AVIT 309 Block 1 Study Guide
What are the four phases of respiration?
1. Ventilation 2. Respiration 3. Transportation 4. Utilization
What altitudes apply to the Physiological Deficient Zone?
10,000 - 50,000
To what altitude can humans fully physiologically acclimate?
10,000 ft
What is the first step one should take in treating hypoxia of any type?
100% Oxygen
How many breaths-per-minute does the average human maintain?
12-20
What is the partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen at SL?
159 mmHg
How long does a human take to fully physiologically acclimate to a given altitude?
18.4 days per mile of altitude
How much does temperature decrease per 1,000 feet as we ascend into the atmosphere?
3.5 degrees F
According to NASA's studies on loss of control inflight (LOC-I) accidents, what percentage occurred from the aircrew's "inappropriate response or interaction with aircraft equipment?
46%
Where does the Space Equivalent Zone Begin?
50,000 ft
According to FAA experts, what percentage of aviation accidents are caused by human influence?
60-80%
When the US military first invested time and resources into aviation training, what number of pilots died from "pilot error" out of the first 100 fatalities?
90
What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood stream called?
Alveoli
Where is atmospheric pressure the densest?
Below 10,000 ft
Below what oxygen saturation level does collapse normally occur at?
Below 60%
Proper oxygenation of what cell(s) is the respiration process are most important for aviators?
Brain Cells/neurons
The primary control for respiration in humans is regulated by what gas?
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
What is the primary gas chemically controlling human breathing rate?
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
What is the first human function lost to hypoxia?
Cognition
What type of pilot response is best used in extreme-stress events?
Conditioned or muscle-memory
What typically causes hyperventilation in pilots?
Emotions
What physiological issue does Henry's Law apply to?
Evolved Gas
True or False: Effective Performance Times are guaranteed times a pilot can depend on to maintain consciousness at a given altitude.
False
True or False: the loss of Oxygen occurring from breathing too fast causes hyperventilation.
False - it is the loss of Carbon Dioxide
What do oxygen molecules bind to in the transport process?
Hemoglobin
Alcohol is an example of which type of hypoxia?
Histotoxic
Which type of hypoxia is caused by carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning?
Hypemic
What physiological issue does Dalton's Law apply to?
Hypoxia
Which type of hypoxia relates to altitude?
Hypoxic
What are the four types of hypoxia?
Hypoxic, Hypemic, Histotoxic, Stagnant
What is the most dangerous characteristic of hypoxia?
Insidious Onset
What three steps should be taken during a lithium ion battery thermal runaway event?
Isolate, Extinguish, Cool
Is it always possible to descend to 10,000 feet in emergencies?
No
What is percentage of oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere?
O2 - 21% N2 - 78%
Hypercapnia is caused by low amounts of what gas in the bloodstream?
Oxygen
The secondary control for respiration in humans is regulated by what gas?
Oxygen (O2)
What is the secondary gas chemically controlling breathing rate?
Oxygen (O2)
What four elements needs to be maintained in humans for homeostasis with your environment?
Oxygen, nutrition, rest, hydration
What physiological issue does Charles' Law apply to?
Pressure Gauge Fluctuation
What cell is responsible to transport oxygen in the cardiovascular system?
Red Blood Cells
What physiological issue does Graham's Law apply to?
Respiration
What civilian aviation safety organization was the first, and when were they established?
Royal Aeronautical Society in 1866
What altitudes apply to the Zone of Physiologic Efficiency?
SL - 10,000
Hyperventilation may cause what type of hypoxia?
Stagnant
What form of hypoxia is produced by hyperventilation?
Stagnant
Where does temperature stabilize in the atmosphere?
The top of the Troposphere
What physiological issue does Boyle's Law apply to?
Trapped Gas
True or False: Pilots should treat hyperventilation exactly the same as hypoxia.
True
True or False: a lack of nutrition may affect an individual's effective performance time.
True
True or False: human respiration can be voluntary controlled?
True
True or False: hypoxia may affect higher cognitive function at altitudes as low as 5,000 ft.
True
True or False: the effects of medications may exacerbate the effects of hypoxia at altitude
True
True or False: the subjective symptoms of hyperventilation are similar to hypoxia.
True
What is the basic definition of respiration?
exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment
