Psych Exam #4
Deep structure refers to the _____ of a sentence. A) grammar B) wording C) meaning D) morphology
C) meaning
Suzie displays the mental ability typical of a 6-year-old child. Therefore, her mental age is: a) 6. b) greater than 6. c) between 5 and 7. d) less than 6.
a) 6
John Carroll analyzed intelligence test scores from nearly 500 studies and defined _____ independent middle-level abilities. a) 8 b) 10 c) 12 d)15
a) 8
What is developed Hyper-individuation (dHI)? a) A phase of Hyper-individuation in which the individual strives to bring meaning to his/her life. b) A phase of Hyper-individuation in which the individual expresses his/herself through consumption. c) A phase of Hyper-individuation in which the individual realizes the deeper connections between the self and the larger world. d) None of the above.
a) A phase of Hyper-individuation in which the individual strives to bring meaning to his/her life.
What is the relationship between the Hyper-individuated person and the world beyond the self? a) All of the above. b) The Hyper-individuated person often feels disconnected from the larger world of people and events beyond the self. c) The Hyper-individuated person feels no strong ties to community and family. d) The Hyper-individuated person feels that he/she is at the focus of a consumption-oriented world.
a) All of the above.
The view that we learn language through principles of operant conditioning was proposed by: a) B. F. Skinner. b) Noam Chomsky. c) Carl Wernicke d) Paul Broca.
a) B. F. Skiner
Which statement does NOT distinguish human language from the signaling systems of other species? a) Humans can use language to transmit information to others, whereas animals cannot. b) Human language has a far more complex structure than other signaling systems. c) Humans, but not other species, can reference intangible items such as concepts. d) Human language can be used to describe or categorize things to the thinker using the language.
a) Humans can use language to transmit information to others, whereas animals cannot
What is Hyper-individuation? a) It is a state of mind in which the individual perceives the self as being at the center of all things. b) It is a psychotic condition. c) It is a state of mind in which the individual feel deeply and intimately connected to all the people around him or her. d) It is a state of mind common to pre-modern people.
a) It is a state of mind in which the individual perceives the self as being at the center of all things.
Which statement about leptin is true? a) It is produced by fat cells. b) It signals the brain to switch hunger on. c) When injected into rats, it leads to obesity. d) It increases the reinforcing value of food
a) It is produced by fat cells.
The _____ theory of emotion suggests that you become happy as a result of smiling and laughing. a) James-Lange b) Cannon-Bard c) Schachter-Singer d) Skinner-Watson
a) James-Lange
Which group of people cannot distinguish between the sounds of "la" and "ra?" a) Japanese adults only b) Japanese infants and Japanese adults c) Japanese infants only d) Japanese infants, American infants, and Japanese adults
a) Japanese adults only
What was the most important finding related to emotion that came from Klüver and Bucy's research with monkeys? a) Results confirmed that the amygdala plays a role in the emotion of fear. b) Results confirmed that the frontal lobe plays a role in the emotion of fear. c) Results confirmed that the amygdala plays a role in the emotion of anger. d) Results confirmed that the frontal lobe plays a role in the emotion of anger
a) Results confirmed that the amygdala plays a role in the emotion of fear.
Psychologist _____ has argued that there are only three true kinds of intelligence, and just one of those is measured by standard intelligence tests. a) Robert Sternberg b) Wilhelm Steckel c) Howard Gardner d) Peter Salovey
a) Robert Sternberg
In 2013, obesity was a problem across the United States and was especially prevalent in the: a) Southeast. b) Northeast. c) Southwest. d0 Northwest
a) Southeast
How does the "invisible audience" affect the behavior of the initial Hyper-individuated person? a) The invisible audience is felt to be watching the every move of an initial Hyper-individuated person, judging his/her purchases, applauding every little personal victory. b) The invisible audience is an analytical element in an iHI person's life. c) The invisible audience is like a critic ways negating personal choices. d) The invisible audience is irrelevant to the iHI person
a) The invisible audience is felt to be watching the every move of an initial Hyper-individuated person, judging his/her purchases, applauding every little personal victory.
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of emotionally intelligent people? a) They have better romantic relationships. b) They tend to be happy and satisfied with their lives. c) They usually outlive people with lower emotional intelligence. d) They have better workplace relationships
a) They have better romantic relationships.
"Ba" is an example of _____, while "and" is an example of _____. a) a phoneme; a morpheme b) a morpheme; a phoneme c) deep structure; surface structure d) surface structure; deep structure
a) a phoneme; a morpheme
The six universal facial expressions of emotion are: a) anger, disgust, happiness, sadness, surprise, and fear. b) fear, anger, depression, relaxation, calm, and excitement. c) happiness, sadness, fear, shyness, anger, and surprise. d) distress, sleepiness, happiness, sadness, anger, and fear.
a) anger, disgust, happiness, sadness, surprise, and fear.
Binet and Simon designed their intelligence test to measure a child's: a) aptitude for learning. b) prior educational achievement. c) future job performance. d) creativity.
a) aptitude for learning.
Females of most mammalian species (among them dogs, cats, and rats) are most interested in sex when they: a) are ovulating. b) feel a strong urge to reproduce. c) are injected with alcohol. d) have high testosterone and low estrogen levels.
a) are ovulating.
During surgery, Heinrich Klüver and Paul Bucy accidentally damaged the amygdala of a monkey named Aurora, inadvertently causing the monkey to: a) become hypersexual. b) stop eating. c) react in fear to snakes. d) react in fear when handled by experimenters
a) become hypersexual
The interactionist approach to language development differs from the behaviorist approach in that the interactionist approach: a) believes that humans have an innate ability to acquire language. b) believes that environmental factors affect language development. c) does not believe in the existence of a language acquisition device. d) places a heavier emphasis on the role of social interactions in language development.
a) believes that humans have an innate ability to acquire language.
According to the facial feedback hypothesis: a) emotional expressions can cause emotional experiences. b) emotional experiences produce emotional expressions. c) facial expressions are poor indicators of emotional experience. d) facial expressions are symbols that provide others with information about an individual's emotional state.
a) emotional expressions can cause emotional experiences.
When a person studies hard for an exam in order to get good grades and keep a scholarship, it is an example of: a) extrinsic motivation. b) homeostasis. c) emotional regulation. d) intrinsic motivation
a) extrinsic motivation
A trained observer is likely to look at a person's _____ to tell if that person is smiling sincerely or just faking a smile. a) eyes b) forehead c) lips d) entire mouth
a) eyes
Our _____ is the most powerful nonverbal means of communicating emotion. a) facial expression b) posture c) gait d) gaze direction
a) facial expression
Humans excel at estimating: a) frequency. b) probability. c) both frequency and probability. d) probability in childhood, but frequency in adulthood.
a) frequency
Our ancestors from a million years ago tended to prefer to eat: a) high-fat foods. b) green vegetables. c) low-calorie foods. d) foods low on the glycemic index.
a) high-fat foods
People most often work harder when they are: a) intrinsically motivated. b) extrinsically motivated. c) avoiding motivation. d)unconscious
a) intrinsically motivated.
Damage to the _____ is likely to result in category-specific deficits. a) left hemisphere b) parietal lobe c) right hemisphere d) basal ganglia
a) left hemisphere
The ratio IQ is calculated by the formula: a) mental age/chronological age × 100. b) chronological age - mental age × 100. c) chronological age/mental age × 100. d) mental age - chronological age × 100.
a) mental age/chronological age × 100.
When we diet, our bodies respond by decreasing our: a) metabolism. b) hunger. c) activity levels. d) motivation to eat
a) metabolism
In the three-level hierarchy of mental ability, group factors are: a) middle-level abilities similar to Thurstone's primary mental abilities. b) top-level factors similar to Spearman's g. c) middle-level abilities similar to Spearman's s. d) third-level factors similar to Thurstone's primary mental abilities.
a) middle-level abilities similar to Thurstone's primary mental abilities.
The _____ scaling research technique is used to provide a map of emotions. a) multidimensional b) thematic apperception c) James-Lange hedonic d) multi-emotion spac
a) multidimensional
Slaton immediately becomes upset when his football coach yells at him and yanks him from the game. Sitting on the sideline a few minutes later, Slaton tells himself that the coach is only trying to make him a better player. He begins to feel better, illustrating the process of: a)reappraisal. b)emotional communication. c)two-factor theory. d)threat detection.
a) reappraisal
A person with damage to the nerves serving the zygomatic major muscle would be expected to have difficulty showing a: a) smile. b) frown. c)look of disgust. d) look of anger.
a) smile
Intelligence scores among identical twins are strongly correlated when the twins are raised in the same household, and are _____ correlated when the twins are separated at birth and raised in different households. a) strongly b) moderately c) weakly d) not
a) strongly
Shannon feels miserable in her marriage but refuses to consider getting a divorce; she feels that a divorce would completely waste all of the hard work she has put into making the marriage work for 20 years. Shannon's line of reasoning best illustrates the: a) sunk-cost fallacy. b) conjunction fallacy. c) problem of codependent probabilities. d) family resemblance bias
a) sunk-cost fallacy
Isaac wants to exploit findings consistent with the Schachter and Singer theory to maximize his chances that sparks will fly on his first date with Rebecca. Which of these might Isaac do? a) take Rebecca on a roller coaster ride b) buy Rebecca flowers c) arrive 10 minutes late to pick her up d) wear a red shirt
a) take Rebecca on a roller coaster ride
Two-year-old Lupe says to her mother "More drink" and "Where dog?" This kind of language use is referred to as: a) telegraphic speech. b) fast mapping. c) simple structure. d) babbling
a) telegraphic speech.
People often make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation. This behavior illustrates: a) the sunk-cost fallacy. b) the availability bias. c) rational economic theory. d) base-price sensitivity.
a) the sunk-cost fallacy.
