Psych exam 3
Jory, a six-year-old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?
egocentrism
A(n) ________ is a subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. A(n) ________ refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience.
emotion; mood
The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________.
emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition
What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
environment and culture
Self-worth, accomplishment, and confidence represent the ________ level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
esteem
Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she likes to bully him, not because she had a bad day. Lee is making a ________.
fundamental attribution error
What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's eighth stage of psychosocial development, in which an individual assesses and makes sense of her life and the meaning of her contributions?
integrity vs. despair
People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
intimacy vs. isolation
Some studies show that ________ motivation may not be entirely vulnerable to the effects of extrinsic reinforcements; in fact, reinforcements such as verbal praise might actually increase ________ motivation.
intrinsic
Motivation describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal. What is the motivation in the following sentence? Giorgio works part-time at a diner so he can afford to attend culinary school because he wants to become a chef, even though he is in debt.
wanting to become a chef
What is the main point of the Stanford prison experiment?
social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior
Jory takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?
stranger anxiety
Jane is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period.
surveys
In Carl Jung's view, the task of integrating unconscious archetypal aspects of the self is part of ________ in the second half of life.
the self-realization process
Janeka does poorly on her psychology final, so she picks on her mother's ability to cook. A frustration aggression theorist might explain this by focusing on ________.
the way Janeka's frustration with her exam led her to be aggressive toward her mother
Which of the following makes it more likely that a child will be bullied?
Children who are different from others are more likely to be bullied.
Tom believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence; however, he believes that Barnaby is unable to stop gambling because Barnaby is addicted to gambling. This is an example of ________.
actor-observer bias
According to research, the need for ________ encourages Adam to engage politely with his coworkers.
affiliation
Which statement about Sternberg's triangular theory of love is incorrect?
Different aspects of love are hierarchical. For example, companionate love is much better and longer lasting than consummate love.
James works part-time after school to earn money so he can afford a secondhand motorcycle. James is working because of ________ motivation.
Extrinsic
________ motivation arises from external factors or rewards.
Extrinsic
Eli seeks attention, acts first while thinking later, and prefers verbal communication. Carl Jung would describe him as a(an) ________.
Extrovert
A developmental psychologist might use experiments to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home.
False
Andrew knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Andrew feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called aggressive discord.
False
Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be creative, moody, and flexible
False
Ego identity is our nature
False
Ingrid is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention. Carl Jung would call her a(an) extrovert.
False
Which statement about groupthink is correct?
Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus.
Which of the following is an example of homeostasis?
Ingesting too much alcohol leads to vomiting.
Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy?
Naomi believes she can successfully complete law school.
What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?
Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex
Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?
Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.
Which statement about social psychology is most accurate?
People's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social situations
What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?
Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.
Food, shelter, and warmth represent ________ needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
Physiological
Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?
Sigmund Freud
Fatima generalizes that all men are irresponsible players, cheaters, and liars. When it comes to men, Fatima may be applying ________: negative beliefs about individuals based solely on their membership in a group.
Stereotypes
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Social exchange is people's desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits.
The phrase "social exchange" should be replaced by the word "altruism."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Hostile aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain.
The word "hostile" should be changed to the word "instrumental."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Research suggests that there are two dimensions of our temperament that are important parts of our adult personality: interactivity and self-regulation.
The word "interactivity" should be changed to the word "reactivity."
Which statement about Sternberg's triangular theory of love is most accurate?
There are three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment.
Anna thinks that Bill is rude to her because she had to seat him in a noisy, crowded area of the restaurant. Anna takes a situationist view of Bill.
True
Children who are developing disorganized attachment to their caregivers most likely have been abused.
True
Nicole wants a cookie. Heather has a cookie. Nicole pushes Heather and takes her cookie. Nicole doesn't intend to hurt Heather, Nicole just wants the cookie. This is an example of instrumental aggression.
True
Thalia suffers from insomnia. She tries everything, and she finally develops the habit of counting backward when she wants to sleep but cannot. Thalia finds that she falls asleep much easier once she starts counting backward, so she continues to do so. Drive theory suggests that she continues this habit because it results in homeostasis.
True
The culture display rule is one of the culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of emotion that are acceptable.
True
Travis is part of a group playing tug-of-war. He knows that his team is stronger, so he doesn't try as hard as he could. Travis is engaged in social loafing.
True
Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________.
Universal
Which of the following is something an advocate for arousal theory might observe?
When we are bored we look for excitement; when we are overexcited we wish for more peace.
