observing their parents, and exhibit the learning immediately. C. Learning is merely the association of a response with a consequence. D. Rats do NOT seem to develop a cognitive map of mazes.

Retrieval failure

Although the information is retained in the memory store, it cannot be accessed.

Gestalt

An organized whole. Tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

Bottom-up processing

Analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information

Short-term memory

Another name for working memory is?

Convergence

Another word for cross-eyed

Relative brightness

Closer objects appear brighter

Skinner box

Contains a device to record responses

Motivated

Anthony went to school one day with his zipper down. He considers it his most embarrassing moment ever and would rather forget that the event ever occurred. Anthony is exhibiting _____ forgetting.

Reinforcer

Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

A

As a practical joke, Nadine tells her younger brother a story about an event that did NOT happen when he was 4 years old. She said he called 911 to report a fight they were having. Nadine repeats this story several times, until her brother begins to believe that he had dialed 911. This is an example of imagination: inflation. blocking. persistence. transience.

Signal detection theory

Assumes there is no single absolute threshold

Unaffected

At age 53, Ralph underwent radical eye surgery and had to wear an eye patch for four months straight. His vision will be _____ by this sensory restriction.

D

At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when a person selects either the "a" or "b" choices. A woman frequents this machine regularly. This best illustrates: spontaneous recovery. respondent behavior. latent learning. operant conditioning.

D

At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when you select either the "A" or "B" choices. You continue to frequent this machine regularly. This best illustrates: A. latent learning. B. spontaneous recovery. C. respondent behavior. D. operant conditioning.

Psychological influence

Attention to pain, learning based on experience, expectation of pain relief

Source amnesia

Attributing an event to the wrong source that we experienced, heard, read, or imagined

Variable ratio (VR)

Average ratios

Punishment

Aversive event that decreases the behavior that is follows

Relative clarity

Because light from distant objects passes through more light than closer objects, we perceive hazy objects to be farther away than those object appear sharp and clear.

Classical conditioning

Begins with a reflex

Intrinsic

Behavior motivated by enjoyment, satisfaction, or challenge is _____ motivation.

Predispositions

Behaviorist and learning researcher Gregory Kimble acknowledged that learning in animals is not just a matter of responding to the environment but it is limited by the animals' _____ to learn associations that enhance their chances of survival.

Sensation

Bottom-up processing is related to _______.

Processing sensations; interpreting sensations

Bottom-up processing is to top-down processing as _____ is to _____

Acommodation

Change in shape of lens, focus near objects

Association

Classical and operant conditioning involves learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through imitation.

Involuntary

Classical conditioning involves the conditioning of _____ behavior.

Flashbulb memories

Clear memories of emotionally significant moments or events.

Interposition

Close object blocks distant object

Trichromatic theory

Color blindness supports what?

Color constancy

Color of an object remains the same under different illuminations

Effortful processing

Committing novel information to memory requires effort just like learning a concept from a textbook. Such processing leads to durable and accessible memories.

Hierarchy

Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories

Operant behavior

Complex or voluntary behaviors; operates (acts) on environment); produces consequences

Secondary reinforcer

Conditioned reinforcer; learned through association with primary reinforcer

Shaping

Conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal

A

Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) ____________ repeatedly comes before a(n) ____________. A. unconditioned stimulus (US); conditioned/neutral stimulus (CS) B. negative reinforcer; operant behavior C. secondary reinforcer; operant behavior D. stimulus-response pair; conditioned/neutral stimulus (CS)

C

Continuously checking to see if the cookies are ready is an example of the _____________ schedule of reinforcement. A. variable-interval B. fixed-ratio C. fixed-interval D. variable-ratio

Extrasensory perception

Controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input

Binocular

Convergence is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?

Transduction

Conversion from one form of energy to another

D

Coyotes who have been fed sheep carcasses that have been laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. This phenomenon is best explained by which classical conditioning phenomenon? A. Negative reinforcement. B. Secondary conditioning. C. Punishment. D. Taste aversion.

C

Critics of B. F. Skinner were concerned that: A. he relied too heavily on animals to explain general learning principles. B. he ignored the influence of stimulus-response associations. C. he dehumanized people because he ignored the existence of personal freedom and dignity. D. his research methods were flawed.

Deja vu

Cues from the current situations may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience

Binocular cues

Cues to distance that we can only receive from two eyes

Monocular eyes

Cues to distance that we can receive with just one eye

Binocular

Depth perception is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?

Ames room

Designed to demonstrate the size-distance. Shaped as a trapezoid.

Experience, expectations, motivation, level of fatigue

Detection in the signal detection theory depends partly on the person's?

Proactive interference

Disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information (remembering your parents new phone number)

Fixed Ratio (FR)

Different ratios

Sensory adaptation

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

D

Dr. Kahn studies the relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli (e.g., intensity) and the psychological experience of them. This field is known as: A. psychokinetics. B. information processing. C. sensory adaptation. D. psychophysics.

Proactive

During a Spanish language exam, Janice easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning. However, she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she studied that afternoon. Her difficulty BEST illustrates _____ interference.

Extrasensory perception

ESP stands for?

Forgetting curve

Ebbinghaus showed storage decay with _____?

Nonsense syllables

Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using what?

Repetition helps

Ebbinghaus studies (nonsense syllables) results what?

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Effective stimulus that unconditionally-automatically and naturally triggers a response

Rehearsal

Effortful learning usually requires ______ or conscious repetition.

BF Skinner

Elaborated Thorndike's law of effect; developed behavioral technology

Acoustic encoding

Encoding by hearing

Semantic encoding

Encoding of meaning, including meaning of words

Visual encoding

Encoding of picture images

Closure

Fills in gaps

Route to school

Events that would most likely to be automatically encoded:

Cognitive map

Example : after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a ______ on it.

B

Experiencing sudden pain is to _____________ as recognizing that you are suffering a heart attack is to _____________. A. absolute threshold; difference threshold B. sensation; perception C. kinesthesia; accommodation D. gate-control theory; Weber's law

Iris

Eye color

Farsightedness

Faraway objects seen more clearly, lens focuses near objects behind retina.

Fixed Ratio (FR)

Faster you respond the more rewards you get

Reinforcer

Favorable consequences are?

Sympathy

Feeling sorry for somebody

A

Findings from Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that: A. rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds. B. rats are more likely to develop aversions sights or sounds than they are to taste. C. the unconditioned stimulus (US) MUST immediately follow the conditioned stimulus (CS). D. organisms do NOT have biological predispositions when learning associations.

B

Five-year-old Destiny is frightened by the noise thunder makes. Thus, when Destiny sees lightning, she often cries in anticipation of the thunder. This is an example of: observational learning. classical conditioning. operant conditioning. stimulus experience.

Mirror neurons

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing to do so

D

Gamblers and fishermen have a difficult time controlling their need to gamble or fish due to the _____ schedule of reinforcement. fixed-ratio latent-interval fixed-interval variable-interval

C

Gary was born with cataracts in both eyes. At 6 months, the cataracts were surgically removed. What will happen to his vision? A. His vision will be partially affected. B. His vision will be disturbed, and he won't be able to discriminate shapes. C. His vision will be unaffected by this sensory deprivation. D. His vision will be disturbed, and he won't be able to discriminate colors.

Facts

General knowledge

Color blindnes

Genetic disorder which people are blind to green or red colors.

D

Gestalt psychologists were fond of saying that in perception: A. the whole may reduce the sum of its parts. B. the whole may delete the sum of its parts. C. the whole may minimize the sum of its parts. D. the whole may exceed the sum of its parts.

Encoding

Getting information in

Retrieval

Getting information out

Mirror neurons

Giacomo Rizzolatti is the researcher who discovered the function of _____ through his experiments with monkeys.

Method of loci

Greek orators used this technique to remember long speeches

Similarity

Group figures that are similar

Proximity

Group nearby figures together

D

Hakeem has a very clear memory of his daughter's birth. He remembers the weather, what he was wearing, the sounds in the hallway, and the joy he felt. Psychologists would say that: he will completely forget all of these memories over time. his ability to remember an emotionally significant event in so much detail is unusual. he is describing the spotlight effect. he has a flashbulb memory for this event.

D

If you move your watchband up your wrist an inch or so, you will feel it for only a few moments. This best illustrates: A. parallel processing. B. Weber's law. C. accommodation. D. sensory adaptation.

A

If one learns a list of chemistry terms while one is in a great mood, one has a better chance of recalling that list if one is in the same mood when one takes the exam. This is known as: state-dependent memory. a repressed memory. source amnesia. the misinformation effect.

Biological predispositions

If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of the music you heard there. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by _____.

Retinal disparity

Images from the two eyes differ; closer the object, that larger the disparity.

A

Imagine having to pick the correct answer from a displayed list of options. This aspect of memory is known as: recognition. recall. reconstruction. relearning.

C

Implicit memories are to _____ processing as explicit memories are to _____ processing. frontal lobe; hippocampal effortful; automatic automatic; effortful hippocampal; frontal lobe

D

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the _____ was the unconditioned response (UR). playful behavior with the rat fear of the white rat salivating to a tone fear of a loud noise

Classical

In _____ conditioning an organism learns associations between events it doesn't control.

Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner

In a 1972 classical conditioning study, _____ showed that an animal can learn the predictability of an event.

A

In a brain surgery that went wrong, Matthew lost a portion of his visual cortex and has blindness in part of his field of vision. This condition is known as: A. blindsight. B. blind processing. C. nearsightedness. D. feature detection

A

In a famous experiment, John Garcia gave novel food to one group of rats and familiar food to another group of rats. Then both groups of rats were made to vomit. According to Garcia's work, which group of rats developed an aversion to their food? the rats given the novel food both rats developed an aversion to their food the rats given the familiar food neither group of rats developed an aversion to their food

A

In a study, adult males who spent three evenings watching sexually violent movies became progressively less bothered by the rapes and beatings. Compared with those in a control group, the film watchers later expressed less sympathy for domestic violence victims, and they rated the victims' injuries as less severe. The violence-viewing effect demonstrated in this study was: desensitization. prosocial modeling. latent learning. modeling.

B

In an experiment, people formed negative attitudes toward Pokemon characters that were repeatedly shown with negative words and images next to them. This best illustrates the impact of: the law of effect. classical conditioning. negative reinforcers. spontaneous recovery.

Extinction

In classical conditioning, ____ is the diminishing of a CR; when a UCS does not follow a CS for a long enough period of time, the CS no longer triggers the CR

Generalization

In classical conditioning, ____ is the tendency to stimuli similar to CS to evoke similar responses

Discrimination

In classical conditioning, _____ is the ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal and UCS

Spontaneous recovery

In classical conditioning, _____ is the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR

Acquistion

In classical conditioning, _______ is the initial stage of learning, during which a response is established and gradually strengthened.

A

In classical conditioning, a person learns _____, while in operant conditioning, a person learns _____. to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events; to associate a response (behavior) and its consequence to associate a response (behavior) and its consequence; two stimuli and thus to anticipate events by avoiding punishment; to associate a response (behavior) and its consequence through observation; through imitation

B

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus, which after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response, is called a(n): unconditioned response (UR). conditioned stimulus (CS). unconditioned stimulus (US). conditioned response (CR).

Conditioned stimulus

In classical conditioning, the _____ is an originally irrelevant stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response after its association with an unconditioned stimulus.

A

In classical conditioning, the learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus is called the: conditioned response (CR). unconditioned response (UR). unconditioned stimulus (US). conditioned stimulus (CS).

C

In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring reaction to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. conditioned stimulus (CS) neutral stimulus (NS) unconditioned response (UR) conditioned response (CR)

D

In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. A. conditioned response (CR) B. conditioned/neutral stimulus (CS) C. neutral stimulus D. unconditioned response (UR)

D

In experiments with rats in which rewards were not given to the rats for exploring a maze, experimenters later included rewards after several trials. When rewards were given upon reaching the end of the maze, the time needed to complete the maze decreased immediately. This caused researchers to conclude that: continuous reinforcement is necessary for operant conditioning to occur. rats learn nothing more than a sequence of left and right turns. learning will not occur in the absence of reinforcement. reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur.

