Psych Final exam

Most adults reach their peak physical development during their

20s.

Which of the following statements is true of stereotype threat?

A person who experiences stereotype threat is well aware of stereotypical expectations for him or her as a member of a group.

Which of the following statements concerning the relationship between the immune system and stress is FALSE?

Acute stressors produce superior immune-system functioning.

_____ is characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in various contexts.

Borderline personality disorder

Which of the following is true of agreeableness in the context of prosocial behavior?

C. It is related to greater volume in the posterior cingulate cortex.

According to the _____, emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.

Cannon-Bard theory

_____ means helping another person for personal gain, such as to feel good, or avoid guilt.

Egoism

_____ are sensory experiences in the absence of real stimuli. _____ are false, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual's culture.

Hallucinations/Delusions

_____ are specific strategies for dealing with the challenges of making a life change.

Implementation intentions

_____ emphasize independence and self-reliance, whereas _____ emphasize affiliation, cooperation, and interdependence.

Individualistic cultures/collectivist cultures

Which of the following occurs in the contemplation stage of the change model?

Individuals actively think about change.

According to the _____, after the initial perception of a stimulus, the experience of the emotion results from the perception of one's own physiological changes.

James-Lange theory

Which of the following is an example of a cognitive process?

Kevin, an infant, who smiles in response to his mother's touch.

_____ refers to a psychological state in which an individual feels overexcited and unrealistically optimistic.

Mania

In 1973, Rosenhan conducted a study in which eight healthy individuals were asked to see a psychiatrist at various hospitals. What did the results of this study demonstrate?

Once a person has been labeled with a psychological disorder, that label colors how others perceive everything else he or she does.

_____ are called insight therapies because they encourage self-awareness as the path to psychological health.

Psychodynamic and humanistic therapies

_____ refers to a psychological state in which a person's perceptions and thoughts are fundamentally removed from reality.

Psychosis

_____ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.

Self-serving bias

Which of the following statements is true of the development of the brain in humans?

The process of myelination begins prenatally.

Cancer patients show _____ activity in the blood.

diminished natural killer cell (NK-cell)

According to James Marcia, the two dimensions of identity are

exploration and commitment.

According to Seligman, optimists explain the causes of bad events as _____, whereas pessimists explain them as _____.

external, unstable, and specific/internal, stable, and global

All of the following are symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder EXCEPT

feeling emotionally charged.

Katie, who is moderately liberal, attends a very liberal college. After four years at this college, Katie is likely to become more liberal as a result of

group polarization.

Motivation for sexual behavior is centered in the

hypothalamus.

Beck's cognitive therapy focuses on

illogical thoughts.

According to research on aggressive behavior, which of the following personality factors is mostly associated with aggression?

low levels of conscientiousness

The primary goal of behavior therapy is to

reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior.

Which of the following is most related to extrinsic motivation?

reward

Setting goals, planning for the implementation of goals, and monitoring progress are all aspects of

self-regulation.

A(n) _____ is any agent that causes a birth defect.

teratogen

Which of the following brain structures plays a central role in the experience of fear?

the hippocampus

_____ refers to the way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership.

. Social identity

According to _____, the function of positive emotions lies in their effects on an individual's attention and ability to build resources

. the broaden-and-build model

Which of the following statements about smoking is true?

Children of smokers are at special risk for respiratory and middle-ear diseases.

Richard Lazarus believed in the primacy of thinking. What does this mean?

Cognitive activity is a precondition for emotion.

The _____ was published in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association for the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

When working with a psychotherapy client who is from a different culture, Dr. Johnson uses his knowledge of the person's culture and ethnicity in working with the client, but is careful not to over-generalize and blindly apply his stereotypes. Moreover, he also understands the sociopolitical influences on the client. Which of the following labels best describes Dr. Johnson?

Dr. Johnson appears to be culturally skilled.

Madison is addicted to drugs. According to the stages of the change model, if she is in the contemplation stage of changing her habit, which of the following will occur during this stage?

She will re-evaluate the role of this addiction in her life.

What is the biggest challenge faced by psychologists who study infant perception?

Since infants can't speak, psychologists may not know whether infants can see or hear certain things.

_____ is the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.

Social psychology

Which of the following statements is true of stress and the immune system?

The immune system and the central nervous system are similar in their modes of receiving, and integrating, stress signals from the external environment.