The rational choice theory of decision making predicts that our judgments will vary depending on: a) the value we assign to possible outcomes of our decisions. b) frequency but not probability. c) our past personal history of successfully attaining goals based on our decisions. d) the likelihood that someone else will pursue the same decision goals as us.
a) the value we assign to possible outcomes of our decisions
Extrinsic motivation is illustrated when we: a) work at a job to earn money that can buy food. b) eat a French fry because it tastes good. c) exercise because it feels good. d)listen to music that we enjoy.
a) work at a job to earn money that can buy food.
What is the substance produced in the stomach that signals the brain to switch on hunger? a)ghrelin b)DHEA c)leptin d)estrogen
a)ghrelin
What is transcendental Hyper-individuation (tHI)? a) A phase of Hyper-individuation in which the individual strives to bring meaning to his/her life. b) A phase of Hyper-individuation in which the individual realizes the deeper connections between the self and the larger world. c) A phase of Hyper-individuation in which the individual expresses his/herself through consumption. d) None of the above
b) A phase of Hyper-individuation in which the individual realizes the deeper connections between the self and the larger world.
In _____ cultures, there is a strong norm against displaying _____ in the company of a respected person. a) Western; positive emotions b) Asian; negative emotions c) Western; negative emotions d) Asian; positive emotions
b) Asian; negative emotions
_____ refers to the cognitive and behavioral strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience. a) Reappraisal b) Emotion regulation c) Appraisal d) Emotional expression
b) Emotion regulation
Dr. Faber explained to her students that holding a pen in their teeth would make them feel happier. What is the main reason for this? a) Holding a pen in your teeth sends emotion signals to the pleasure center in the brain. b) Holding a pen in your teeth contracts the muscles of the face in the same way as a smile. c) Feeling silly with a pen in your mouth causes you to feel happier. d) Seeing others' reactions to the pen in your mouth causes you to feel happier.
b) Holding a pen in your teeth contracts the muscles of the face in the same way as a smile.
Walking through the dense woods, observing the fauna, John feels something grab him from the back. His heart and respiration rate spike. Immediately thereafter, he becomes very fearful. This sequence of events is best explained by which theory? a) Cannon-Bard b) James-Lange c) Smith-Schaefer d) two-factor
b) James-Lange
Leslie and Shannon are monozygotic twins. Which statement about Leslie and Shannon is FALSE? a) If Leslie is a male, Shannon must be a male. b) Leslie and Shannon share 50 percent of their genes. c) Leslie and Shannon are identical twins. d) Leslie and Shannon developed from the splitting of a single egg.
b) Leslie and Shannon share 50 percent of their genes.
Which statement about a child's ability to distinguish speech sounds is true? a) Newborns can distinguish among only a few sounds, but by 6 months, babies can distinguish among the sounds of all languages. b) Newborns can distinguish among the sounds of all languages, but by 6 months, babies lose this ability. c) Newborns can distinguish among the sounds of all languages, and this ability is retained throughout life. d) Newborns can distinguish among only the sounds that are spoken to them, and they never develop the ability to distinguish among the sounds of all languages.
b) Newborns can distinguish among the sounds of all languages, but by 6 months, babies lose this ability.
With respect to obese individuals, which statement is FALSE? a) Others judge their romantic partners more negatively than the romantic partners of non-obese individuals. b) On average, they earn 20 percent less than others. c) They have lower self-esteem than others. d) They have a lower quality of life than others.
b) On average, they earn 20 percent less than others.
How does dHI differ from iHI? a) The developed Hyper-individuated person is more concerned about consumption matters than the initial Hyper-individuated person. b) The developed Hyper-individuated person is more concerned with finding meaning to his/her life than the initial Hyper-individuated person. c) The developed Hyper-individuated person is more obsessed with the quality of the goods and services consumed than the initial Hyper-individuated person. d) None of the above
b) The developed Hyper-individuated person is more concerned with finding meaning to his/her life than the initial Hyper-individuated person.
How does tHI differ from dHI? a) The transcendental Hyper-individuated person wants to consume more goods and services than the developed Hyper-individuated person. b) The transcendental Hyper-individuated person is more aware of his/her connection to other people and to his/her environment than the developed Hyper-individuated person. c) The transcendental Hyper-individuated person is focused on economic gain more than the developed Hyper-individuated person. d) All of the above
b) The transcendental Hyper-individuated person is more aware of his/her connection to other people and to his/her environment than the developed Hyper-individuated person.
What do these six emotions have in common: happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, anger, and disgust? a) They are expressed very differently in Eastern and Western cultures. b) They are universally reflected in facial expressions. c) They are learned within the first three years of life. d) They all have a positive valence.
b) They are universally reflected in facial expressions.
You come home to find an intruder in your apartment. According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, which response would occur first? a) You experience fear. b) Your body reacts with increased heart rate and contracted muscles. c) You run away. d) You experience fear at the exact same time as your body responds.
b) Your body reacts with increased heart rate and contracted muscles.
Babies are born with the ability to recognize and distinguish: a) only the phonemes of the language their parents speak. b) all phonemes. c) only the phonemes of languages similar to the native language of where they are born. d) only some of the phonemes of languages similar to their native language.
b) all phonemes.