B

In his experiments, Pavlov found that spontaneous recovery often occurred after a conditioned response was extinguished if: A. the tone was sounded again and again without presenting food to the dogs. B. after a few hours without the CS or the US, the tone was presented again. C. the tone was sounded again and again while presenting food to the dogs. D. the neutral stimulus was presented before the conditioned response.

Discrimination

In operant conditioning, ______ is responding differently to stimuli that signal a behavior will be reinforced or not be reinforced

Acquisition

In operant conditioning, ______ is the initial stage during which a response is established and gradually strengthened

Spontaneous recovery

In operant conditioning, ______ is the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished behavior

Acquisition

In operant conditioning, ______ is the strengthening of a reinforced response.

Generalization

In operant conditioning, ______ is the subject does behaviors similar to the behavior that is being reinforced.

Extinction

In operant conditioning, ______ is when a response is no longer reinforced, the subject no longer does that behavior

D

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories is called: retroactive interference automatic processing. source amnesia. repression.

Transduction

In sensation, transformation of stimulus energies into neural impulses

B

In terms of our sensory experience of light, wavelength is to ______________ as wave intensity is to ______________. A. transduction; brightness B. hue; brightness C. accommodation; retina D. ultraviolet rays; gamma rays

A

In terms of vision, _____________ is the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or inverted visual field. A. perceptual adaptation B. perceptual set C. lightness constancy D. critical deprivation

D

In the classical conditioning experiment conducted by Robert Rescorla that involved two groups of rats, one group of rats heard a tone just before each of 20 shocks. The second group of rats experienced the same 20 tone-shock pairings, but also experienced an additional 20 shocks that were not paired with a tone. How did the two groups differ? As predicted by the basic principles of classical conditioning, there were no differences between the two groups of rats. The rats in the first group developed learned helplessness, while the rats in the second group did not. Since they experienced more shocks, the rats in the second group displayed a much stronger fear response to the tone than did the rats in the first group. The rats in the first group displayed a much stronger conditioned fear response to the tone than did the rats in the second group.

C

In using operant conditioning principles to train animals to perform tricks, Keller and Marian Breland found that: punishment is more effective than reinforcement in shaping animal behavior. it is impossible to train pigs to perform tricks. an animal's inborn or instinctive behavior patterns could interfere with the operant conditioning of new behaviors. positive and negative reinforcement is the sole determinant of an animal's behavior.

Primary reinforcer

Innately reinforcing stimulus; satisfies a biological need

Retina

Inner surface of eye, light sensitive, contains rods and cones, layers of neurons, beginning of visual information processing

Monocular

Interposition is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?

Top-down processing

Interpreting new sensory information within the framework of a past memory illustrates:

Implicit memory

Involves learning an action while the individual does not know or declare what she knows

B

Jackie is worried about her young children being exposed to the violence on television. You tell Jackie all of the following EXCEPT: A. correlational studies do link violence viewing with violent behavior. B. she should not worry. C. the more hours children spend watching violent programs, the more at risk they are for aggression and crime as teens. D. correlation does not prove causation.

Explicit memory

Refers to facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.

A

Jay is 48 years old. He recently had his sight restored after 45 years of blindness. He could associate people with their distinct features (e.g., hair color), but could not recognize their faces. He was also not good at judging the size of objects as their distance from him changed. His case suggests that: A. vision is partly an acquired sense. B. there is NO critical period for normal visual development. C. vision can be restored completely, even if a person was blind from an early age. D. normal development of vision does not involve experience or learning.

B

Johnny is "hammering" the nail in with his toy hammer as his father is hammering the deck boards. His behavior is a clear example of: A. observational conditioning. B. modeling. C. reinforced learning. D. classical learning.

B

Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze, and then removed pieces of their cortexes. He reported that, no matter what part of the cortex was removed, the rats retained partial memory of how to solve the maze. This indicates that: rats' brains are more plastic than are human brains. memories are not located in single, specific locations in the brain. rats learn differently than humans do. long-term potentiation does not occur in rats.

A

Kittens, monkeys, and humans who experience sensory deprivation early in life end up with permanent damage to visual their functioning. This finding suggests that: A. there IS a critical period for normal sensory and perceptual development. B. neural organization is not related to sensory experiences. C. sensory deprivation in adulthood results in damage to visual functioning. D. there is NOT a critical period for normal sensory and perceptual development.

Observational

Learning by imitating the behavior of others is called _____ learning.

A

Learning by imitating the behavior of others is called ______________ learning. The researcher best known for studying this type of learning is ______________. A. observational; Bandura B. secondary; Pavlov C. secondary; Skinner D. observational; Watson

Observational learning

Learning by observing and imitating others

Interference

Learning some items may disrupt retrieval of other information

Latent

Learning that is not immediately demonstrated in overt behavior is called _____ learning.

D

Learning that is not immediately demonstrated in overt behavior is called: classical conditioning. repressed learning. operant conditioning. latent learning.

Latent learning

Learning that occurs, but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Monocular

Light and shadow is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?

Variable ratio (VR)

Like gambling, fishing

Fixed Ratio (FR)

Like piecework pay

Variable interval (VI)

Like pop quiz

A

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when she first met her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates: A. spontaneous recovery. B. delayed reinforcement. C. shaping. D. latent learning.

A

Lonnie often has vivid dreams. In the morning, he can recall them in great detail. This sometimes gets him in trouble, because he can't figure out if he is remembering a dream or something that actually happened. This problem is known as: source amnesia. infantile amnesia. mood-congruent memory. blocking.

A

Luca has been studying all week for his Biology final. He studies until he is ready to go to bed because he knows that information presented within _______ before sleep will be well remembered. A. one hour B. eight hours C. twenty-four hours D. three hours

B

Macy gave her dog a treat each time she came to Macy when she called her name. Soon the dog came every time Macy called the dog's name. This is an example of: observational learning. operant conditioning. classical conditioning. instinctual behavior.

Classical

Malia ate fried chicken she purchased from her favorite fast food restaurant. An hour later she felt ill and spent the rest of the evening vomiting. Three weeks later she entered the same restaurant and immediately became nauseous when she saw fried chicken. Malia's nausea when she saw the fried chicken is an example of _____ conditioning.

Flashbulb

Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they heard news of the attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001. This BEST illustrates _____ memory.