Which of the following is true of the biology of hunger with regard to the human body?

The lateral hypothalamus is involved in reducing hunger and restricting eating.

Which of the following is true of the biological factors involved in emotion?

The limbic system is involved in the experience of positive emotions.

According to the self-perception theory of attitudes, what do individuals do to make inferences about their attitudes?

They perceive their behavior.

Which of the following is a difference between older and younger adults?

Younger adults do better than older adults in most aspects of memory.

Which of the following is a characteristic of group therapy?

altruism

Tasha is seeing a therapist because she is depressed. Her therapist gives her examples of reinforcing self-statements and trains Tasha on self-instructional methods that allow her to modify her own behavior. Tasha's therapist is most likely practicing

cognitive-behavior therapy.

Soon after a car accident, Sally was rushed to the hospital. The doctors discovered that Sally's ventromedial hypothalamus had suffered some damage as a result of the accident. In the context of the biology of hunger, the doctor should expect that Sally will

gain weight rapidly

Developmental psychologists use the term _____ to refer to a person's genes or biological inheritance.

nature

Gabriella has been diagnosed with depression and is currently under medication. Her doctor has prescribed her selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. According to this information, which of the following side effects will be experienced by Gabriella as a result of taking this medication?

nausea

Robert, a nine-year-old boy, loves watching wrestling on TV. Last night, he used several of the aggressive wrestling moves on his little brother. Which of the following theories best explains William's behavior?

observational learning

The mere exposure effect provides one possible explanation for why _____ increases attraction.

proximity

The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the external situation and overestimate the impact of inner traits when they seek explanations of another person's behavior is called

the fundamental attribution error.

Which of the following features of group therapy helps individuals who share a psychological disorder observe that others feel anguish and suffering as well?

universality

The volunteer participants in Solomon Asch's experiment on conformity conformed to group pressure to select the incorrect answer approximately _____ percent of the time.

35

Alyssa just won the lottery. According to the concept of the hedonic treadmill

Alyssa will experience a short-term high from her win but her happiness will eventually return back to its set point.

Which of the following statements about panic disorder is FALSE?

American men are twice as likely as American women to be diagnosed with panic disorder.

Which of the following statements is true of generalized anxiety disorder?

An individual suffering from generalized anxiety disorder is nervous most of the time.

_____ is an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.

Anorexia nervosa

_____ is a psychological disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit.

Antisocial personality disorder

_____ is a psychological disorder, commonly diagnosed in childhood, in which an individual exhibits one or more of the following symptoms: a lack of concentration, excitability, and impulsivity.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

_____ are people's opinions and beliefs about other people, objects, and ideas, and how they feel about the world.

Attitudes

_____ is a mood disorder that is characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state.

Bipolar disorder

_____ is an OCD-related disorder that involves a distressing preoccupation with imagined or slight flaws in one's physical appearance.

Body dysmorphic disorder

_____ is an eating disorder in which an individual, typically female, consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern.

Bulimia nervosa

Darrin is a good piano player. When he is alone and bored his arousal is low and he often gets distracted and makes mistakes. When he is in a recital with strangers, he sometimes gets too nervous and aroused and also makes mistakes. His best performances are typically at home when family and friends are nearby, and his arousal level is moderate. The variations in Darrin's performance can be best explained by the

Cannon-Bard theory.

_____ therapies emphasize that thoughts are the main source of psychological problems, and they attempt to influence and change the feelings and behaviors by changing the thoughts.

Cognitive

_____ is the psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts.

Cognitive dissonance

1. Which of the following is a difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal studies?

Cross-sectional studies assess people at one point in time, whereas longitudinal studies assess people over a long period of time.

_____ is an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life.

Depression

Which of the following statements is true of the sociocultural factors involved in depression?

Depression increases as standards of living and employment circumstances worsen.

Which of the following is true with regard to development?

Development is the product of nature, nurture, and the complex interaction of the two.

_____ is a depressive disorder in children who show persistent irritability and recurrent episodes of out-of-control behavior.

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

_____ involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity

Dissociative disorders

Which of the following is true of the drive reduction theory?

Drives do not always follow from needs.

_____ refers to rationalizing the amount of work we put into getting something by increasing its value.

Effort justification

Which of the following statements is true of stress-management programs?

