Psych Final

Studies of identical twin, whether raised together or apart, have led to an average heritability estimate of about ____ for most personality traits, including all of the Big Five.

.50

Claudia researched the average I! score for her psychology paper. The average IQ score of any modern intelligence test is:

100

Between what ages did Piaget speculate that children go through the preoperational reasoning stage of development?

2 through 6 or 7 yrs

In order for a diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder to be made, the required symptoms must be present for a minimum of:

2 years

In perhaps the most famous study ever conducted in social psychology, approximately ______ of men studied were willing to administer a lethal shock of electricity to a helpless victim when they were ordered to do so by a person who appeared to be in a position of authority.

2/3

John has just been assessed as having an mild intellectual disability. Part of this diagnosis was based on his IQ score, which must have been below which of the following thresholds?

70

Faulty eyewitness testimony has been implicated in at least ____ of DNA exoneration cases.

75%

An organized set of knowledge or beliefs that people carry in their heads about a group of people is referred to as

A stereotype

James fidgets in his seat at school, talks excessively, and blurts out answers before his teacher can complete a question. He also sometimes fails to concentrate on school tasks, and is carelessness in completing assignments. If James has a disorder, it would most likely be

ADHD

Jeremy is very good-looking. When people first meet him, they generally assume that he is intelligent, competent, and sociable because of his appearance. This phenomenon is known as:

Attractiveness bias

According to Baumrind, the __________ parenting style is marked by high expectations and control combined with low warmth and responsiveness.

Authoritarian

Rosario has read two sensational stories in the campus newspaper this term about cheating. He then estimates the incidence of cheating on campus as being higher than it actually is. His thinking reflects:

Availability bias

__________ are systematic and predictable mistakes that influence judgment and decision making.

Biases

For the previous six weeks or so, Carlton's co-workers have noticed that he has seemed very sad much of the time. He has also stopped going to team lunches and stays in his office on his own far more than usual. However, in the last few days, he has seemed very different. He has been in an excited state much of the time, talking more rapidly than usual, and many of his ideas at team meetings seem unrealistic and overambitious. Which of the following disorders are Carlton's symptoms most consistent with?

Bipolar Disorder

What is one difference between how boys and girls view sex?

Boys often say they are eager to have sex for the sheer pleasure of it, while girls more often equate sex with love or say they would have intercourse only with someone they would marry.

According to material discussed in lecture, which of the following statements about attachment is false? A. contact comfort, rather than the provision of food, fosters attachment B. Attachment has evolutionary significance, as it promotes survival of the species C. Human infants can attach to only one caregiver at a time. D. Secure attachment is correlated with comforting and responsive parenting.

C. Human infants can attach to only one caregiver at a time

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment of anxiety disorders (such as phobias)?

CBT is often effective, and in some cases even more effective than the use of medication.

While reading a magazine Juan notices an advertisement for tennis shoes. Juan is very interested in reading about the materials the shoes are made out of and logically concludes the tennis shoes would be a good purchase. Juan was likely in which persuasion route?

Central

Minh's mother gives her and her sister each an equal-sized bologna sandwich for lunch. She then cuts Minh's sandwich into two pieces and her sister's sandwich into four pieces. Minh begins crying because she thinks her sister has a bigger sandwich than she does. Minh does not understand Piaget's principle of:

Conservation

As DSM-5 was being prepared, there were initial plans for the removal of four of the personality disorders. What were the diagnoses under consideration for removal from the book?

Dependent personality disorder schizoid personality disorder histrionic personality disorder but NOT borderline personality disorder

Alan writes in his journal that he feels like a nothing, that he cannot imagine why his friends would want to be his friends, and that nothing seems to be worth the trouble it takes to get it. Alan is apparently suffering from:

Depression

Julie, a blonde, watches a movie about another blonde who cheats on an important math test because she cannot do the math herself. Stereotype threat would say that, if Julie was to take a math test herself, she would:

Do worse on the test

According to the anomalous face overgeneralization hypothesis, higher-than-average attractiveness:

Does not correlate strongly with reproductive success

How is elaborate rehearsal more effective than rote learning?

Elaborative rehearsal promotes understanding and not just memorization like rote learning

Which is an accurate description of how often different types of people are helped in everyday life?

Family (Kin) are helped most of all, friends are helped quite a bit, and strangers are helped least of all

Marcela can clearly remember the moment she learned about the events of Sept. 11, 2001. She vividly recalls when her teacher walked in and turned on the news - the face of the firefighter she saw is permanently etched in her brain. She remembers who was sitting next to her and what she was wearing. This scenario describes what phenomenon?