A

Marlee was raped at gunpoint in a parking garage. Her attacker was wearing strong cologne, and she refuses to go through the male fragrance department at the department store, will not be alone by herself or with any man, and will not park in any garages. This reaction best illustrates: A. generalization. B. an unconditioned response (UR). C. discrimination. D. operant conditioning.

Gate-control theory

Melzak and Wall proposed that our spinal cord contains neurological "gates" that either block pain or allow it to be sensed.

Retrieval cues

Memories are held in storage by a web of associations. These associations are like anchors that help retrieve memory.

D

Multiple-choice questions are to essay questions as: encoding is to storage. storage is to encoding. recall is to recognition. recognition is to recall.

Context effects

Memory works better in the context of original learning

Visual encoding

Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.

B

Michael is busy with his work project that he brought home. His son wants him to put a movie in the DVD player. Michael tells him to wait 10 minutes; however, his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right now. This best illustrates the value of: A. secondary reinforcement. B. negative reinforcement. C. erratic behavior. D. positive reinforcement.

C

Michelle always drives down Hampton Avenue to go to the work. One morning Michelle discovers that Hampton Avenue is closed due to construction. Michelle immediately takes a different route to work. She is able to make a quick route change because: she is classically conditioned to fear construction machinery. Michelle was observing the actions of others in the situation. she has formed a cognitive map of the area. the construction was a reliable predictor of danger.

A

Multiple ____________ send combined messages to a bipolar cell, whereas a single ____________ may link directly to a single bipolar cell. A. rods; cone B. hair cells; basilar membrane C. cones; rod D. basilar membranes; hair cel

Short-term

Millie has been having difficulties remembering what people have just said. She is also unable to follow along during her favorite television shows. Millie is having difficulty with her _____ memory.

Telepathy

Mind-to-mind communication. One person sending thoughts and the other receiving them.

Difference threshold

Minimum difference between two stimuli that a subject can detect 50% of the time

Absolute threshold

Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus; usually defined as the stimulus needed for detection 50% of the time.

C

Mirror neurons are found in the brain's ______________ and are believed to be the neural basis for ______________. A. temporal lobe; operant conditioning B. temporal lobe; observational learning C. frontal lobe; observational learning D. frontal lobe; classical conditioning

Environmental

Monkeys who were reared apart from their mothers and exposed to high levels of aggression showed greater aggression as adults. This is evidence for the _____ transmission of aggression.

He could not recognize things by sight that were familiar to touch

Monte was born with cataracts. He had surgery when he was 30 years old, which restored his sight. After his surgery:

A

Most forgetting curves indicate that the course of forgetting is initially rapid, but then it levels off with time. One explanation for the shape of the curves is a(n): A. gradual fading of the physical memory trace. B. decline in visual encoding. C. increase in automatic processing. D. decrease in source amnesia.

Skills

Motor and cognitive

B

Nanette's daughter refused to brush her teeth and threw her toys across the room. Nanette gave her daughter a 9-minute time-out. This is an example of a(n): positive punishment. negative punishment. conditioned reinforcer. negative reinforcer.

Optic nerve

Nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

Convergence

Neuromuscular cues. When two eyes move inward (toward the nose) to see near objects and outward (away from nose) to see faraway objects.

Feature detectors

Neurons in the visual cortex respond to specific features

Mirror neurons

Neuroscientists discovered _______________ in the brains of animal and humans that are active during observational learning.

Effortful processing

New or unusual information that requires attention and effort

B

Nicole's parents are often inconsistent in terms of their behaviors and what they say. For example, they often tell Nicole how important it is to be polite, but are not very polite themselves when it comes to letting other people off airplanes or giving up seats in public buses. How would you expect this contradiction would impact Nicole's behavior? A. She would act rude and talk about how being polite is not important. B. She would act rude but talk about how important it is to be polite. C. She would act polite and talk about the importance of being polite. D. She would not be influenced by her parents' words or behaviors.

Iconic

Nine-year-old Jade has just discovered something very interesting. She can look at a picture in a book and, when she closes her eyes, she can still see the picture very clearly for a few tenths of a second. Jade is experiencing _____ memory.

C

On a business trip last year, Susan and Pam flew from Los Angeles to Boston. Susan really hates to fly. In the middle of the flight, Susan and Pam experienced 20 minutes of very severe turbulence. Susan remembers this incident as if it was yesterday, but Pam cannot recall it. Why? At the time, the level of Pam's stress hormones was greater than Susan's level. There is no way to know, because stress and emotion do not influence memory. Susan experienced emotion-triggered hormonal changes. Pam experienced emotion-triggered hormonal changes.

A

One chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward. The first chimp then imitates how the second chimp solved the puzzle. This best illustrates: A. observational learning. B. spontaneous recovery. C. operant conditioning. D. respondent behavior.

D

One main difference between punishment and reinforcement is that the goal of reinforcement is to ____________ a behavior, while the goal of punishment is to ____________ a behavior. A. shape; change B. discourage; encourage C. decrease; increase D. increase; decrease

A

One of your new patients claims to have been molested and discovered this after going to a hypnotherapist. You know all of the following EXCEPT: A. memories recovered under medications are reliable. B. hypnotized subjects incorporate suggestions into their memories. C. incest and sexual abuse do happen. D. memories recovered under hypnosis are unreliable.

Encoding

One reason memory fails is because of problems with information _____, the processing of saving information to memory.

Nurture

Operant conditioning emphasizes the importance of ______.

Law of effect

Operant conditioning is based upon?

Prosocial behavior

Opposite of antisocial behavior

Biological predisposition is operant conditioning

Organism best learn behaviors similar to their natural behaviors; unnatural behaviors instinctively drift back toward natural ones.

Classical conditioning

Organism comes to associate two stimuli (lightning and thunder, tone and food)

Figure and ground

Organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

Chunking

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically; use of acronyms

Sensory, perceptual

Our _________ and _________ processes work together to help us sort out complex processes.

Association

Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence; aristotle 2000 years ago, john locke and david hume 200 years ago.

A

Our tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups is known as: A. grouping. B. convergence. C. interposition. D. stroboscopic movement.

A

Our unconscious capacity for learning how to do something is known as: A. implicit memory. B. explicit memory. C. declarative memory. D. long-term potentiation.