Establishing healthy habits and evaluating and changing behaviors that interfere with good health help avoid the damaging effects of stress.

Which of the following is true about exercise?

Exercise formally refers to structured activities whose goal is to improve health.

_____ is a common negative symptom of schizophrenia, which means the display of little or no emotion.

Flat affect

Which of the following is true of psychoanalytic techniques?

Freud believed that a person's current problems could be traced to childhood experiences.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the psychoanalytic technique of dream analysis?

In dream analysis, every dream, including nightmares, contains a hidden, disguised unconscious wish.

Which of the following statements about the DSM-5 is true?

It includes new diagnoses such as binge-eating disorder and gambling addiction.

According to Lyubomirsky, which of the following effects does engaging in altruistic behavior have on one's well-being?

It increases happiness.

. In the context of psychological factors in conformity, which of the following best describes informational social influence?

It refers to the influence people have on an individual because the individual wants to be right.

Which of the following statements is true of the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

It states that frustration always leads to aggression.

Which of the following statements is true of Carol Gilligan's care perspective?

It views people in terms of their connectedness with others.

Which of the following statements is true of effective coping with stress?

Multiple strategies often work better than a single strategy to cope with stress.

Which of the following conclusions was drawn from the Stanford prison experiment conducted by Zimbardo?

People are more likely to be evil when personal responsibility is removed.

Which of the following is true of the optimum arousal theory?

Performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal.

_____ refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.

Person perception

Which of the following statements about Piaget's theory of cognitive development is FALSE?

Piaget believed that children do not play an active role in constructing their own understanding of the world but rather are passively reacting to environmental influences.

Which of the following is a problem associated with using polygraph results as an indicator of whether or not a person is lying?

Presence of drugs in the body influences the accuracy of the polygraph.

_____ is the cognitive strategy of squarely facing one's troubles and trying to solve them.

Problem-focused coping

Which of the following statements about biological therapies is FALSE?

Psychologists can prescribe drugs for psychological disorders in most states.

_____ refers to a person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times.

Resilience

_____ is a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered, psychotic thought processes.

Schizophrenia

Which of the following was proposed by Kubler-Ross?

She proposed a stage model of confronting death, in which the dying individual progresses from denial to acceptance.

Which of the following statements is true of social comparison?

Social comparison helps identify distinctive characteristics of a person and helps in building an identity.

_____ is an anxiety disorder in which an individual has an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in public.

Social phobia

Which of the following characterizes pubertal change in adolescents?

The peak of pubertal change occurs at an average age of 11½ for girls and 13½ for boys.

Which of the following statements about research on the "beautiful is good" stereotype is FALSE?

There is little truth to the "beautiful is good" stereotype. Attractive people do not really possess the positive characteristics of the stereotype.

All of the following are symptoms of major depressive disorder EXCEPT

a history of manic episodes.

A number of studies have linked religious participation to

a longer and healthier life.

All of the following is a characteristic of hardiness EXCEPT

a perception of problems as threats.

The theory of planned behavior includes the basic ideas of the theory of reasoned action but adds another important variable to the model. This variable is

a person's perception of control over the outcome of the situation.

In the context of personality characteristics, _____ is associated with taking the right steps toward a long, healthy life.

a sense of personal control

Mark has decided that it is finally time to quit smoking. He started using nicotine patches to help him control the craving to smoke. He is in the _____ stage of the change model.

action/willpower

According to Piaget, accommodation occurs when individuals

adjust their schemas to new information.

When individuals desire to have another person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person, they are displaying

affectionate love.

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, we seek to fulfill our need for love and belongingness

after our basic physiological and safety needs are met.

When a rat is first introduced to an over-crowded cage, it will most likely enter the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

alarm

Which of the following accurately describes the sequence of the general adaptation syndrome?

alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

. According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, establishing _____ is the key challenge of adolescence.

an identity

Tranquilizers are _____ drugs.

antianxiety

A person who regularly experiences motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts is likely to suffer from

anxiety disorder.

Which of the following therapies represents the application of operant principles to psychological disorders?

applied behavior analysis

The process by which we come to understand the causes of others' behavior is known as

attribution.

Ian came home after curfew. Without asking for an explanation, his parents sent him to his room and informed him that he was grounded for a month. Which of the following types of parenting did Ian's parents demonstrate?

authoritarian

. All of the following are criteria that are used to distinguish normal behavior from abnormal behavior EXCEPT

behavior that is inconsistent.