Flashbulb memory

Most Americans have a vivid sense of remembering where we were and what we were doing when we heard of the 9/11 attacks. This is an example of

Flashbulb memory effect

How do fluid and crystallized intelligence change as a function of age?

Fluid intelligence peaks in early adulthood, then declines gradually, whereas crystallized intelligence continues to increase until about age 50.

One morning while eating breakfast at a restaurant, Ted notices that the waitress is irritable and short-tempered. Unaware that she is forced to cover another employee after working a double shift, he comes to the conclusion that she behaves in such a way due to her personality. This is known as the:

Fundamental attribution error

Which historical event led directly to Milgram's research on obedience?

German citiziens' willingness to go along with Nazi leaders during the Holocaust

While gossip can hurt individuals, it has upsides. What is one of the main functions of gossip in our social world?

Gossip helps regulate the social world by communicating what is right or wrong and under what circumstances.

Often when a cohesive group of people makes decisions, they defer too much to the views of leaders and work to maintain unity at the expense of considering alternative solutions. This type of flawed decision-making is termed:

Groupthink

Devon suffers from schizophrenia. During a session with his therapist, he tells her that he's hearing voices telling him to destroy the painting on her office wall. Devon is describing a(n):

Halluncination

Alfred takes an IQ test at ages 25 and 55, measuring his fluid and crystallized intelligence. Based on research of their respective developmental trajectories, what are most likely changes in these two areas that we would see?

His fluid intelligence would decrease with age, whereas his crystallized intelligence would increase

The fact that IQs have tended to _____ worldwide over the years is evidence of the importance of _____.

Increase; cultural influences

Reasoning from specific facts or observations to a more general proposition involves _________. Reasoning from a set of premises to a conclusion that logically follows involves _____________.

Inductive reasoning; deductive reasoning

Exposing participants to weak arguments before presenting them with strong persuasive messages helps participants resist persuasion. What is this effect called?

Inoculation

An infant's ability to distinguish between two very similar sounds that represent different phonemes in a language other than the infant's own:

Is present in early infancy but deteriorates as the infant grows older

Selective attention is useful to humans because:

It allows us to pay attention to only the most important things in the enviornment

Which of the following is a major advantage of the Implicit Associations Test (IAT).

It is difficult to fake

Infants develop a confidence regarding the sensitivity and responsiveness of their caregivers. The security of attachment has been recognized as a cornerstone of social and personality development for which of the following reasons?

Knowing a child's attachment predicts his/her emotional intelligence, strength of friendships, and positivity of one's self-concept.

The term schizophrenia comes from the Greek for split mind, which refers to a split among:

Mental processes such as attention, thought, memory, emotion, and so on.

Based on your understanding of the research of Solomon Asch, you know that of all of the following choices, the person most likely to demonstrate conformity would be:

Mika, a 23 yr old Japanese Woman

Statistically, which of the following individuals is most likely to be physically aggressive?

Mike, a 22 year old male

Oscar is being treated for depression. His therapist, Annalise, encourages him to notice his unpleasant thoughts and feelings without trying to avoid them or judge them. This is likely an example of:

Mindfulness based therapy

George has a negative attitude toward organized religion and learns one day that the next door neighbor, he respects and enjoys talking to, is a local pastor. According to the theory of cognitive dissonance, one might expect that, after making the discovery, George would develop a(n):

More favorable attitude toward organized religion

Social research shows that a person who is alone when they witness an emergency is _____ than a person who witnesses an emergency in the presence of others.

More likely to come to the victim's aid

Jonas has recently been fired from his job for provoking arguments with fellow employees. He is perceived as arrogant by others, as he constantly boasts and exaggerates his abilities and achievements. His social skills are relatively good although his relationships with others have become severely strained as a result of his lack of empathy and interest in others. Jonas is BEST described as suffering from _____.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A college is considering whether to put the English or the math department in a posh new building funded by an alumni billionaire. A group of English professors joke about the math faculty, saying that they are all alike—unsociable, unable to participate in a discussion of the arts, and boring. Their tendency to see members of the math department as different from themselves and very similar to one another in having such undesirable traits is an illustration of:

Negative stereotyping of the other group

Asch's study on conformity, where participants had to make line-judgements, can be explained by what concept?