C

Participants in a study conducted by Haber were shown more than 2,500 slides of faces and places for only 10 seconds each. Later, they were shown 280 of these slides, paired with an unseen slide, and they were able to recognize _______ percent of the slides they had seen before. A. 100 B. 60 C. 90 D. 75

Extinction

Pavlov's dog stopped salivating to the bell when the food was no longer paired with the bell. This is called _____.

Interpostition

Pedro recognized that his son was closer to him than his daughter because his son partially obstructed his view of his daughter. Pedro's perception was most clearly influenced by a depth cue known as:

Motivated forgetting

People unknowingly revise their memories

Continuity

Perceive continuous patterns

Precognition

Perceiving future events, such as a political leader's death.

Perceptual constancy

Perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal image (color, shape, size, lightness)

Phi phenomenon

Perception of motion is produced by a succession of still images

Clairvoyance

Perception of remote events, such as sensing a friend's house on fire

D

Perceptual illusions are to _____________ as false memories are to _____________. A. hypnosis; age regression B. Gestalt psychologists; behaviorists C. source misattribution; source amnesia D. real perceptions; real memories

C

Perceptual sets are the result of ______________, which we form to organize and interpret unfamiliar information. A. conceptions B. sensations C. schemas D. monocular clues

Social-cultural influence

Presence of others, empathy for others' pain, cultural expectations

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Previously neural stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a condition response

Modeling

Process of observing and imitating behavior

Encoding meaning (semantic encoding)

Processing the meaning of verbal information by associating it with what we already know or imagine.

Variable interval (VI)

Produces slow steady responding

Prosocial

Prosocial (positive, helpful) models may have _____ effects.

Depth

Railroad tracks appear to converge in the distance. This provides a cue for_____ perception known as linear perspective.

A

Ralph underwent radical eye surgery and had to wear an eye patch for four months straight. How will this sensory deprivation affect his vision? A. His vision will be unaffected by this sensory deprivation. B. His vision will be disturbed, and he won't be able to discriminate shapes. C. His vision will be partially affected by this sensory deprivation. D. His vision will be disturbed, and he won't be able to discriminate colors.

Behavior modeling (or observational learning)

Raphael is in dental school and is learning the correct way to take an X-ray of the mouth. His instructor first shows the class a video that demonstrates the proper procedures for taking an X-ray and then demonstrates these same procedures using Raphael as a patient. Raphael and his classmates are learning how to take an X-ray of patients' teeth through the use of _____.

A

Rashad is studying for tomorrow's biology exam. He has been reading and taking notes for hours, and he feels like he cannot study any longer. To avoid retroactive interference, the best thing for Rashad to do at this point is: A. go directly to sleep. B. study for his French test. C. stay awake for as long as possible. D. watch an exciting documentary on a different topic.

B

Ray drank too much whiskey last night. He spent much of this morning vomiting and nauseated. According to the principles of classical conditioning, how will Ray likely react today when he tastes from or smells the whiskey bottle that he drank from last night? He will want to drink more whiskey right away. He will find the scent and taste of whiskey aversive. He will invite all of his friends over that night for another party. He will find the scent and taste more appealing than before.

John B Watson

Recommended study of behavior without reference to unobservable mental processes

Classical conditioning

Reflexive behavior

Variable ratio (VR)

Reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Variable interval (VI)

Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Fixed Ratio (FR)

Reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Fixed interval (FI)

Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Partial reinforcement

Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition greater resistance to extinction

Continuous reinforcement

Reinforcing the desired response each time it occurs; learning occurs rapidly; extinction occurs rapidly

Monocular

Relative brightness is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?

Monocular

Relative clarity is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?

A

Relative luminance most clearly contributes to: A. lightness constancy. B. change blindness. C. the phi phenomenon. D. the Moon illusion

Monocular

Relative size is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?

Learning

Relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience

Negative reinforcement

Removes an aversive stimulus (seat belt turns off buzzer)

Imagination inflation

Repeatedly imagining nonexistent actions and events is called _____ and can create false memories.

D

Research on memory construction reveals that memories: A. are stored as exact copies of experience. B. even if long term, usually decay within about five years. C. may be chemically transferred from one organism to another. D. reflect a person's biases and assumptions.

B

Research on memory construction reveals that memories: A. are stored as exact copies of experience. B. reflect a person's biases and assumptions. C. even if long term, usually decay within about five years. D. may be chemically transferred from one organism to another.

Aggression

Research shows that viewing media violence leads to an increased expression of ________.

Mirror neurons

Researchers discover that the neuronal activity in the brain of a monkey who simply watched another monkey pick up and eat a peanut was the same as the brain activity of the monkey actually performing these actions. These researchers are investigating _____.

D

Researchers have found that a major difference between memories derived from real experience versus imagined memories is: A. imagined memories are more persistent. B. imagined memories are more restricted to the gist of the event. C. real memories are more persistent. D. real memories are more restricted to the gist of the event.

D

Researchers have found that a major difference between memories derived from real experience versus imagined memories is: A. memories of imagined experiences have more detail. B. memories of imagined experiences are more biased. C. real memories are more biased. D. real memories have more detail.

D

Researchers used goggles to restrict kittens' vision for several months. Once the goggles were removed, the kittens: A. could detect the colors of circles and squares. B. could distinguish only between circles and squares. C. had damage to their retinas. D. could distinguish only color and brightness.

Fixed interval (FI)

Response occurs more frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near

Storage

Retaining information

Binocular

Retinal disparity is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?

Association

Retrieval cues are done through what?

Successive approximations

Reward behaviors that increasingly desired behavior

B

Ricky has had his driver's license for less than a year and loves to drive. His love of driving gave him the idea of getting a job delivering pizza 25 hours a week. After having the job for 6 months, one can probably predict that: Ricky would seek more jobs where he could drive. Ricky's love of driving would have decreased. Ricky would volunteer to drive his grandmother to appointments. Ricky would continue to love his job.

C

Ron has been trying to quit smoking for years. Although Ron typically smokes two packs of cigarettes each day, he recalls smoking little more than one pack per day. This poor memory BEST illustrates: the self-reference effect. the misinformation effect. motivated forgetting. the spacing effect.