Which of the following indicates cognition in early adulthood?

being more realistic

Which of the following classes of drugs are NOT considered antidepressants?

benzodiazepines

The _____ approach to psychological disorders primarily focuses on the brain, genetic factors, and neurotransmitter functioning as the sources of abnormality.

biological

Lithium is commonly used to treat

bipolar disorder.

The general adaptation syndrome describes the

body's response to stressors.

According to Freud's psychodynamic perspective, what is the best way to gain insight into a person's core problems?

bringing unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness

You just received a letter informing you that the college you really wanted to attend next semester has denied your application for enrollment. If you use the emotion-focused coping method you would

calm yourself and visit a friend.

The release of emotional tension a person experiences when reliving an emotionally charged and conflicting experience is known as

catharsis.

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

causes rapid breathing.

Allison is at a workshop where a presenter is attempting to persuade people to make a rather risky but potentially profitable financial investment. The arguments for investing appeal to logic and reason. After slowly and carefully considering the presenter's arguments, Alison finds that this person's idea sounds compelling and decides to invest. This example best demonstrates the

central route to persuasion.

According to the cognitive dissonance theory, when attitudes and behavior conflict, individuals tend to reduce cognitive dissonance by

changing their attitudes to fit the behavior.

Research on the effectiveness of psychotherapy

clearly shows that psychotherapy works.

Dr. Patterson tries to create a warm supportive atmosphere to help her clients improve their self-concepts and to encourage insight into problems. Dr. Patterson says little to her depressed client. Instead, she waits for him to express his feelings and for him to decide what he wants to do about his problems. This emphasis on encouraging self-reflection indicates that Dr. Patterson is practicing

client-centered therapy.

Megan is a 17-year-old girl who is interested in music. She wants to become a pop star and, therefore, has joined piano and vocal-training classes. According to Marcia's theory on identity status, which of the following dimensions of identity is being focused by Megan?

commitment

According to self-determination theory, what are the three basic organismic needs?

competence, autonomy, and relatedness

According to the self-determination theory, when an individual has a high sense of self-efficacy and a belief that he or she can gain skills and overcome obstacles, the individual's beliefs most likely reflects

competence.

Sherif's Robbers Cave study showed that perceptions of the out-group are affected by

competitive and cooperative activities.

Which stage of cognitive development involves replacing intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations?

concrete operational

Pauline is responsible and reliable. She likes structure and always sees a task through until it is completed. She exercises, eats healthy foods, and always wears her seatbelt. Pauline would score high on which of the following personality traits?

conscientiousness

In the context of emotion, thinking about being in love with someone is an example of

conscious experience.

The work of Harry Harlow established that

contact comfort is more important than feeding in the attachment process.

Some of the characteristics that distinguish people who are in the _____ stage of change are that they possess a beginning awareness of their problem behavior but they are not yet ready to change it.

contemplation

A child decides to steal a small item from a neighborhood store in order to be accepted into the Hawk Club. The child reasons that the stealing behavior is acceptable because it is what his friends expect of him. According to Kohlberg, this child is operating at the _____ level.

conventional

A key hormone shared by the central nervous system and the immune system is _____, which is produced in the hypothalamus and unites the stress and immune responses.

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Which of the following is a part of the process of systematic desensitization?

deep relaxation

June is usually very quiet, but she recently discovered a different side of herself. During Mardi Gras, she found herself swept up in the festivities, doing the things that the other party-goers were doing. These were not behaviors that she would have ever considered engaging in on her own. Social psychologists would most likely attribute June's behavior to

deindividuation.

Elizabeth visited a psychiatrist who, after interviewing her, recommended either Paxil or Prozac. From this scenario, it can be inferred that Elizabeth is most likely suffering from

depression

All of the following are classified as anxiety disorders, EXCEPT

depression.

The _____ is a theory suggesting that preexisting conditions, such as genetic characteristics, personality dispositions, or experiences, put a person at risk of developing a psychological disorder.

diathesis-stress model

. Drug companies commonly fund research that focuses on a(n) _____ model of psychological disorders.

disease

Which of the following was formerly called multiple personality disorder?

dissociative identity disorder

A(n) _____ is a physical or biological deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation.

drive

Derek is suffering from anxiety disorder and is currently under medication. According to this scenario, which of the following side effects will be experienced by Derek as a result of taking his medication?

drowsiness

Equity is a strong predictor of relationship satisfaction

during the early but not later stages of a relationship.