At birth, babies can detect _____ of the contrasting sounds in _____. a) some; all human languages b) all; all human languages c) most; their native language d) all; their native language
b) all; all human languages
Appraisal is to reappraisal as: a) right is to wrong. b) amygdala is to cortex. c) thalamus is to cortex. d) fight is to flight
b) amygdala is to cortex.
A(n) _____ is when a person evaluates the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus. a) amygdala b)appraisal c)display rule d)emotion
b) appraisal
James-Lange is to Schachter-Singer as _____ is to _____. a) cognitive processes; emotion b) autonomic reactivity; labeling of emotional states c) autonomic reactivity; physiological activity d) labeling of emotional states; cognitive processes
b) autonomic reactivity; labeling of emotional states
In the _____ subtest of the WAIS-IV, the test taker is shown two-dimensional patterns made up of red and white squares and triangles. He or she has to reproduce these patterns using cubes with red and white faces. a) similarities b) block design c) picture completion d) digit span
b) block design
Because the amygdala receives information from the thalamus before it receives information from the cortex, you: a) are hard-wired to fear snakes. b) can be afraid of something without knowing exactly what it is. c) would be best served to delay making important decisions for 24 hours. d) will only have fast emotional responses to life-and-death situations
b) can be afraid of something without knowing exactly what it is.
A motivation of which one is necessarily aware is a(n): a) extrinsic motivation. b) conscious motivation. c) need for achievement. d) intrinsic motivation.
b) conscious motivation.
Display rules are the norms for the: a) social interaction of a group. b) control of emotional expression. c) posing of persons for a photograph. d) showing of a painting at an art gallery
b) control of emotional expression.
What is the typical sequence for language development in infants? a) babbling, cooing, understanding single words, verbalizing single words b) cooing, babbling, understanding single words, verbalizing single words c) cooing, understanding single words, babbling, verbalizing single words d) cooing, babbling, verbalizing single words, understanding single words
b) cooing, babbling, understanding single words, verbalizing single words
Which expression is a phoneme? a) dog b) d c) the dog d) the dog runs
b) d
In the multidimensional scaling of emotions, participants: a) say how strongly they are experiencing a particular emotion. b) describe one emotion in relation to another emotion. c) are made to feel a particular emotion. d) recall what a particular emotion feels like.
b) describe one emotion in relation to another emotion.
An internal state that motivates behavior is known as a(n): a) instinct. b) drive. c) intrinsic motivation. d) extrinsic motivation.
b) drive
On the day 2-year-old Isabel helped her father build bookshelves, she added the terms "board," "measuring tape," and "dowel" to her vocabulary after her first encounter with these objects. This is an example of: a) a language acquisition device. b) fast mapping. c) telegraphic speed. d) linguistic relativity.
b) fast mapping
Raven's Progressive Matrices Test can be used to assess _____ intelligence. a) emotional b) fluid c) crystallized d) practical
b) fluid
Evidence from identical twin studies suggests that: a) intelligence is 100 percent genetic because the IQ scores are perfectly correlated, no matter if the children were raised together or apart. b) genes play a significant role in determining intelligence, with high correlations whether raised together or apart. c) environmental influences significantly outweigh genetic influences on intelligence. d) there is no difference between environmental and genetic influences on intelligence
b) genes play a significant role in determining intelligence, with high correlations whether raised together or apart.
Damage to Wernicke's area results in: a) failure to produce grammatical speech. b) great difficulty in understanding language. c) genetic dysphasia. d) great difficulty in identifying non-language sounds
b) great difficulty in understanding language.
The current conclusion about the relative contribution of genes and environment in intelligence is that: a) genetic differences are strongly correlated with group differences in intelligence scores. b) group differences in intelligence can be completely accounted for by environmental factors. c) environmental factors have no role in shaping intelligence. d) intelligence can be accounted for by genetics alone.
b) group differences in intelligence can be completely accounted for by environmental factors.
The amount of formal education a person receives is _____ correlated with his or her intelligence. a) slightly b) highly c) insignificantly d) not
b) highly
Existential terror deals with the: a) fear of marriage. b) inevitability of death. c) anxiety associated with sex. d) phobic fear of breathing
b) inevitability of death
Category-specific deficits usually result when a person suffers damage to areas in the: a) right hemisphere of the cerebral cortex. b) left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex. c) cerebellum. d) midbrain
b) left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex.
The neuronal wiring between the thalamus and the amygdala allows us to: a) recognize the location of a stimulus. b) make rapid decisions about our environment without having to wait for cortical input. c) analyze the identity and importance of the stimulus. d) compare the visual image of the stimulus with known threat images
b) make rapid decisions about our environment without having to wait for cortical input
In the _____ subtest of the WAIS-IV, the test taker is asked to add a missing element to a pattern so that it progresses logically. a) vocabulary b) matrix reasoning c) comprehension d) arithmetic
b) matrix reasoning
Simon and Binet developed their early IQ test as a: a) measure of the contents of intelligence. b) measure of a child's aptitude for learning. c) justification for racism and xenophobia. d) measure of academic achievement.
b) measure of a child's aptitude for learning.