Sensations

Rules for organizing _____ into coherent groups were first identified by Gestalt psychologists.

Encoding meaning

Semantic meaning is the same as?

A

Shuana is an excellent student. She rewrites her notes after each class and reviews the chapter covered in the lecture each evening. Rewriting her notes and reviewing the chapter is a form of: rehearsal. chunking. automatic processing. implicit memory.

Infantile

Six-year-old Fiona has no memory of a trip she took to the hospital when she was two years old, yet the rest of her family recalls what happened in vivid detail. Her inability to remember this event is known as _____ amnesia.

Relative size

Smaller object is more distant, closer is bigger.

Relative heigvht

Smaller objects seem more distant

Skinner box

Soundproof chamber with a bar or key that an animal presses or pecks to release a food or water reward

D

Studies have demonstrated that people's ability to catch a faint signal diminishes after about ___ minutes. A. in a dark environment. B. in a quiet environment. C. in a loud environment. D. between any two stimuli 50 percent of the time.

Absolute

Studying the impact of boredom and fatigue on people's _____ thresholds would involve research based on signal detection theory.

D

Tameka is reading a novel. When the phone rings, she looks up to see if her husband is going to answer it, which he does. She returns her attention to the book, going back to the exact spot on the page where she left off. Tameka is able to effortlessly return to her reading because: A. women are better at remembering their place in a book than are men. B. of the effortful processing of space. C. she is extremely bright. D. of the automatic processing of space.

Intrinsic

Tara is taking advanced placement chemistry in High School because she loves science and is fascinated by chemistry experimentation. Tara is motivated by _____ motivation.

Extrinsic

Ten-year-old Maggie continually interrupts her teacher with jokes that make her fellow students laugh. The attention from the other students is an example of a(n) _____ reward.

Visual capture

Tendency for vision to dominate the other senses

Mood congruent memory

Tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current mood

Iris

The FBI is considering a new identification method. Instead of using old-fashioned fingerprints, they have decided to scan the _____.

D

The FBI is considering a new identification method. Instead of using old-fashioned fingerprints, they have decided to scan which part of eye to confirm people's identity? A. the cornea B. the lens C. the retina D. the iris

D

The ____________ is the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye. A. lens B. retina C. iris D. blind spot

B

The _____________ is the neural center involved in processing explicit memories for storage. A. parietal lobe B. hippocampus C. medulla D. amygdala

B

The ability to accurately perceive distances most clearly underlies our capacity for: A. extrasensory perception. B. size constancy. C. perceptual adaptation. D. closure.

Recognition

The ability to identify previously learned items - multiple choice test

Overjustification effect

The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do; the person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task.

Intrinsic motivation

The desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

Wavelength

The distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next

Interval schedules

The first behavior after a certain amount of time has passed is reinforced

Proactive interference

The forward acting interference

Relearning

The individual shows how much time or effort is saved when learning material for the second timr

A

The law of effect is most clearly highlighted by: A. Skinner's experiments on reinforcement. B. Garcia and Koelling's research on taste aversion. C. Watson and Rayner's findings on fear conditioning. D. Pavlov's studies of conditioned salivation.

A

The minute you walk into your mother-in-law's house to visit, you are struck by the strong smell of her perfume. However, after about 10 minutes, you no longer notice the smell. This is probably the result of: A. sensory adaptation. B. absolute threshold. C. prosopagnosia. D. signal detection.

Monism

The more scientific view of the near death experiences.

Frequency

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

Grouping

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

Memory

The persistence of learning overtime

Cognitive

The predictability of an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) facilitates an organism's ability to anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) _____ perspective.

C

The predictability of an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) facilitates an organism's ability to expect or anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a _____________ perspective. A. Pavlovian B. neuroscience C. cognitive D. behaviorist

Monism

The presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing.

Dualism

The presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact

Fovea

The retina's central focal point is the _____, which contains only cones, no rods.

A

The ring of muscle tissue that controls the pupil's size is called the: A. iris. B. fovea. C. lens. D. cornea.

Encoding, storage, retrieval

The three main things in memory

C

The size of the difference threshold is greater for heavier objects than for lighter ones. This best illustrates: A. the volley principle. B. sensory interaction. C. Weber's law. D. the opponent-process theory.

A

The three steps in memory information processing are: A. encoding, storage, retrieval. B. input, processing, output. C. input, storage, retrieval. D. input, storage, output.

C

The way in which you quickly group the individual letters in this test item into separate words best illustrates the principle of: A. convergence. B. interposition. C. proximity. D. closure.

A

Three hours after eating at an airport fast-food restaurant, Karen got extremely nauseous while in flight. The next time she was in the airport and walked by that restaurant, she felt a wave of nausea. How can this best be explained? A. All of these things explain why Karen became nauseated at the sight of the restaurant. B. The nausea became associated with the restaurant. C. The restaurant became an conditioned stimulus (CS) for nausea. D. Humans are biologically prepared to learn which foods make them sick.

Law of effect

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

C

Those suffering from depression are more likely to have their memories affected by negative associations. This is known as: state-dependent memory. retroactive inhibition. mood-congruent memory. serial position effect.

D

Those with _____ amnesia cannot recall their past, whereas those with _____ amnesia can recall their past, but they cannot form new memories. retrograde; prograde prograde; retrograde anterograde; retrograde retrograde; anterograde

Classical

Three-year-old Camden was playing with a balloon he was given by his father. While playing with the balloon, it popped in his face, which frightened him and he sobbed. Just days later, he went to another child's birthday party, saw some balloons, began to cry, and ran out of the room. This is an example of _____ conditioning.

Observational

Tim and Martina had some friends over for a meal. One of the visiting couples had a 3-year old son, Logan, who was playing with Tim and Martina's 3-year-old-son, Tony. Logan noticed some cookies on the table and requested one. His parents refused, which caused Logan to throw a tantrum. His parents gave him a cookie so he would stop the tantrum. Tony was watching. The next day Tim was preparing dinner, and Tony requested a cookie. He was told that he could have a cookie, but not until after dinner. Tony then threw a tantrum, which he had never done before. Tony's behavior is an example of _____ learning.