Twelve-year-old Jennifer believes that she is unique and cannot be harmed. She thinks others are preoccupied with her and that they are watching her always. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of

egocentrism.

In the course of prenatal development, by the end of the _____ period, the heart begins to beat, the arms and legs become more differentiated, the face starts to form, and the intestinal tract appears in human beings.

embryonic

According to Jeffrey Arnett, the transitional period from adolescence to adulthood is described as

emerging adulthood.

Maria's husband was diagnosed with an advanced stage of cancer. Instead of dealing with the threat of cancer, Maria decides to sign her and her husband up for a cruise. Maria is engaging in _____ coping.

emotion-focused

Community mental health programs seek to help people who are disenfranchised from society to lead happier, more productive lives through the concept of

empowerment.

Dennis works as a salesman at a large retail store. He is happily married and lives in a safe neighborhood. He earns enough money to eat and provide for his family. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs is Dennis most likely to fulfill next?

esteem

The tendency to favor one's own cultural group over other groups is called

ethnocentrism.

Ethology describes motivation from a(n)

evolutionary perspective.

Emily is in the habit of picking at her skin every time she feels nervous or anxious. Emily engages in this kind of compulsive behavior to such an extent that she ends up bruising herself in the process. In the context of OCD-related disorders, Emily is most likely suffering from

excoriation.

According to the general adaptation syndrome (GAS,) biological damage (e.g., weakened immune system, heart attack, or death) can occur during the

exhaustion stage.

Andrew openly criticizes the Asian Americans in his neighborhood. He says that the presence of these "outsiders" has led to an increase in the crime rate in the United States. Others in his neighborhood do not agree with him. His openly shared racist attitude is an example of

explicit racism.

You are feeling upset when your mother turns toward you and says, "Turn that frown upside down." You turn your frown into a smile and realize that you now feel happy. This experience can be best described by the

facial feedback hypothesis.

The _____ is the overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way we do.

false consensus effect

Validation, reframing, structural change, and detriangulation are techniques most commonly used in

family therapy.

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the ability to think about things that are not concrete, make predictions, and use logic to come up with hypotheses about the future is attained during the _____ stage.

formal operational

Dr. Billings is a therapist who specializes in psychoanalysis. The types of techniques that she is likely to use would include

free association, dream interpretation, transference, and interpreting the client's resistance to discussing painful memories.

Deficits in the functioning of the _____ are associated with aggression.

frontal lobes

The stages of change model describes the process by which individuals

give up bad habits and adopt healthier lifestyles.

Many psychologists believe that the facial expressions of human beings

have strong biological ties.

You are watching golf and see Tiger Woods scowl. You would be making the fundamental attribution error if you assumed that

he has an angry and volatile personality.

According to the concept of _____, any aspect of life that enhances our positive feelings is likely to do so for only a short period of time.

hedonic treadmill

Decatastrophize technique in cognitive therapy involves

helping the client evaluate whether he is overestimating the nature of a situation.

Diana is afraid to throw things away because she feels that she might need them in the future. Consequently, Diana compulsively collects and stores large quantities of old newspapers, broken crockery, and old clothes. In the context of OCD-related disorders, Diana's excessive acquisition of objects and her inability to discard them are typical characteristics of

hoarding disorder.

The body's tendency to maintain an equilibrium, or steady state, is known as

homeostasis.

Which theory of aging has focused on the role of chronic stress in reducing immune-system functioning?

hormonal stress theory

From Maslow's perspective, motivation is primarily the result of

humans focusing on satisfying basic needs before moving to higher needs.

Which body system in Seyle's general adaptation syndrome (GAS) model is responsible for regulating various body processes, including digestion, immune-system responses, emotion, and energy expenditure?

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis)

The primary premise of humanistic therapy is that

individuals possess the capacity to heal themselves.

Sammy is in third grade. When he won the spelling bee, he felt proud of his accomplishment. But when he could not complete his arithmetic assignment on time, he felt incompetent. Which of Erikson's developmental stages does this reflect?

industry vs. inferiority

Rosalie was invited to a black-tie dinner at the Ritz Carlton. She's never been served a 10-course meal before, so she's unfamiliar with the social etiquette regarding silverware selection. Since Rosalie is in a foreign environment, she gets through the night by watching others who appear to know what they are doing. For each course, she follows their selection of silverware. Rosalie is guided by

informational social influence.