Cognitive speediness is best classified as what kind of ability? a) general b) middle-level c) specific d) fluid intelligence
b) middle-level
If an elementary school principal were to examine her students' IQ scores, paying close attention to those students scoring at the very top and bottom of the IQ range, she would find: a) more boys at the top and more girls at the bottom. b) more boys at the top and bottom. c) more girls at the top and more boys at the bottom. d) more girls at the top and bottom.
b) more boys at the top and bottom.
_____ refers to the purpose for or psychological cause of an action. a) Emotion b) Motivation c) Expression d) Cognition
b) motivation
A criticism of the James-Lange theory of emotion is that: a) emotion is not associated with physiological arousal. b) non-emotional stimuli can produce physiological arousal. c) emotion is too separated from physiological arousal for the latter to cause the former. d) emotion often is experienced before physiological arousal
b) non-emotional stimuli can produce physiological arousal.
Darwin's universality hypothesis is supported by scientific studies in which: a) animals accurately react to the emotional expressions of other animals. b) people accurately judge the emotional expressions of members of other cultures. c) all individuals react with fear when they see a spider. d) people find it difficult to identify anger outside their own culture.
b) people accurately judge the emotional expressions of members of other cultures.
If Jackie's prototype of science is physics, she MOST likely will exclude _____ from her category of science. a) chemistry b) psychology c) astronomy d) physiology
b) phsychology
William James believed that different emotional experiences are the result of different: a) expectancies about a situation. b) physiological responses. c) interpretations of the same physiological response. d) histories of reinforcement and punishment
b) physiological responses.
Which view states that people choose to take on risks when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains? a) frequency format hypothesis b) prospect theory c) means-end analysis d) belief bias
b) prospect theory
Which factor is the BEST predictor of a person's intelligence score? a) gender b) socioeconomic status c) rapid speech d) college education
b) socioeconomic status
The view that people make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two is called: a) psychoeconomics. b) the rational choice theory. c) an algorithm. d) quantitative psychology.
b) the rational choice theory
People with damage to Wernicke's area can: a) produce meaningful language. b) use correct syntax. c) understand spoken language. d) understand the written language
b) use correct syntax.
By best estimates, spoken human language emerged _____ years ago. a) 3,000 b) 6,000 c) 1 to 3 million d) 3 to 6 million
c) 1 to 3 million
Studies suggest that being raised in a high socioeconomic status (SES) instead of a low-SES family is worth between _____ IQ points. a) 2-5 b) 6-11 c) 12-18 d) 19-25
c) 12-18
If you were administered a standardized intelligence test at multiple points over the course of your life, at which of these ages would you probably score the highest? a) 10 b) 20 c) 35 d)70
c) 35
If given the choice of one of the four alternatives listed, which of these will the rational person choose? a) 90 percent opportunity to gain $100 b) 50 percent opportunity to gain $1,000 c) 40 percent opportunity to gain $2,000 d) 10 percent opportunity to gain $4,000
c) 40 percent opportunity to gain $2,000
What is initial Hyper-individuation (iHI)? a) None of the above. b) A phase of Hyper-individuation in which the individual realizes the deeper connections between the self and the larger world. c) A phase of Hyper-individuation in which the individual expresses his/herself through consumption. d) A phase of Hyper-individuation in which the individual strives to bring meaning to his/her life
c) A phase of Hyper-individuation in which the individual expresses his/herself through consumption
Which statement best reflects our current understanding of emotion and the body? a) Physiological arousal causes emotions. b) Cognitive processes and not physiological arousal causes emotions. c) Bodily activity and mental activity are both the cause and consequence of emotional experiences. d) Bodily activity and mental activity both cause emotional experiences.
c) Bodily activity and mental activity are both the cause and consequence of emotional experiences.
Which theory of emotion states that a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the body and emotional experience in the brain? a) Klüver-Bucy b) James-Lange c) Cannon-Bard d) two-factor
c) Cannon-Bard
Who developed the two-factor theory of intelligence? a) Louis Thurstone b) Alfred Binet c) Charles Spearman d) John Carroll
c) Charles Spearman
_____ refer(s) to the set of rules by which we organize the units of language into meaningful messages. a) Morphological rules b) Syntactical rules c) Grammar d) Phonological rules
c) Grammar
Which statement about ghrelin is FALSE? a) It is produced by the stomach. b) It signals the brain to turn hunger on. c) Its release impairs learning and memory while we are hungry. d) It causes those who are injected with it to eat about 30 percent more than usual
c) Its release impairs learning and memory while we are hungry
Which statement about the relationship between SES and intelligence is FALSE? a) At age 3, high-SES children know about 50 percent more words than low-SES children. b) Poverty can actually impair brain development. c) Low-SES children are exposed to fewer toxins than high-SES children so their intelligence does not differ. d) Summer vacation from school lowers intelligence in low-SES children but not high-SES children
c) Low-SES children are exposed to fewer toxins than high-SES children so their intelligence does not differ.