Jeff believed he failed his math class because the test was too hard, passed his psychology class because the professor passed every student in the class, and didn't get the internship because the manager didn't like him. Julian Rotter would say that Jeff has ________.
an external locus of control
Tammy believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Tammy has ________.
an internal locus of control
If parents are too lenient in the ________ stage, the child might become messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts.
anal
In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ________.
anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded
Which of the following exemplifies extrinsically motivated behavior?
babysitting your younger brother in order to receive your parents' approval
According to Carl Jung, which of the following best served the goal of self-realization?
balance between extroversion and introversion
Behavior is a product of both the situation and the person. Which of the following is an example of a situation that might influence behavior?
being in a crowd of bystanders when you witness someone fainting
Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned: ________.
beliefs and expectations
The hierarchy of needs is the spectrum of needs ranging from basic ________ needs to ________ needs to self-actualization.
biological; social
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The components of cognition are physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experience.
change the word "cognition" to the word "emotion"
Which of the following is the best example of a habit?
chewing on your hair to relieve stress
According to Galen, the ________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold.
choleric
During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions.
sensorimotor
18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.
Accommodation
What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan.
Professor Pence works 60 hours a week for 9 months of the year. During this time, he longs for a break. When he finally gets a break, he misses the sense of accomplishment he feels when he is working. ________ theory suggests that this is because there is an optimal level of arousal that we all try to maintain.
Arousal
Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ________ effect.
Asch
What is Prader-Willi syndrome?
a genetic disorder that results in persistent feelings of intense hunger and reduced rates of metabolism
Luis bites his fingernails. This is an example of ________, a pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage.
a habit
Anna knows that her friend is paying an online service to write a term paper. This bothers her, but she knows that if she tells the teacher everyone will think she is a snitch. She decides her friends' approval is more important, so she says nothing about the cheating. What stage of moral reasoning does this exemplify?
conventional
Tiffany can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?
denial
Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________.
during early childhood
Francis, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?
egocentrism
When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
generativity vs. stagnation
How can parents help their children achieve high congruence?
giving them unconditional love
Social psychology is a field that studies both interpersonal and intrapersonal behavior. Which of the following is an example of interpersonal behavior?
group processes
Anni has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Anni has ________.
high self-efficacy
As the "third force" in psychology, ________ is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorists' view of humans passively reacting to the environment.
humanism
Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
identity vs. confusion
Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias.
in-group
During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
industry vs. inferiority
People view the Environmental Protection Agency as competent and believe they know correct information regarding what individuals should do to protect the environment, so they possess ________ social influence when it comes to enforcing a group norm of recycling.
informational
Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
initiative vs. guilt
An infant sucking is a good example of a(n) ________.
instinct
The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.
just-world
Marcos avoids applying to college because he doubts, he can succeed. He is working a retail job, but he tends to focus on the things he does wrong. In fact, he has almost no confidence in his abilities, and when he experiences a setback at work, he is ready to quit. Albert Bandura would say Marcos has ________.
low self-efficacy
In the following sentence, identify the extrinsic motivation. Kit, who lives with her father, maintains a 3.5 grade average in order to keep her phone, visits her mother every weekend because she wants to, and joins the high school basketball team because she enjoys the sport.
maintaining a 3.5 grade average
When Nick is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Nick using?
moving against people
When Hannah feels anxious, she retreats to her closet with a flashlight, using the closet as a private hideaway. What coping strategy is Hannah using?
moving away from people
When Imogene feels anxiety, she clings to her mother and father for affection and reassurance. What coping strategy is Imogene using?
moving toward people
Rochelle is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Rochelle wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Rochelle is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?
object permanence
According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, emotions consist of two factors: ________.
physiological and cognitive
Michael decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?
pre-conventional
In the ________ stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning.
preoperational
Madeline has a glass of Kool-Aid. She pours her Kool-Aid into a toy teacup, and then she pours the Kool-Aid from the teacup into a beer stein. She then pours it from the beer stein back into the original glass. She knows the amount of Kool-Aid has not substantially changed. What does this exemplify?
reversibility
Which of the following are good examples of the security level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
safety and employment
In California, undocumented migrants are often blamed for high unemployment in the state, although statistics show that high unemployment is not related to the number of illegal migrants. In this example, illegal migrants are victims of ________: the act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal.
scapegoating
If you believe you will win the hot dog eating competition, then you have a sense of ________, and you are more likely to enter the hot dog eating competition.
self-efficacy
Penny gets an acting job on Friday that she attributes to her good acting. She doesn't get the next acting job; therefore, she blames the casting director for not wanting to hire a woman. This is an example of ________.
self-serving bias