Normative influence

After taking a 10 question pop quiz, John was confident that he got at least 9 questions correct. However, after grading he found that he actually only answered 6 questions correctly. John suffers from:

Overconfidence

After serving two terms in Afghanistan, Kurt is suffering from insomnia, is agitated and jumpy, and has intrusive thoughts that cause great distress. Kurt is most likely suffering from:

PTSD

Flashbacks would most likely occur with a diagnosis of:

PTSD

In every culture, young men are more eager than young women to have sexual intercourse without long-term commitment. The standard evolutionary explanations of this is founded of the theory of _____, thus woman's sexual interest frequently lies in ____.

Parental investment; reserving intercourse until she can afford to be pregnant

In a study of college students' deductive reasoning, Dr. Cesario gives participants the following problem: All living things need water. Roses need water. Therefore, roses are living things. Although the correct answer to the problem is "indeterminate," about 70 percent of participants got the problem wrong because they thought the conclusion that roses are living things was valid. Why did so many participants incorrectly answer this problem?

Participants were influenced by their knowledge of the real world, which interfered with their ability to think purely in terms of logic

Which statement explains the Stroop Interference Effect?

People cannot prevent themselves from making the automatic response of reading the printed color word, which interferes with the intended task of naming ink color.

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about affective forecasting?

People tend to be accurate with predicting whether event will result in positive or negative feelings but inaccurate regarding the strength or duration of these emotions

The ________ route to persuasion relies on superficial cues that have little to do with logic. It requires a target who is not thinking carefully about what you are saying.

Peripheral

Social psychologists are often interested in the phenomena of _________, in which one person influences the thoughts or actions of another.

Persuasion

Physically attractive people experience many benefits in life. Particularly, more physically attractive people have an easier time persuading others. Which characteristic is an example of why this occurs?

Physically attractive people are perceived as having higher moral character

Which scenario MOST accurately reflects a schema?

Sarah is able to recognize the city park, even though it doesn't look like any other park she has been to before

On days when baseball player Charlie is hitting well, he attributes it to his own hard work and ability, whereas on days when he's hitting poorly, he attributes it to a bad pitcher or a bad bat. The difference in his attributions is an example of the:

Self-serving attributional bias

When Helen, Tom, and Mary each sing solo, they try their best to sing loud, expressively, and in perfect tune. However, when Helen, Tom, and Mary sing as a group, they do not try as hard, which lowers their overall performance. Helen, Tom, and Mary's behavior when singing as a group is an example of:

Social Loafing

Observing that children can wind fishing reels faster when another child is present than when alone might best be explained by:

Social facilitation

Pablo usually fishes alone, but when his friend Jaime accompanied Pablo on his last fishing trip, Pablo wound his fishing reel faster than when Pablo was fishing alone. This might best be explained by:

Social facilitation

By the time Sheng can crawl freely on his own, he looks to his parents' emotional expressions for clues about the safety or danger of his own actions. This behavior is known as:

Social referencing

Which of the following demographic variables is associated with the prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder?

Socio-economic status: people with lower incomes and education levels are more likely to have MDD.

A possible problem in the use of psychological tests (e.g., IQ tests) is that many different psychologists from different backgrounds and with different theoretical orientations and backgrounds may give the test. Every psychologist then might deliver the test differently. In order to overcome this problem, it is ideal if psychological tests are:

Standardized

What is the differences between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination?

Stereotypes are based on beliefs, prejudice is based on emotions, and discrimination is based on behavior.

Researchers pointed out to participants how gullible they were in being influenced by advertisements. As a result the participants were less affected by ads. What is technique effect called?

Stinging

When asked to estimate the average number of recorded terrorist acts per year since 1970, people will give higher estimates if there has recently been a highly publicized terrorist incident. This exemplifies:

The availability bias

Jeet is waiting in the concession line at a K-State football game. Although there is a lot of noise, Jeet is still able to carry on a conversation with his friend. Which psychological phenomenon allows Jeet to carry out his conversation?

The cocktail party effect

What are characteristics of the dimension added by the HEXACO model to the Five-Factor Model?

The honesty-humility dimension was added to describe people who are sincere, fair, and modest, not manipulative, narcissistic, or self-centered.

Which fact presents a challenge to the view that Milgram's studies of obedience can shed light on such real life events as the atrocities committed by the Nazis?

The participants must have believed, at some level, that they could not really be causing harm to someone, because no sane experimenter would let that happen.