Who is most at risk for anorexia? a) Ryan, a 16-year-old on the swim team b) Lauren, a 45-year-old who works as a waitress downtown c) Melissa, a 16-year-old who makes top grades in all her classes d) Briana, a 10-year-old who has few friends
c) Melissa, a 16-year-old who makes top grades in all her classes
Why is money so important to the Hyper-individuated person? a) Greed b) It gives focus to his or her life. c) Money is the means by which the Hyper-individuated person is able to consume the goods and services that make up a large part of his/her life. d) It gives meaning to his or her life.
c) Money is the means by which the Hyper-individuated person is able to consume the goods and services that make up a large part of his/her life
What is the primary way a Hyper-individuated person shows his or her personal characteristics to the invisible audience? a) Personal achievement in the workplace. b) The depth of interpersonal ties to friends. c) Personal consumption of goods and services. d) The depth of interpersonal ties to family.
c) Personal consumption of goods and services.
If you believe that subjective emotional states are determined by the labels you attach to your internal feelings of arousal, you are most likely to subscribe to the _____ theory of emotion. a) James-Lange b) Cannon-Bard c) Schachter-Singer d) Skinner-Watson
c) Schachter-Singer
While on an expedition to discover the lost city of Atlantis in the Amazon basin, your party is captured by a group of people who have never contacted the outside world, cannot read or write, converse in a language that you do not recognize, and are pointing sharp spears at you. What is the BEST way of communicating that you are not a threat? a) Try to converse in sign language. b) Hold your hands up over your head. c) Smile at them. d) Draw a "peace" sign in the dirt
c) Smile at them.
Of these, which is the BEST reason against using polygraph machines at airports to detect terrorists? a) Research has failed to demonstrate that polygraph machines can detect liars at greater than chance levels. b) People can be trained to beat a polygraph; we would never catch a single terrorist. c) We would detain thousands of innocent people for every terrorist that we identified. d) It is estimated that the polygraph would add 20 minutes to the check-in process.
c) We would detain thousands of innocent people for every terrorist that we identified.
If you stumble upon a tarantula in the woods, your brain will transmit information about that stimulus to the _____ through two routes, the "fast pathway" and the "slow pathway." a) frontal lobe b) hippocampus c) amygdala d) pituitary gland
c) amygdala
Robert Sternberg argued that standardized intelligence tests primarily measure _____ intelligence. a) inductive b) creative c) analytical d) practical
c) analytical
The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion would suggest that, when you are happy while visiting with some friends, your emotional experience of happiness occurs _____ activity in your autonomic nervous system. a) before b )without c) at the same time as d) after
c) at the same time as
Research suggests that, all else being equal, _____ tend to be more powerful than _____. a) approach motivations; avoidance motivations b) extrinsic motivations; intrinsic motivations c) avoidance motivations; approach motivations d) rewards; punishments
c) avoidance motivations; approach motivations
The deviation IQ is a statistic obtained by: a) subtracting a person's test score from the average score of people in the same age group and multiplying the result by 100. b) adding a person's test score to the average score of people in the same age group and then subtracting 100. c) dividing a person's test score by the average test score of people in the same age group and multiplying the result by 100. d) dividing the average test score of people in a given age group by the score of an individual in that age group and multiplying the result by 100.
c) dividing a person's test score by the average test score of people in the same age group and multiplying the result by 100.
In intelligence research, what does g stand for? a) geospatial intelligence b) geographical intelligence c) general ability d) growth potential
c) general ability
Modern intelligence tests: a) remain highly culturally biased. b) favor non-White individuals. c) have few, if any, questions with a clear cultural bias. d) do not use nonverbal items.
c) have few, if any, questions with a clear cultural bias
Wernicke's area is located in the _____ cortex. a) left frontal b) right frontal c) left temporal d) right temporal
c) left frontal
A problem with using rewards to motivate behavior is that rewards: a) increase the behavior instead of decrease it. b) have been shown to not alter motivation levels. c) may undermine intrinsic motivation. d) may undermine extrinsic motivation
c) may undermine intrinsic motivation
The rate at which energy is used in the body is called: a) digestion. b) absorption. c) metabolism. d) rumination
c) metabolism
Which view of language development holds that language is an innate, biological capacity that humans possess? a) Skinnerian b) behaviorist c) nativist d) humanist
c) nativist
Initially, children memorize particular words but then _____ the rules of grammar once they learn them. a) ignore b) undergeneralize c) overgeneralize d) perfectly us
c) overgeneralize
Choosing to see a glass as half full rather than half empty illustrates the idea of: a) unconscious motivation. b) universality. c) reappraisal. d) display rules.
c) reappraisal
Asian and African cultures are more likely than Western cultures to include _____ in their conceptualization of intelligence. a) fluid intelligence b) linguistic intelligence c) social cooperativeness d) spatial intelligence
c) social cooperativeness
John Carroll's list of middle-level abilities includes all of these EXCEPT: a) memory and learning. b) visual perception. c) spatial recognition. d) retrieval ability.
c) spatial recognition.
A survival strategy used by our ancestors to avoid starvation was: a) preferring low-calorie foods. b) constantly searching for nuts and berries. c) storing excess calories as fat. d) increasing the metabolism when hungry
c) storing excess calories as fat.
