Psych exam 3

_____ is to a multiple-choice test in a U.S. history class as _____ is to the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT)

Achievement; aptitude

An instructor has just asked the class, "What is intelligence?" Which definition embodies the spirit of psychology's simplest answer? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices

Intelligence is whatever intelligence tests measure.

_____ refers to one's tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current emotions.

Mood-congruent memory

An aptitude test measures a person's capacity to learn, whereas a(n) _____ test measures what a person has already learned

achievement

Past performance is to future performance as _____ test is to _____ test

achievement; aptitude

The formula of two parts oil to one part vinegar is guaranteed to yield decent oil-and-vinegar salad dressing. In problem-solving terms, this recipe is a(n):

algorithm

Which type of game is MOST likely the prototype of the concept sport?

baseball

The more people examine the evidence for their point of view, the more they tend to

become convinced they are correct.

A potential source of irrationality is _____, one's tendency to cling to one's beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence.

belief perseverance

Psychologists refer to the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating as

cognition

The developmental psychologist Lev Vygotsky was one of a group of people born in Russia in the late nineteenth century. As a group, they experienced war, starvation, and revolution. The term _____ refers to a group of people born within a few years of each other

cohort

Baby boomers, generation X, and millennials refer to groups of people born within several years of each other; that is, they refer to:

cohorts

Because they mistakenly believe that older workers are not as motivated to work as hard as younger workers, a factory foreman is especially vigilant for signs of laziness among their senior employees. When she sees a younger employee slacking off, she usually assumes that he is taking a well-deserved break. Her supervision strategy BEST illustrates:

confirmation bias

Dr. Milano compares the performance of a group of 20-year-olds, a group of 45-year-olds, and a group of 70-year-olds on several tests of fluid intelligence and several tests of crystallized intelligence. Dr. Milano's investigation BEST exemplifies a

cross-sectional study

A task that requires naming the European capitals in alphabetical order measures _____ intelligence

crystallized

Having been married for over 50 years, a couple believes that they can recognize each other's feelings, and predict when either partner is likely to be happy or sad. In other words, they are displaying evidence of:

emotional intelligence

The cerebellum is not paired with what memory system

explicit memory

When an issue is presented in a specific way that affects one's judgment and decision making, this is known as

framing

When attempting to persuade others, it is better to focus on the positive rather than the negative. This is a characteristic of

framing

A psychological test is standardized to the extent that it

has been normed using samples representative of those for whom the test was designed

A structure called the _____ is the brain's "Save" button, preserving experiences as explicit memories

hippocampus

Having read a story once, certain amnesia victims will read it faster the second time, even though they cannot recall having seen the story before. They have MOST likely suffered damage to the brain's

hippocampus

the ? is the brain area involved in processing explicit memories for storage

hippocampus

The human capacity for storing long-term memories is

limitless

Intelligence tests administered to children 4 years of age are

predictive of later school achievement

? memory is illustrated when we remember to run an errand after school or work

prospective

People more quickly recognize that a dog is a mammal than that a whale is a mammal because a dog more closely resembles their _____ of a mammal

prototype

When someone mentions hamburgers, Trisha immediately thinks of a Big Mac. In this instance, a Big Mac is a(n)

prototype

When someone mentions that they saw a bird out of a window, DeJuan immediately thinks of a robin. A robin is an example of the _____ of the concept of a bird

prototype

"Dog food, coffee, paper towels . . ." Michelle's roommate begins reciting items into the phone as she gets into her car; Michelle is supposed to stop by the store on the way home. The roommate continues to list a few more items. Finally, he wraps up with, ". . . coffee creamer, spaghetti sauce, dish soap, and iced tea mix." Michelle forgets a few things, but the spaghetti sauce, dish soap, and iced tea mix are in the bag. Her memory for these items reflects the _____ effect

recency

in the ? effect, the last items in a list are better remembered than the middle items of the list

recency

Chad is puzzling over a difficult question on a multiple-choice sociology test; however, as he rereads the response options he remembers the correct answer. Chad has made use of a

retrieval cue

? memory is exemplified by ones memory for a conversation with a friend earlier in the week, whereas ? memory refers to ones remembering to call a friend later in the day

retrospective; prospective

One's strongest retrieval cues are often associated with _____ information

sensory

Theo suffers from depression and is currently in treatment. His physician is using electroconvulsive therapy, which will affect his _____ memory.

short-term

Biological evidence for the existence of emotional intelligence is provided by the fact that

some specific kinds of brain damage are associated with loss of emotional intelligence

In order to be widely accepted, a psychological test must meet all of these criteria EXCEPT for:

stability

A _____ test measures what it is supposed to measure

valid

Dr. Rich is a scientist who studies social influences on behavior. Dr. Rich has published ten articles and three scientific books in the past 3 years, which is quite an accomplishment for a psychological scientist. Dr. Rich is MOST likely to be in her

early thirties.

Although Phoebe strongly disagrees with her sister's opinion, she effectively controls her anger and responds to her sister's frustration with empathy. Her behavior BEST illustrates

Although Phoebe strongly disagrees with her sister's opinion, she effectively controls her anger and responds to her sister's frustration with empathy. Her behavior BEST illustrates

_____ is a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test

Factor analysis

In an effort to recall his early life experiences, Aaron forms vivid mental images of the rooms in his childhood home. Aaron is engaged in the process of

Priming

Immortalized in the movie Rain Man, Dustin Hoffman's character performs mind-boggling feats of mathematical calculations, yet cannot perform the simplest of tasks such as determining how much change he would receive when buying a candy bar. This is known as

Savant Syndrome

Explicit memory includes?

Semantic memory

A(n) _____ is an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought

intuition

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought is called

intuition

When making each day's hundreds of judgments and decisions, people often refer to

intuition

When he was very young, William took an intelligence test as part of a research study. Decades later, William is asked if he would be willing to take another intelligence test in order to test the stability of intelligence. By agreeing to take another intelligence test, William is engaging in a(n) _____ study.

longitudinal

Explicit memory does not include ?

memory for skills

Whenever Valerie experiences intense feelings of fear, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Valerie's experience BEST illustrates

mood-congruent memory

When people estimate the likelihood of events based on the ease with which they retrieve them from memory, they are demonstrating:

the availability heuristic

"You always clam up when I ask you what's wrong," Iris tells her partner. Iris is probably making this frequency judgment because she can remember a few times that her partner would not tell her what was bothering them. Iris is demonstrating: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices

the availability heuristic.

In testing thousands of different materials for use as light bulb filaments, Thomas Edison BEST illustrated a problem-solving approach known as

trial and error

The capacity of long-term memory is essentially limitless

true

In research studies in which subjects were asked to make a choice regarding a complex problem, they made the best decision when they

were slightly distracted

A(n) _____ test measures a person's capacity to learn, whereas an achievement test measures what a person has already learned

aptitude

The SAT is an example of a(n) _____ test

aptitude

The _____ is the brain area involved in processing explicit memories for storage

hippocampus