Berta is a fashion designer, who is not happy both at work and home. She is unable to create new designs for her clients. She has also filed for a divorce. According to Jeffrey Arnett, which of the following features of emerging adulthood is described by this scenario?

instability

Which of the following plays an important role in glucose control?

insulin

Dr. Guerrero uses different therapies based on the benefits they provide for her clients. Currently she is using a behavioral approach to treat an individual with panic disorder and a cognitive therapy approach to treat a client with major depressive disorder. Dr. Guerrero is practicing

integrative therapy.

Competence, relatedness, and autonomy are examples of

intrinsic motivation.

The sense of _____ is the most dangerous aspect of adolescent egocentrism.

invincibility

Catatonia

is a state of immobility and unresponsiveness that lasts for long periods of time.

In the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, the central route

is more persuasive when people have the ability and the motivation to pay attention.

According to Hyde, the gender similarities hypothesis

is the idea that men and women (and boys and girls) are much more similar than they are different.

In adult development, when experience conflicts with existing schemas

it is recommended to alter current ways of thinking.

One technique for engaging in positive self-reflection is to

keep a gratitude journal.

According to Freudian dream analysis, the unconscious, hidden aspects that are symbolized by the manifest content of dreams refers to the _____ content.

latent

The _____ is involved in stimulating eating.

lateral hypothalamus

Edna loves McDonald's sweet tea. Whenever she sees the famous "golden arches," she drives right in and orders a sweet tea. This best illustrates the effect of _____ on her eating behavior.

learned associations

Which of the following chemical substances plays an important role in the state of feeling full?

leptin

In the context of drug therapy, the widespread increase in the number of individuals taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to combat their depression is primarily due to the

lesser side effects as compared to other antidepressants.

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, formal operational thought is

logical, systematic, abstract, and idealistic.

Which of the following stages follows the action/willpower stage in the stages of change model?

maintenance

Bob decided that he was a bit overweight and in order to do something about it, he created a new exercise program, something he'd never tried before. Though he initially had some difficulty setting it up and sticking with it, he has consistently done his exercise workout for the last eight months. Though it is becoming more habitual, the program is still not yet automatic for him and he reinforces himself with new CDs each month if he has successfully completed his workouts. According to the stages of change model, Bob would most likely be in the

maintenance stage.

A therapist who uses cognitive restructuring believes that _____ are the causes of abnormal behavior.

maladaptive thoughts

With respect to the three characteristics of abnormal behavior, when a behavior interferes with a person's ability to function effectively in the world, it is considered

maladaptive.

One of the most important criticisms of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that

many cognitive abilities emerge earlier in children than Piaget thought.

According to recent research on sexual patterns of behavior in the United States,

marriage and monogamy rule sexual behavior.

Self-efficacy is the belief that you can

master a situation and produce positive outcomes.

Avril is suffering from major depressive disorder and has been administered the drug Elavil, a tricyclic drug. According to this information, which of the following side effects is she likely to experience as a result of the intake of this drug?

memory difficulties

A depressive disorder is classified as a(n) _____ disorder.

mood

Compared to authoritarian parents, authoritative parents are likely to be

more collaborative.

Depressive disorders are _____, whereas bipolar disorder is _____.

more common among women/equally common in men and women

Whenever Olivia watches a television commercial featuring food, she is ridden by a desire to eat. These feelings of hunger stimulate Olivia to go to the kitchen to search for food. Olivia's behavior can be studied by conducting research in the area of

motivation.

Cooper's father is a corporate executive who works long hours. He travels several days throughout the month and spends very little time with Cooper. He has never been to any of Cooper's soccer games or met any of his friends. Cooper's father believes that his career is more important than raising his son. As such, he does not get involved in Cooper's life. Psychologists would describe Cooper's father's style of parenting as

neglectful.

In the context of types of therapy, client-centered therapy follows a _____ approach.

nondirective

Susan drives by an unusually colorful apartment building each day on her way to and from work. Initially, she does not think much of the structure and has a mild dislike for it. However, after several months of commuting, she starts to like the apartment building and is even considering renting an apartment there. This change in Susan's feelings about the building best demonstrates

normative social influence.