Imagine you are giving advice to a friend in a long-distance relationship. Which of the following pieces of advice will help your friend maintain the proximity of their relationship?

Use the internet to create shared experience

While Nia is studying Spanish, she pictures a pen with a plume (feather) on top of it to remember pluma, the Spanish word for pen. Nia is using _____ in attempts to build her Spanish vocabulary.

Visualization

Jin sees a snake sunning itself on a rock while hiking at the Konza Prairie. Even though the snake is far enough away that it cannot hurt him, he still screams and jumps when he sees it. In this situation, the snake could best be described as:

a Cue

In the field of mental disorders, DSM refers to:

a standardized system for labeling and diagnosing mental disorders

A belief that characterizes people based merely on group membership is _____

a stereotype

Kyle recieves a score of 110 on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence test. Based on his score, Kyle can be said to have a ____ IQ

above average

In Milgram's original study on obedience, the majority of research participants stopped administering shocks:

after all shocks up to the maximum had been delivered

Priming does:

alter a person's perception or chain of thought become activated by sensory input initiate the retrieval of information from long term memory

The attractiveness halo effect occurs when attractive individuals:

are judged more positively than their peers

According to Robert Triver's theory of parental investment, the fact that men pay a lesser cost than women in terms of bearing and rearing children explains why men:

are more aggressive in seeking copulation with multiple partners.

Any belief or opinion that has an evaluative component is called an

attitude

Research has shown that while a baby is inside the womb, they have a preference for their mother's voice indicating that their ____ is funcitoning

auditory system

Gaius is surveying his friends and asks them if the letter "v" appears more times as the first letter in a word or as the third letter in a word. His friends guess that it appears more times as the first letter than as the third letter because they can think of more "v" words than words with a "v" as the third letter. This is an example of:

availability bias

Brandon does not believe he is prejudiced. However, he got very nervous when told he was randomly assigned to room with a man from Costa Rice for his first year in college. He plans to spend as little time as possible in his room because of this reason. Brandon is probably experiencing?

aversive racism

The ____ route of persuasion employs direct, relevant, and logical messages to convince a listener to make a specific change.

central

Research finds that the USA has organ donation consent rates of about 4.25 to 44% In some other countries that rate is as high as 99% or above. According to the text, what would increase organ donation consent rates in the USA?

changing to an "opt out" system in the USA

The case of Genie, the girl who was abused and virtually deprived of language until age 13, provides evidence that:

childhood is a critical period for the development of grammar

The development of a grammatical sign language by deaf Nicaraguan students is primarily credited to :

children 10 years old or younger who possessed a great desire to communicate with other students

In a digit span test, Nelson was able to recall the 12 individual members 194719481949 by grouping the digits together to form higher-order units. His technique for remembering the numbers as the three years 1947, 1948, 1949 rather than the 12 digits is called

chunking

The efficiency of memory can be increased if people organize information so the amount of information in each unit increases while the number of separate units correspondingly decreases. This process is called:

chunking

Jenny is, by nature, a nervous person. She has been having a hard time concentrating and seeks the help of a counselor, Amanda. Amanda begins by being very warm. She does not direct Jenny with regards to what she should talk about. Instead, Amanda primarily focuses on empathizing with Jenny and accepting her for who she is. Which therapeutic orientation is Amanda most likely using?

client centered therapy

In Harry Harlow's experiment with wire and cloth surrogate mothers, when young monkeys raised with both surrogates were frightened, they usually:

clung to the cloth surrogate

What are the three criteria that characterize personality traits?

consistency, stability, and individual differences

People tend to recall better is tested in the same environment in which they originally learned the information. This illustrates the effect of:

context

A person does not "have" or "not have" a personality traits reflect ____ rather than distinct personality types.

continuous distributions

If an IQ test is valid, it should:

correlate strongly with other accepted measures of a person's intelligence

Which peaks latest in life?

crystallized intelligence

Solving syllogism by formal logic requires the use of

deduction

Clues to the important roles both nature and nurture play in development is seen in infants as they begin to gain the ability to actively perceive the distance from themselves to objects in the environment. This ability is also known as what term?

depth perception

According to the availability heuristic, most people worry about terrorist attacks more than they worry about having heart attacks because ______.

dramatic events capture our attention more than everyday events

The temperament quality that enables children to be more successful in motivated self-regulation is called ______.

