Psych exam 3

3 diffrences between classical and operant conditioning

--Classical Conditioning -First described by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist -Involves placing a neutral signal before a reflex -Focuses on involuntary, automatic behaviors -Internal mental thoughts and brain mechanisms play a huge role in associative learning. --Operant Conditioning -First described by B. F. Skinner, an American psychologist -Involves applying reinforcement or punishment after a behavior -Focuses on strengthening or weakening voluntary behaviors -The study of the theory only deals with expressible behaviors and not any internal mental

four types of conseuances in operant conditioning

--Positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior is strengthened as a result of adding stimuli-extra T.V. time- --Negative reinforcement happens when a behavior is strengthened as a result of taking away stimuli-buckle seat belt beep turns off- --punishment- an aversive stimuli +or- electric shock or revoked drivers license --Extinction occurs when a behavior is weakened as a result of not experiencing an expected condition +or-

The difference between positive and negative punishment is

-positive punishment suppress behavior by adding an unpleasant stimulus -negative punishment suppresses behavior by removing a pleasant stimulus.

A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert. This type of learning is BEST explained by _______________. A) operant conditioning B) classical conditioning C) biofeedback theory D) biofeedback theory

A Operant conditioning

A punisher ______ the probability of a response while a negative reinforcer ______ the probability of a response.

A) decreases; increases

the initial learning stage of classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Acquisition Pahse

Catching fish when fishing in a lake would most likely represent which of the following schedules of reinforcement? a. Variable interval b. Fixed ratio c. Fixed interval d. Interval ratio

Answer: A. You never know how long you'll have to sit with your line in the water before you get a fish-- this demonstrates variable interval reinforcement.

A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ______. A) cognitive learning B) operant conditioning C) vicarious learning D) classical conditioning

B operant conditioning

Observational learning theory's foremost proponent is

Bandura

this psychologist reported that watching violent behaviors makes children more likely to behave violently

Bandura

Miranda notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of the electric can opener. In this example, the sound of the can opener is the __________ a) primary stimulus. b) positive reinforcer. c) conditioned stimulus. d) secondary reinforcer.

C

Thorndike was known for his work with ______. A) a Skinner box B) modeling C) a puzzle box D) monkeys

C puzzle box

Secondary reinforcers differ from primary reinforcers in that secondary reinforcers ________. A.can potentially reinforce or punish behavior B.do not satisfy physical needs whatsoever C.do not inherently satisfy physical needs D.only pertain to intangible objects or events, such as praise

C. Do not inherently satisfy physical needs

In the Pavlov study when a tone is rang the salivation represents the _____________________ after conditioning.

CR

After acquisition of classical conditioning, the ____________ now has the ability to elicit a response that resembles the UCR.

CS

V.I. Schedule reinforcement

Changing:Responses: a schedule where reinforcement happens after a changing length of time. Ex. fishing or pop quizzes

The tendancy to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the origional conditioned stimulus is called

Classical conditioning

CS

Conditioned Stimulus

A reinforcer is a consequence that ________ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that ________ a behavior. Select one: a. motivates; stimulates b. weakens; strengthens c. inhibits; motivates d. strengthens; weakens

D

The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was a) Skinner. b) Tolman. c) Kohler. d) Pavlov.

D Pavlov

When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS and the CR dies out. How ever this does not mean that the learned behavior ever goes away completely.

Extinction

FR Schedule of reinforcement

Fixed Ratio fixed.time. Rewards appear after a certain set number of responses EX. Buy two get one free

F.I. Schedule reinforcement

Fixed interval Set:responses: Ex paid every friday. reinforcer given after a certain time has passed

Of the following, ________ would serve as a primary reinforcer for most people. food praise money attention

Food

When Joe thinks about his sorely missed girlfriend he drinks alcohol, which helps dull his feelings. This best illustrates __________.

Negative reinforcement

Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate? a. Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion. b. Pavlov was elated when his student first noticed that the dogs were salivating before tasting the food. c. Pavlov continued his Nobel Prize-winning research on digestion after documenting conditioning. d. Pavlov stressed the importance of speculating about the dog's feelings toward the food e. All of the above

Pavlov was studying salvation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion

A ________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch. Select one: a. primary b. negative c. positive d. secondary

Primary

's dog will listen to her commands but ignores her sister's commands. Jane's dog would be demonstrating

Stimulus discrimination

In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following components "elicits" a response?

UCS

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a (an) ________.

US unconditioned stimulus

VR Schedule reinforcement

Variable Ratio changing:time: Ex:slot machines, schedule of reinforcement requiring a varying number of responses for reinforcement.

Your professor likes to give pop quizzes in your psychology class, thus she is promoting the ________ schedule of reinforcement. fixed ratio variable ratio fixed interval variable interval continuous variable ratio

Variable interval

A telemarketer is working according to a ________ schedule of reinforcement. fixed ratio variable ratio fixed interval variable interval continuous variable ratio

Variable ratio

classical conditioning

a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone. US food-UR salvation N Stimulus bell- NO CR C Stimulus bell+food-UCR CS-CR

The unconditoned stimulus in "Little Albert" experiment was

a loud banging noise

The descriptors "positive" and "negative," when used in reference to reinforcers, are synonyms for

add and remove

_____is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas _____ is an example of a secondary reinforcer

candy bar, gold star

learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex.

classical conditioning

Learning always occurs as a result of what?

experiance

Bob has learned that he can usually get what he wants from his parents if he keeps whining for something. One day Bob starts whining in the toy store because he wants a GI Joe action figure. His father refuses to give it to him and ignores his whining. What will happen?

extinction

Your friend works in a lab and is paid for each blood smear analyzed. Your friend is operating on which schedule of reinforcement?

fixed ratio

al must build 25 radios before he receives $20. what schedule of reinforcement is being used

fixed ratio

Positive reinforcers ________ the likelihood of ensuing responses.

increases

A lasting change in behavior or mental process that results from experience

learning

What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response?

punishment

an eye blink i s an example of a

reflex

________ are consequences that alter the likelihood of behaviors.

rewards and punishments

A _____________ reinforcer, such as money or praise, gets its value through an association with a ___________ reinforcer.

secondary, primary

The term "reinforcer" refers to any condition that ________ a response.

strengthens

Negative reinforcement involves

the removal of an aversive stimulus

UCR stands for

unconditioned response

When Pavlov placed meat powder or other food in the mouths of canine subjects, they began to salivate. The salivation was a/an:

unconditioned response

UCS stands for

unconditioned stimuli