_____ rules indicate how words can be combined to form phrases and sentences. a) Morphological b) Phonological c) Syntactical d) Deep structure
c) syntactical
Research has suggested that _____ may be the hormonal basis of the sex drive in women, and _____ may be the hormonal basis of the sex drive in men. a) estrogen; estrogen b) estrogen; testosterone c) testosterone; testosterone d) testosterone; estrogen
c) testosterone; testosterone
People who were asked to hold a pen with their teeth found cartoons funnier than people asked to hold the pen with their lips. What concept is illustrated by this finding? a) the universality hypothesis b) the two-factor theory of emotion c) the facial feedback hypothesis d) the emotion regulation hypothesis
c) the facial feedback hypothesis
Genes directly determine: a) environmental influences a person experiences. b) biological characteristics such as a person's exact height and weight. c) the range of possible reactions to the particular environments a person experiences. d) a person's behavior.
c) the range of possible reactions to the particular environments a person experiences.
The cognitive and behavioral strategies we use to influence our emotional experience are collectively called: a) active appraisal. b)cognitive control. c)emotion regulation. d) behavioral control
c)emotion regulation.
The emotion of excitement has _____ and _____. a)low arousal; positive valence b)low arousal; low valence c)high arousal; positive valence d)high arousal; negative valence
c)high arousal; positive valence
MOST people have IQs between: a) 100 and 130 b) 100 and 160. c) 40 and 100. d) 85 and 115.
d) 85 and 115
What does the phrase "nations of one" mean? a) It refers to rise of the one-person political state. b) It refers to the hope of political union. c) It refers to the indivisibility of the nation. d) It refers to how Hyper-individuated people are so disconnected from each other that they are like separate nations
d) It refers to how Hyper-individuated people are so disconnected from each other that they are like separate nations
Although Jan has an emaciated appearance, she has an intense fear of being overweight. She severely restricts her food intake and engages in intense workouts at least daily. Which statement BEST describes Jan? a) Jan has high blood pressure. b) Jan has high metabolism. c) Jan may have bulimia nervosa. d) Jan may have anorexia nervosa.
d) Jan may have anorexia nervosa.
Rodrigo has genetic dysphasia. Which statement about Rodrigo is NOT true? a) Rodrigo probably has normal intelligence. b) There is an increased chance that people in Rodrigo's family also have genetic dysphasia. c) Rodrigo has difficulty with learning correct grammatical syntax. d) Rodrigo has difficulty with the semantics of language.
d) Rodrigo has difficulty with the semantics of language.
How do the authors use the concept of phase transitions (in particular the three physical states of water) to explain the effects of Hyper-individuation on society? a) To explain how social structures and connections between individuals are growing stronger. b) To explain the formation of the invisible audience. c) To explain the formation of consumer behavior. d) To explain how social structures and connections between individuals are growing weaker
d) To explain how social structures and connections between individuals are growing weaker
What are some of the primary socioeconomic forces that support the rise of Hyper-individuation? a) Work for wages. b) The easy exchange of money for the services. c) The widespread availability of service providers. d) All of the above. e) None of the above
d) all of the above
Recent research suggests that the primary role of the amygdala is to: a) monitor the need for a food stimulus. b) facilitate short-term memory. c) provide evolutionary information to the frontal cortex. d) appraise the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus
d) appraise the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus
According to Thurstone's theory, the primary mental abilities: a) correspond to Spearman's g. b) correspond to Spearman's s. c) are the result of Spearman's g multiplied by Spearman's s. d) are not analogous to Spearman's g or s.
d) are not analogous to Spearman's g or s.
Polygraph tests are _____ at detecting a lie. a) demonstrably useless b) very sensitive c) highly reliable d) better than most people
d) better than most people
The James-Lange theory of emotion asserts that you will not experience _____ without first experiencing _____. a) physiological activity; emotion b) interpretation of an event; emotion c) emotion; interpretation of an event d) emotion; physiological activity
d) emotion; physiological activity
People are reasonably good at estimating another person's intelligence just by looking at that person. What cue is the MOST reliable in determining intelligence in this way? a) physical features b) behavior c) involuntary gestures d) eye gaze
d) eye gaze
Some school districts across the United States are considering paying children to attend school. This strategy is likely to _____ because _____. a) succeed; it makes an intrinsic activity into an extrinsic activity b) succeed; it makes an extrinsic activity into an intrinsic activity c) fail; it makes an extrinsic activity into an intrinsic activity d) fail; it makes an intrinsic activity into an extrinsic activity
d) fail; it makes an intrinsic activity into an extrinsic activity
Parents decide to implement the following plan to reduce swearing in their two adolescent daughters. Each time a girl swears, she is fined a penny. Results from the motivation literature suggest that this strategy is likely to _____ because _____. a) succeed; pennies add up to large fines over time. b) succeed; it provides an extrinsic reason not to swear. c) fail; it decreases the intrinsic reinforcement associated with saying swear words. d) fail; mild threats can actually increase the desirability of taboo behavior.
d) fail; mild threats can actually increase the desirability of taboo behavior.