effortful control

The current conclusion drawn from studies of people with deficits in episodic memory is that the hippocampus is essential for encoding______ memory

episodic

Anton is afraid of snakes and seeks therapy for this problem because it is interfering with his ability to work at the zoo. His therapist has Anton stand next to a black string in one session. In the next session he has Anton stand close to a rubber snake. In a later session he has Anton stand near a tank containing a live black snake. This is an example of:

exposure therapy

Due to chronic conflict and anger in their relationship Bernadette's parents decided to get a divorce. However, they are now having trouble paying Bernadette's school fees to allow her to continue attending class at Spoke's Elementary School. Which of the following models is designed to describe the potential negative effects caused by these circumstances?

family stress model

When people are aware of stereotypes about their social group as it relates to scores on intelligence tests:

fear may undermine their performance

The set of rules that every language has is collectively referred to as:

grammar

Group polarization is LEAST likely to occur when group members:

have to work together to solve a problem that effects all members

Nearly everyone will be distracted by conversation if they hear their own name. This is because:

hearing our own name signals that a different conversation may be important

An experiment showed that college students who were taught to generate questions and think about answers as part of their studying earned _____ grades than otherwise comparable students who studied simply by rereading. This research provides evidence that _____ leads to better long-term memory.

higher; elaborative rehearsal

In Bazerman and Moore's model of rational decision making, the second step is to

identify the criteria necessary to judge possible solutions

Mae keeps her cookies in a special jar on the counter, and one day she finds the jar empty and her brother covered in cookie crumbs. Using these clues, she reaches the conclusion that her brother has eaten her cookies. Mae has just used.

inductive reasoning

Experiments conducted since Piaget's original studies of object permanence in infants have led Baillargeon and others to conclude that:

infants fail Piaget's tasks because they cannot yet coordinate a sequence of movements to reach a hidden object

Studies of the development of creole languages support the view that language development in children is grounded in:

innate grammar-learning mechanisms

When determining what measure to use, researchers often assess a measure's validity. Validity is when a measure:

is able to predict theoretical outcomes

Broca's area is an example of:

localization of function

Suppose Jensen shakes a rattle in front of delighted 4-month-old niece and then hides it under a pillow while his niece watches. ACcording to piaget, the infant is most likely:

make no effort to find the object, which suggests the inability to understand object permancence

Which of the following describes a situation where a person goes beyond available evidence to form a conclusion that is likely to be true? For example, Romeo might infer from his smart older sister that when she said, "I finished the test" that meant that she passed the test.

making a pragmatic (inductive) inference

In a typical test of false-belief understanding, a child sees a doll, Maxi, put a candy bar in a blue cupboard. Then Maxi leaves the room and his mother comes in an moves the candy bar to a red cupboard. When Maxi returns to get his candy bar, the child is asked, "In which cupboard will Maxi look first?" What typically Happens?

most 3yr olds will answer "in the red cupboard" but most 4 yr olds will answer "in the blue cupboard

Whenever Marta is around an infant, she always finds herself speaking in very simple sentences in a high-pitched voice. Marta is demonstrating:

motherese

Camille is babysitting two young children. Suddenly Camille hears the boom of thunder outside as the lights flicker and then go out. One child laughs, but the other begins to cry in response to these stimuli. Assuming these are characteristic responses, which Big Five personality dimension would most likely explain their differing reactions to the same stimuli?

neuroticism-stability

Persuasion is most effective when individuals are:

not feeling that their freedom to make a choice is threatened

Research on selective listening shows that participants hearing two messages and shadowing one will:

notice only physical characteristics of the unattended message

Eight-month old Jonathan was left by his mother at the baby-sitter's place. The minute his mother left and he could not see her, Jonathan started to cry. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development which concept would explain Jonathan's behavior?

object permanence

Projective tests, such as the rorschach and TAT tests, rely upon the assumption that:

one's authentic self emerges under ambiguity

Which statement most accurately reflects Freud's conception of unconscious motivation?

people explain their behavior to themselves and others in plausible ways, although the real reasons for their own behavior are often hidden from them

A system for diagnosing mental disorders should be reliable; in other words, it should:

permit different diagnosticians, given appropriate training, to reach the same conclusion when independently diagnosing a given individual.