. A classic series of experiments by Stanley Milgram demonstrated the profound effect of

obedience.

You tried to play peek-a-boo with your six-month-old nephew, but whenever you hid your face, he would cry. You try it again three months later, and now he laughs and enjoys the game, trying to uncover your face with his hands. Your nephew has begun to develop

object permanence.

The anxiety disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation is called

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Unlike obese individuals who do not suffer from binge-eating disorder, binge eaters are more likely to

overvalue their physical appearance, weight, and body shape.

In a(n) _____, a person experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause.

panic disorder

The _____ calms the body.

parasympathetic nervous system

A major criticism of drive reduction theory is that

people often behave in ways that increase drives.

Individuals who have high self-efficacy are least likely to do which of the following?

perceive that they have little control over the situation

As other children in his school line up for lunch on the first day of kindergarten, Ben demands to be at the beginning of the line. He is most likely receiving _____ parenting.

permissive

Abnormal behavior is

personally distressful over a long period of time.

When Sandra was 18 years old, she was in a serious car accident. Although she made a full recovery from her injuries, she experienced extreme anxiety afterward. Sandra is now very anxious when driving, has nightmares about the accident, and flinches when she goes through intersections. Sandra has symptoms suggestive of

post-traumatic stress disorder.

Which of the following is the first stage in the stages of change model?

precontemplation

What infant-perception research technique involves giving an infant a choice of what object to look at and then looking for a reliable preference for one stimulus over the other?

preferential looking

Which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by egocentric thought?

preoperational

According to Lazarus, in _____ individuals interpret whether an event involves harm or loss that has already occurred, a threat of some future danger, or a challenge to be overcome.

primary appraisal

Although many individuals use both problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies, over the long term,

problem-focused coping rather than emotion-focused coping usually works best.

Behavior that is intended to benefit other people is called

prosocial behavior.

Festinger's social comparison theory

provides an important rationale for how individuals come to know themselves.

Which of the following therapies stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of early childhood experiences in the development of an individual's problems?

psychodynamic therapies

Learned helplessness and pessimistic attributional styles are two ways of understanding the _____ factors associated with depression.

psychological

Which of the following biomedical interventions for eliminating the symptoms of psychological disorders is used least often?

psychosurgery

Which of the following is a biological intervention that involves the removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve an individual's adjustment?

psychosurgery

If children cannot grasp the concept of conservation, they are unable to

recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape.

According to the social facilitation effect, the presence of others is likely to

reduce performance on difficult tasks.

Elizabeth, a family therapist, tells Roy's family that his problem of cocaine addiction is related to the dynamics that exists within their family. According to this information, it can be inferred that Elizabeth practices the _____ technique.

reframing

One challenge during the maintenance stage is to avoid

relapse.

Bruce is seeing a therapist for his depression but he is always late and has missed several appointments. He talks about sports and the weather to try and avoid facing his problems and he often becomes argumentative with his therapist. According to psychoanalytic theory, Bruce's behavior is a classic example of

resistance

According to Selye's general adaptation syndrome, in which stage do glands throughout the body manufacture different hormones that protect the individual?

resistance stage

The tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members is known as

risky shift.

Benjamin loves putting together puzzles. He has recently mastered putting together a 10-piece Sesame Street puzzle. His mother claps at his accomplishment but wants to continue challenging Benjamin just beyond his current abilities. The next time they play, she gives Benjamin a 15-piece puzzle and offers some guidance on how to sort the pieces out. According to Vygotsky, Benjamin's mother provides _____ that allows Benjamin's cognitive abilities to be built higher and higher.

scaffolding

Antipsychotic drugs are used to treat

schizophrenia.

Clozapine is used to treat

schizophrenia.

In the context of group decision making, groupthink can be prevented by

selecting an impartial leader.

Which of the following is an important aspect of cognitive-behavior therapy?

self-efficacy

Parents warn a new babysitter that their son, Dennis, is very aggressive and mischievous. As a result of this initial expectation, the babysitter starts calling Dennis "Dennis the Menace," and he behaves in ways that elicit aggressive and mischievous behaviors from Dennis. This example best demonstrates the phenomenon called

self-fulfilling prophecy.

