AVIT 309 Block 1 Study Guide

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What are the four phases of respiration?

1. Ventilation 2. Respiration 3. Transportation 4. Utilization

What altitudes apply to the Physiological Deficient Zone?

10,000 - 50,000

To what altitude can humans fully physiologically acclimate?

10,000 ft

What is the first step one should take in treating hypoxia of any type?

100% Oxygen

How many breaths-per-minute does the average human maintain?

12-20

What is the partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen at SL?

159 mmHg

How long does a human take to fully physiologically acclimate to a given altitude?

18.4 days per mile of altitude

How much does temperature decrease per 1,000 feet as we ascend into the atmosphere?

3.5 degrees F

According to NASA's studies on loss of control inflight (LOC-I) accidents, what percentage occurred from the aircrew's "inappropriate response or interaction with aircraft equipment?

46%

Where does the Space Equivalent Zone Begin?

50,000 ft

According to FAA experts, what percentage of aviation accidents are caused by human influence?

60-80%

When the US military first invested time and resources into aviation training, what number of pilots died from "pilot error" out of the first 100 fatalities?

90

What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood stream called?

Alveoli

Where is atmospheric pressure the densest?

Below 10,000 ft

Below what oxygen saturation level does collapse normally occur at?

Below 60%

Proper oxygenation of what cell(s) is the respiration process are most important for aviators?

Brain Cells/neurons

The primary control for respiration in humans is regulated by what gas?

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

What is the primary gas chemically controlling human breathing rate?

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

What is the first human function lost to hypoxia?

Cognition

What type of pilot response is best used in extreme-stress events?

Conditioned or muscle-memory

What typically causes hyperventilation in pilots?

Emotions

What physiological issue does Henry's Law apply to?

Evolved Gas

True or False: Effective Performance Times are guaranteed times a pilot can depend on to maintain consciousness at a given altitude.

False

True or False: the loss of Oxygen occurring from breathing too fast causes hyperventilation.

False - it is the loss of Carbon Dioxide

What do oxygen molecules bind to in the transport process?

Hemoglobin

Alcohol is an example of which type of hypoxia?

Histotoxic

Which type of hypoxia is caused by carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning?

Hypemic

What physiological issue does Dalton's Law apply to?

Hypoxia

Which type of hypoxia relates to altitude?

Hypoxic

What are the four types of hypoxia?

Hypoxic, Hypemic, Histotoxic, Stagnant

What is the most dangerous characteristic of hypoxia?

Insidious Onset

What three steps should be taken during a lithium ion battery thermal runaway event?

Isolate, Extinguish, Cool

Is it always possible to descend to 10,000 feet in emergencies?

No

What is percentage of oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere?

O2 - 21% N2 - 78%

Hypercapnia is caused by low amounts of what gas in the bloodstream?

Oxygen

The secondary control for respiration in humans is regulated by what gas?

Oxygen (O2)

What is the secondary gas chemically controlling breathing rate?

Oxygen (O2)

What four elements needs to be maintained in humans for homeostasis with your environment?

Oxygen, nutrition, rest, hydration

What physiological issue does Charles' Law apply to?

Pressure Gauge Fluctuation

What cell is responsible to transport oxygen in the cardiovascular system?

Red Blood Cells

What physiological issue does Graham's Law apply to?

Respiration

What civilian aviation safety organization was the first, and when were they established?

Royal Aeronautical Society in 1866

What altitudes apply to the Zone of Physiologic Efficiency?

SL - 10,000

Hyperventilation may cause what type of hypoxia?

Stagnant

What form of hypoxia is produced by hyperventilation?

Stagnant

Where does temperature stabilize in the atmosphere?

The top of the Troposphere

What physiological issue does Boyle's Law apply to?

Trapped Gas

True or False: Pilots should treat hyperventilation exactly the same as hypoxia.

True

True or False: a lack of nutrition may affect an individual's effective performance time.

True

True or False: human respiration can be voluntary controlled?

True

True or False: hypoxia may affect higher cognitive function at altitudes as low as 5,000 ft.

True

True or False: the effects of medications may exacerbate the effects of hypoxia at altitude

True

True or False: the subjective symptoms of hyperventilation are similar to hypoxia.

True

What is the basic definition of respiration?

exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment


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