Mary Claire was witness to a robbery. The police would like her to identify the robber. INstead of bringing suspects in and having Mary Claire look at them through a one-way mirror, the police have her flip through a selection of photographs of faces, also known as a ________

photo spread

Some developmental researchers have argued that adult romantic love can be understood in terms of infant attachment in part because both involve:

physical affection and feelings of security in each other's presence

Close relationships are often built on proximity because:

proximity provides opportunities to experience similar situations and better know one another

____ theories are personality theories that emphasize the interplay of mental forces and include the two premises that (a) people are often unconscious of their motives and (b) the mind uses defense mechanisms to keep unacceptable motives and thoughts out of consciousness.

psychodynamic

Which is NOT one of the trait dimensions of the five-factor model of personality?

radical - conservative

which of the following is associated with dreaming?

rapid eye movement

When people are asked to rate one of their own personality traits, they tend to:

rate themselves higher on the trait compared to others

Name 3 of Freud's Defense Mechanisms

reaction formation Sublimation rationalization

When Jaime was younger, his dad threw a baseball accidentally hitting Jaime in the abdomen. A few years later, Jaime remembers this experience and consequently catches the baseball in order to avoid getting hit again. The processes by which Jaime uses his memory and knowledge about this past event in an adaptive way is referred to as _____, and Jamie's general capacity to reason is referred to as _____.

reasoning; intelligence

Which of the following is the most important aspect of a child's ability to develop depth perception (demonstrated by the fact that the absence of this factor can lead to depth perception problems later in life?)

receiving patterned light

George is applying for jobs. Ads for several of the jobs state that he can provide a photo with his application, if he so chooses. George is of average build, and often hears the he's "more brains than beauty." Based on what he's learned from his General Psychology class, George knows that the best strategy is to:

refrain from attaching a photo, because his average level of attractiveness may subtly work against him

Jack, a college freshman, is trying to remember the name of his first grade teacher. The transfer of information from Jack's long-term memory to his working memory is called:

retrieval

Steve suffered brain damage in a serious automobile accident. He retained his memory for events that occurred many years before the accident and was able to form new memories after the accident, but he lost his memories of events that occurred in the days leading up to the accident. This form of memory loss is referred to as ________ amnesia.

retrograde

A ______ is a memory template that is formed through repeated exposure to a particular class of objects or events.

schema

When Cindy is eating in a crowded restaurant, she is able to "tune out" the noise around her to focus only on her dinner partner. This is an example of:

selective attention

Peer relationships are an important part of children's social development. Peer acceptance is a source of affirmation and ____ whereas peer rejection is a source of bullying and victimization.

self-esteem

Jose is currently undergoing electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which is now administered in a way that is painless and safe. Jose is most likely using ECT to treat his _____ that has not responded to other therapies.

severe depression

Working memory, also known as _____ memory, is where all conscious perception and reasoning occurs.

short-term

People who are exposed to two languages from birth and are fluent in both languages are called _____ bilinguals

smiultaneous

The _____ hypothesis suggests that humans have developed larger brains in order to better maintain large in-groups.

social brain

The phenomenon in which infants look toward their caregivers' emotional expression for clues about the possible danger of their own actions is known as:

social referencing

A benefit of using behavioral measures includes the fact that they are:

subject to less biased responses

Suppose Elijah presents Abby with this proposition: "All psychologists are pianists. Time is a psychologist. Is Tim a pianist?" Elijah just presented Abby with a method of deductive reasoning known as

syllogism

A prototype is:

the average member of a category

The relationship between intelligence and mental speed may stem from the effect of speed on:

the capacity of working memory

In Stanley Milgram's research examining obedience, the participant was able to discontinue the experiment after what took place?

the participant stated that he/she did not want to continue participating 4 consecutive times.

7. One of Jamal's friends offers to take his mail to the post office for him. Jamal later offers to drive his friend to the store because he feels obligated to return the favor. Psychologists refer to this feeling using the term:

the reciprocity norm

Researchers have demonstrated that the Pygmalion effect occurs in the classroom, which means that students' performances are influenced by:

their teacher's expectations of them

Which term refers to the tendency, as in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, to think that a "bad" thought is equal to a "bad" action?

thought-action fusion

The failure to retrieve a word from memory, combined with partial recall and the feeling that retrieval is imminent is known by psychologists as the _____ effect.

tip-of-the-tongue

Freud focused on such material as dreams, slips of the tongue, and patients' uncensored accounts of their thoughts because he believed that they reflected the:

unconscious mind relatively undisguised by conciousness

Susan ate a donut even though she is on a diet because they were at the morning meeting and she had skipped breakfast. Susan demonstrated bounded __________; the argument that we give greater weight to our immediate concerns, even when they are in opposition to our long-term goals.

willpower