Hormones involved in sexual interest and in the changes of puberty include all of these EXCEPT: a) testosterone. b) estrogen. c) DHEA. d) ghrelin.
d) ghrelin.
When Broca's area is damaged, patients: a) have a hard time understanding language. b) usually continue to produce grammatical speech. c) produce sentences that tend to be meaningless. d) have a hard time with speech production
d) have a hard time with speech production
Which BEST conveys a woman's emotions? a) her touch b) her posture c) her voice d) her face
d) her face
_____ is a mental ability that enables people to direct their thinking, adapt to their circumstances, and learn from their experiences. a) Language b) Perception c) Cognition d) Intelligence
d) intelligence
The main reason people often mimic the facial expressions of others is that: a) doing so has been reinforced from an early age. b) it facilitates the formation of like-minded groups. c) it lets others know that they feel the same way about an issue. d) it helps them figure out what others are feeling
d) it helps them figure out what others are feeling
"A system for communicating with others using signals that convey meaning and are combined according to rules of grammar" is the definition of: a) semantics. b) morphemes. c) syntax. d) language.
d) language
Broca's area is involved in _____. while Wernicke's area is involved in _____. a) language structure; language syntax b) language syntax; language structure c) telegraphic speech; fast mapping d) language production; language comprehension
d) language production; language comprehension
Thad suffered a stroke that resulted in brain damage. Thad is overheard saying, "The rain came before my feelings. I think the funny TV is cold. But it needs help with the scissors." Thad probably has suffered damage to the _____ cortex. a) right prefrontal b) left frontal c) left temporal d) right temporal
d) left temporal
Arnold and Ernie are brothers, ages 12 and 10 respectively, who share many common interests. As they increase in age, their intelligence test scores will become: a) totally different from one another. b) nearly identical to one another. c) less similar than their current scores. d) more similar than their current scores
d) more similar than their current scores
According to Skinner's theory of language acquisition, an infant learns to say "ma-ma" in the presence of her mother because: a) this association is genetically built into the language acquisition device. b) the mother is an unconditioned stimulus that elicits this unconditioned response. c) speaking the word is intrinsically reinforcing. d) mothers provide reinforcement for utterances that sound more and more like "ma-ma."
d) mothers provide reinforcement for utterances that sound more and more like "ma-ma.
An emotional expression must be: a)positive. b)accurate. c)negative. d) observable
d) observable
Researchers have just discovered a new drug to cure acne, but it has an 80 percent failure rate. According to the framing effect: a) most teenagers with acne will be eager to try it. b) people will be impressed that 1 out of 5 acne sufferers will be cured. c) dermatologists will immediately start prescribing the medication for their patients with acne. d) people typically will perceive the drug to be of little or no benefit
d) people typically will perceive the drug to be of little or no benefit
Strong committed attachments to other people are _________ to the initial Hyper-individuated person. a) a source of happiness b) of little importance c) of great importance d) perceived as opportunities for growth
d) perceived as opportunities for growth
One of the BEST predictors of a person's intelligence is their: a) gender. b) grade point average. c) parent's IQ score. d) socioeconomic status.
d) socioeconomic status.
Information that travels the "fast" pathway through the brain starts in the _____ and ends in the _____. a) amygdala; thalamus b) cortex; thalamus c) thalamus; cortex d) thalamus; amygdala
d) thalamus; amygdala
According to _____, the act of smiling will probably make you feel happier. a) emotion regulation b) the universality hypothesis c) extrinsic motivation d) the facial feedback hypothesis
d) the facial feedback hypothesis
What area of the brain is primarily responsible for receiving signals of hunger? a) the amygdala b) the hippocampus c) the motor cortex d) the hypothalamus
d) the hypothalamus
A carpenter suffers a stroke and now cannot recognize the difference between a saw and a plane. The carpenter probably suffered damage to which area of his brain? a) the lower left temporal lobe b) the left prefrontal cortex c) Broca's area d) the region where the temporal lobe meets the parietal and occipital lobes
d) the region where the temporal lobe meets the parietal and occipital lobes
When researchers showed participants faces from pictures of tennis players who had either just won a point or lost a point and asked them to guess whether the athlete was experiencing a positive or negative emotion, results indicated that participants: a) were consistently able to tell the difference between the two types of emotion. b) labeled the positive emotions correctly more often than the negative. c) labeled the negative emotions correctly more often than the positive. d) were unable to tell whether the emotions were positive or negative
d) were unable to tell whether the emotions were positive or negative
If given the opportunity to bet on a coin flip that would pay them $10 if they are right and cost them $8 if they are wrong, most people _____ take the bet because _____ . a)will; the odds are stacked in their favor b)will; the majority of people like to gamble c)will not; they will lose 50 percent of the time d) will not; losing $8 feels worse than winning $10
d) will not; losing $8 feels worse than winning $10
Who organized human needs into a hierarchy ranging from physiological needs to the need for self-actualization? a)James b)Skinner c)Cannon d)Maslow
d)Maslow
What are some of the social consequences of a population of largely Hyper-individuated people? a) The decline of community. b) More households that consist of just one person. c) None of the above. d) Widespread loneliness. e) All of the above.
e) all of the above