Which of the following forms of treatment relies on paraprofessionals?

self-help support groups

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the first stage of cognitive development that lasts from birth to about two years of age is the _____ stage.

sensorimotor

Which of the following represents the correct chronological sequence of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Depressed people tend to have fewer receptors of the neurotransmitters

serotonin and norepinephrine.

An individual's _____ refers to the direction of his or her erotic interests.

sexual orientation

Juan is a child with low activity level and tends to withdraw from new situations. He is inflexible, and displays low mood intensity. Juan is said to have what type of temperament?

slow-to-warm-up

Aversive conditioning can be an effective treatment for

smoking, overeating, and drinking alcohol.

The effects of others on our behavior can take the form of _____, imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas.

social contagion

According to _____, social relationships involve an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits.

social exchange theory

Melissa and John have been happily married for 30 years because they have ensured that they have no opportunities to fight. Both of them have jobs so they contribute proportionately to the household income, and they equally share all other responsibilities. Melissa and John's happy marriage can best be explained by the

social exchange theory.

Turning to others who act as a sounding board or a willing ear is referred to as

social sharing

When treating a client with a psychological disorder, a therapist makes the assumption that the person's difficulties stem primarily from the context in which a person lives. This therapist most likely identifies with the _____ to psychological disorders.

sociocultural approach

A man who is so afraid of flying and who would go to any length to avoid flying is most likely experiencing

specific phobia.

A _____ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.

stereotype

The strange situation test is used to assess an infant's

style of attachment.

Which of the following activities will stimulate heart and lung functioning?

swimming

Which of the following techniques should be most likely implemented by a behavioral therapist when a client has a fear of public speaking?

systematic desensitization

The term _____ refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.

temperament

Individuals who have positive illusions about the self

tend to show high levels of psychological well-being.

Social loafing refers to the

tendency for people to exert less effort when working in groups than when working alone.

The hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is

testosterone.

Friedman and Rosenman labeled the behavior of the healthier group, who were typically relaxed and easygoing,

the Type B behavior pattern.

Adolescents often have difficulty controlling their emotions and making sound decisions about risky behavior. Brain research suggests that this is due to the fact that during adolescence

the amygdala is developed earlier than the prefrontal cortex.

Self-efficacy refers to

the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task.

The therapeutic alliance is the relationship between the therapist and

the client.

According to _____, people who have first agreed to a small request tend to comply later with a larger request.

the foot-in-the-door technique

The broaden-and-build model begins with

the influence of positive emotions on cognitive processing.

Which theoretical approach emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders?

the psychological approach

Research shows that _____ is the most important determinant of therapy outcome.

the quality of the client's participation

Relatedness refers to

the sense that one can gain skills and overcome obstacles.

Autonomy refers to

the sense that one is in control of one's own life.

Which of the following is a primary goal of humanistic therapists?

to encourage personal growth

The goal of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is

to set off a seizure in the brain.

In the stages of change model, _____ means that individuals are no longer consciously engaged in maintaining their healthy lifestyle; rather, the lifestyle has become a part of who they are.

transcendence

Sherice started seeing a psychotherapist because of marital problems. She is unhappy because she feels her husband does not give her enough attention. After several sessions, she is quite taken with her male therapist because he gives her undivided attention. This growing affection for the therapist is called

transference.

Which of the following class of drugs is used to treat agoraphobia?

tricyclic drugs

According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, the first 18 months of life are devoted to mastering which developmental task?

trust vs. mistrust

Which of the following accurately represents the correct sequence of Erikson's first four stages of socioemotional development?

trust vs. mistrust; autonomy vs. shame; initiative vs. guilt; industry vs. inferiority

A psychologist who practices cognitive therapy might try to help a patient who suffers from a major depressive disorder by

trying to get the patient to identify irrational and self-defeating thoughts.

For a person to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD), he or she must have experienced a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least

two weeks.

Infants who display secure attachment

use their caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment.

Which of the following approaches to quit smoking involves using a nicotine patch?

using a substitute source

The _____ of an emotion refers to whether it feels pleasant or unpleasant. The _____ of an emotion is the degree to which the emotion is reflected in an individual's being active, engaged, or excited versus more passive, relatively disengaged, or calm.

valence/arousal level

The therapeutic environment of client-centered therapy is likely to be characterized by

warmth and support.

The bystander effect is most likely to occur

when someone is witnessing an emergency and there are several other people present.