D

Tina's goal is to raise children who enjoy playing musical instruments. Given what you know about observational learning, what would you recommend? Tina should deny her children toys and only give them musical instruments. Tina should pay her children money to play an instrument. Tina should punish her children if they refuse to practice playing an instrument. Tina should play her own musical instrument in front of her children.

Retrieval failure

Tip-of-the-tongue is a ______________ phenomenon.

B

To make a long-distance call, you have to dial an unfamiliar phone number. You are likely to have trouble retaining the number you just looked up. This best illustrates the limited capacity of ___________ memory. A. explicit B. short-term C. long-term D. implicit

Webers law

To perceive a difference between two stimuli, they must differ by a constant proportion

Positive

To reduce the disruptive behavior of a child, a teacher might slap the desk with a ruler to startle her. The sound of the slap is a(n) _____ punishment.

C

To reduce their self-destructive behavior, a therapist squirts water in the children's faces whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of water is a: conditioned reinforcer. negative reinforcer. positive punishment. negative punishment.

Priming

To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations, you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it.

C

Today's learning theorists recognize that human learning results not only from environmental influences but from an interaction of _____ influences. biological psychological biopsychosocial social

Perception

Top-down processing is related to _________.

Meaning

Top-down processing makes ______ of our senses.

Lens

Transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina

Fixed Ratio (FR)

Very high rate of responding

Operant conditioning

Type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Unlearned, naturally occurring automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus (salvation when food is in the mouth)

Variable interval

Using _____ reinforcement conditions is a behavior most resistant to extinction?

Fixed ratio

Using ______________ reinforcement conditions is a behavior learned the fastest?

B

Using mental pictures is a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. This process involves: retrieval. imagery. retrospection. priming.

Variable ratio (VR)

Very hard to extinguish because of unpredictably

A

Victor often pretends to listen to what his sister is saying when he is really focused elsewhere. When she asks him, "What did I just say?", he can sometimes repeat her last few words. The mechanism behind this is his: echoic memory. iconic memory. implicit memory. declarative memory.

John B Watson

Viewed psychology as an objective science

Encoding failure

We cannot remember what we did not encode

Brain

We have a blind spot in our field of vision, but we ordinarily don't perceive it. The reason for this is because the _____ "fills in" the missing visual information.

Association

We learn by association

Spacing effect

We retain information better when we rehearse over time

Next-in-line effect

We tend to forget the information that comes right before we have to perform because we fail to encode it

Time

We unintentionally note the events that take place in a day

Shape, angle, movement

What do feature detectors respond to?

Behaviorism

What is John B Watson a follower of?

It can cause agression

What is an effect of physical punishment?

Just noticeable difference (JND)

What is another name for a difference threshold?

Hippocampus, frontal lobe

What is apart of the explicit memory?

Cerebellum

What is apart of the implicit memory?

Primary reinforcer

What is food and water an example of?

State dependent memory

What is learned in one state (while one is high, drunk or depressed) can more easily be remembered in the same state

Very large

What is the capacity of long term memory?

Unlimited

What is the capacity of sensory memory?

80

What is the decibel of a busy street corner?

140

What is the decibel of a rock band?

100

What is the decibel of a subway train at 20 feet?

40

What is the decibel of a typical room?

120

What is the decibel of loud thunder?

0

What is the decibel of the threshold of hearing?

Years

What is the duration of long term memory?

0.25 sec

What is the duration of sensory memory?

Perceptual organization

What is the muller lyer illusion an example of?

Biological

What kind of influence is genetic tendencies, and dopamine reward circuit?

Psychological

What kind of influence is lacking sense of purpose, significant stress, and depression?

Social-cultural

What kind of influence is urban environment, belonging to a drug-using cultural group, and peers influences?

Behavioral psychologist

What kind of psychologist was John B Watson?

A

What stimulus did B.F. Skinner believe was the best way to shape desirable behavior? positive reinforcement negative reinforcement aversive stimuli punishment

He was eventually able to perform most daily tasks.

What was the ultimate result of Stratton's experiment on perceptual adaptation?

C

When Roger studies for an exam he reads the textbook, stops to think about the material, and then takes a practice exam. According to the information-processing model, Roger is actively: feeling, storing, and retrieving. sensing, engaging, and practicing. encoding, storing, and retrieving. encoding, storing, and practicing.

D

When a 4-year-old girl suddenly picks up her ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has seen someone playing a real electric guitar in the same manner. Thus she has learned via: A. neural networks. B. operant conditioning. C. classical conditioning. D. observation.

Psychokinesis

When a person can move an object with their mind.

D

When learning occurs in the Aplysia snail, the snail releases more of this neurotransmitter at certain synapses. A. GABA B. norepinephrine C. dopamine D. serotonin

Amnesia

When one recalls an imagined event as something that really happened, one is experiencing source _____.

Sensory interaction

When one sense affects another sense, _________________ takes place. So, the taste of strawberry interacts with its smell and its texture on the tongue to produce flavor.

B

When people are given subtle misleading information about a past event, they often misremember the true details surrounding the event. This is known as: A. retroactive interference. B. the misinformation effect. C. long-term potentiation. D. source amnesia.

Mood-congruent

When people become depressed, they are often flooded with thoughts of failed relationships and missed chances. This experience BEST illustrates _____ memory.

D

When people become depressed, they are often flooded with thoughts of failed relationships and missed chances. This experience BEST illustrates: retroactive interference. repression. the misinformation effect. mood-congruent memory.

A

When people look at a photograph of an adult-child pair and are told that the two individuals are parent and child, the people tend to say the pair looks more alike than people who are told the pair is unrelated. This is most likely due to: A. perceptual sets. B. misattribution bias. C. precognition. D. perceptual adaptation.

Subliminal threshold

When stimuli are BELOW one's absolute threshold for CONSCIOUS awareness.

Schemas

When subjects look at a picture of the moon's surface, some of them report seeing a human face. This is due to the development of _____.

Easier to remember

When things are meaningful and organized it is?

7 +- 2

When you are chunking and you see something quickly how many letters or things should you be able to remember?

D

When you arrived at the gym Tuesday morning, you noticed the musty odor of the showers in the locker room. As you finished changing, you did not notice the smell. This is probably the result of: A. absolute threshold. B. signal detection. C. prosopagnosia. D. sensory adaptation.

Anterograde amnesia

When you can remember everything until you get your hippocampus removed, then you cannot make new memories.

D

When you recall an imagined event as something that you directly experienced, or something that really happened to you, you are best illustrating: A. the self-reference effect. B. mood-congruent memory. C. proactive interference. D. source misattribution.

Novel stimuli

When you're used to something

Serial position effect

When your recall is better for first and last items on a list, but poor for middle items

The whole thing

Where do you store memories in your brain?

C

Which BEST describes the typical forgetting curve? a slow, initial decline in retention becoming rapid thereafter a steady, rapid decline in retention over time a rapid, initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter a steady, slow decline in retention over time

BF Skinner

Which behaviorist elaborated on Thorndike's work in the laboratory?

B

Which is an example of an explicit memory? how to ride a bike being taught by a parent to ride a bike how to sign your name how to drive

D

Which of the following best describes the typical forgetting curve? A. a slow initial decline in retention becoming rapid thereafter B. a steady, slow decline in retention over time C. a steady, rapid decline in retention over time D. a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter

C

Which of the following is NOT a measure of retention? A. recognition B. relearning C. retrieval D. recall

C

Which of the following is evidence that animals are predisposed to learn associations that help them adapt and survive in their environment? A. Chimpanzees learning American Sign Language. B. Humans developing a taste aversion to food and the restaurant where the food was served. C. Birds, which hunt by sight, appear biologically primed to develop aversions to the sight of tainted food. D. Dogs learning to sit on command.

A

Which statement best describes instinctive drift? The biological predisposition to perform natural behaviors can interfere with learning operant behaviors. As operant behaviors are learned, they override instinctive or reflexive behaviors. Misbehavior can be prevented by operantly conditioning instinctive behaviors that are incompatible with the misbehavior. Over time, reflex behaviors change as a function of repeated exposure to classical conditioning.

A

While 5-year-old Martha was looking at one of the balloons her mother set out for her birthday, Martha's brother Raymond took a pin and popped the balloon, causing Martha to flinch and blink quickly. Later during the party, when Martha's mother approached her with a balloon, she blinked and flinched. This is an example of: classical conditioning. latent learning. operant conditioning. observational learning.

Space

While reading a textbook, you automatically encode the place of a picture on a page.

D

While taking an American history exam, Marie was surprised and frustrated by her momentary inability to remember the name of the first president of the United States. Her difficulty most clearly illustrates: A. state-dependent memory. B. the serial position effect. C. the self-reference effect. D. retrieval failure.

C

While watching the movie Field of Dreams, Lizette becomes very emotional during the scene when the main character gets emotional after he asks his father to play catch. This empathetic response can be partially attributed to her _____ neurons. motor sensory mirror interneuron

D

While you probably wish that your study time was automatic, unfortunately successful studying for Introductory Psychology requires attention and conscious effort known as: A. implicit memory. B. consciousness. C. linguistic determinism. D. effortful processing.

Freud

Who came up with repression?

Albert bandura

Who did the bobo doll experiment?

William James

Who said we would be as bad off if we remembered everything as we would be if we remembered nothing?

BF Skinner

Who was the founder of reinforcer and punisher?

Negative punishment

Withdraw a desirable stimulus (time-out from privileges)

Shaping

Works toward goal/reward

C

You bought four display cases at $5.00 each for your collectible cars two weeks ago. You decide you want to buy four more. You see that the price went up to $6.00 each, a 20% increase in two weeks. This best illustrates: A. parallel processing. B. accommodation. C. Weber's law. D. sensory adaptation.

Frequency

You effortlessly keep track of things that happen to you

C

You receive a money-saving credit card offer in the mail complete with a frequent-flyer reward program. You are excited until you read further and find that the one mile for every dollar spent may not be such a great offer after all. You'll get a $500 airline ticket only after you acquire 25,000 miles or spend $25,000. This is a _____ schedule. fixed-interval variable-ratio fixed-ratio variable-interval

Difference threshold

You volunteered to participate in a taste test for a new soup. The testers are interested as to when subjects will notice a reduction in salt in the soup. You taste several bowls of soup and notice that the last bowl has less salt than the others. Your detection of the difference in salt content is an example of detecting the _____.

Iris

You walk into a darkened room; the black structure in the center of your eye seems to enlarge causing the center of your eye to appear dark. This response is caused by the action of the part of the eye called the:

Operant

Zhu gave her bunny a treat each time she came to Zhu when she called his name. Soon the bunny came every time Zhu called the bunny's name. This is an example of _____ conditioning.

Storage

___ is at the heart of memory.

B

___________ is the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular sensory stimulus (e.g., light, sound, pressure, taste) 50 percent of the time. A. Psychophysics B. Absolute threshold C. Prosopagnosia D. Priming effect

Biopsychosocial

____________ is the biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences in one?

A

_____________ refers to the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensations. A. Perception B. Sensation C. Psychophysics D. Absolute threshold

Sleep

___ prevents retroactive interference.

Mnemonic

___ techniques use vivid imagery and organizational devices in aiding memory

Pain

____ tells the body that something has gone wrong.

Women, young adults

_____ and _____ have the best sense of smell.

Operant

_____ conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

Relearning

_____ is a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.

Imagery

_____ is at the heart of many memory aids.

Memory

_____ is the basis for knowing your friends, neighbors, the English language, the national anthem, and yourself.

Subliminal stimulation

_____ occurs below our absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

John Garcia

_____ studied the development of taste aversions and stated that they could not be explained by the basic principles of classical conditioning.

Ebbinghaus

______ showed storage decay with a forgetting curve.

Encoding meaning (semantic encoding)

_______ results in better recognition later than visual or acoustic encoding

B

______________ is the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them. A. Perceptive psychophysics B. Psychophysics C. Signal detection theory D. Top-down processing

Vestibular sense

______________ monitors the head and body's position.

Long term potentiation

______________ refers to synaptic enhancement after learning. An increase in neurotransmitter release or receptors on the receiving neuron indicates strengthening of synapses/

D

_______________ occurs when something you learned before interferes with your recall of something you learn later. A. Retroactive interference B. A flashbulb memory C. Relearning D. Proactive interference