Chapter 41-Species Interactions Mastering Biology HW

The competition between the species for roosting areas is an example of a ___________ interaction.

-/-

Which of these is a starting point for primary succession?

-a surface exposed by a retreating glacier -Such a surface lacks any life and is thus a starting point for primary succession.

An earthworm that feeds on the remains of plants and animals is acting as a _____.

-detritivore -The earthworm is feeding on the remains of dead organisms.

Humans and sharks both eat fish. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the human and the shark?

competition

In parts of the city with only tall buildings (over two stories), ____________ of species 1 may occur.

competitive exclusion

Schooling/flocking

flock of snow geese

Which one of the following statements about prescribed burns is true?

Some species of pine trees require fire to reproduce.

In both graphs, time is the independent variable and is shown on the _______. Fish population size is the dependent variable and is shown on the _______.

x axis y axis

Mimicry

-hornet moth (harmless) resembles paper, wasp (venomous) -viceroy and monarch butterflies (both unpalatable) look alike

Chemical defense

-jimsonweed toxins -skunk scent

Consumption of which prey makes the elf owl a tertiary consumer? Select all that apply.

-praying mantis -The praying mantis eats ants, which are primary consumers, making the praying mantis a secondary consumer. When the elf owl eats a praying mantis, the owl is a tertiary consumer.

A cow eating grass is an example of a _____.

-primary consumer -By feeding on a producer, the cow is acting as a primary consumer.

In an ecosystem, phytoplankton are _____.

-producers -Autotrophs, such as phytoplankton, are producers.

Mechanical defense

-rosebush thorns -snails have shells -sea urchin spines

When a human eats a steak, the human is acting as a _____.

-secondary consumer -By feeding on a primary consumer, the human is acting as a secondary consumer.

A human who just ate a hamburger is eaten by a shark while swimming. The shark is acting as a _____.

-tertiary consumer -The shark that ate the human that ate the cow that ate the grass is the tertiary consumer.

In which period did the number of species increase most rapidly?

0 to 20 years

In which year was the density of birds greatest?

105

After 20 years, what was the total number of bird species?

14

Assume that a new parasite that infests blue crabs is introduced into the Hudson River, decimating blue crab populations. Look at the structure of this simplified open-water food web, then drag the labels to predict how the population of each organism would be affected.

All decrease except for zebra mussel which increases.

The climax, or final stage, of old-field succession is an oak-hickory forest, which is usually well established after 160 years. What happens to the diversity of bird species after 160 years?

The answer cannot be determined from this graph.

Which of the following choices would be the most logical third step in Connell's experimental procedure, permitting him to either accept or reject his hypothesis of competitive exclusion?

The experimental group: The half of each rock that contained both Balanus and Chthamalus was the experimental group. The experimental group tests to see if the presence of Balanus in some manner prevents Chthamalus from growing.

Which of the following statements best describes the bird populations during the period from 100 to 160 years?

The number of species slowly increased, while the number of breeding pairs reached a peak and then slowly declined.

Drag the images of the left half of the rock (white) and right half of the rock (blue) to indicate which barnacle species (if any) would be present at the end of the summer if niche differentiation had occurred between Chthamalus and Balanus.

a) Balanus only. b) No barnacles. -Only Balanus would survive in the lower intertidal zone, and only Chthamalus would survive in the upper intertidal zone.

In the following diagram, label the fundamental and realized niches for Chthamalus. Note that one target should be left blank.

a) Chthamalus' realized niche b) Chthamalus' fundamental niche c) blank

+/0 interaction

a) commensalism b) one species benefits: the other is unaffected c) epiphytic orchids and trees

+/+ interaction

a) mutualism b) both species benefit c) bees and flowers

+/- interaction

a) parasitism b) one species benefits by harming another c) hookworms and humans

Camouflage

an octopus assumes the color the color and texture of the seafloor

The line in each graph shows the trend exhibited by the data ______ zebra mussels invaded the Hudson River .

before

In a grassy pine savannah, a longer interval between prescribed burns typically leads to _____.

bigger woody species

The changes in the eyes of species 1 are examples of ___________.

character displacement

An egret eats insects stirred up by grazing animals. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the egret and the grazing animal?

commensalism In commensalism, one member of the species pair benefits and the other is unaffected; in this case the egret is getting a meal and the grazing animals are unaffected.

In communities where zebra mussels had invaded, populations of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and invertebrates in the open water ___________.

decreased

After zebra mussels invaded, American shad populations ________, and tesselated darter populations ________.

decreased increased

In most ecological communities, plants are the first level of the trophic structure, known as producers. What do plants produce that supports the higher trophic levels of the community?

energy-containing food molecules

Roosting areas in buildings of any height are the ________________ of species 1.

fundamental niche

In communities where zebra mussels had invaded, populations of bottom-dwelling invertebrates in the littoral zone ___________.

increased

What factor is most likely to have caused the change in the number of bird species that occurred between years 30 and 60?

increasing number of bird habitats

_______________ between the two bat species occurs because both species prefer the same roosting areas.

interspecific competition

Which of the following is a result of the prescribed burning of an open and grassy pine savannah?

less-intense natural wildfires

Following a zebra mussel invasion, populations of fish species in the _________ will increase in number and in growth rate.

littoral zone

In Graph 1, the larval populations of American shad are measured in ________. In Graph 2, the juvenile populations of tessellated darters are measured in __________.

millions thousands

Humans who have pets tend to be healthier than humans who do not have pets. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between a human and a pet?

mutualism In mutualism, both members of the species pair benefit; in this case the human is healthier and the pet is getting room and board.

What does the left y-axis of the graph represent?

number of breeding pairs per 100 acres

What does the blue graph line represent?

number of species

Following a zebra mussel invasion, populations of fish species in the _________ will decrease in number and in growth rate.

open water

Zebra mussels negatively affect fish that feed on plankton in the _____________, but they positively affect fish that feed on invertebrates in the ___.

open water, littoral zone

Which of these terms applies to the relationship between a dog and a blood-sucking tick?

parasitism

A human eats a deer. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the human and the deer?

predation

In an open and grassy pine savannah, fires _____.

prevent the development of a hardwood forest

Roosting areas in buildings that are one to two stories tall are the _____________ of species 1 when species 2 is present.

realized niche

What component of weather is watched most closely when determining when to conduct a prescribed burn?

relative humidity

The change in the roosting habits of species 1 after species 2 became established in the city is an example of ______________________.

resource partitioning

One member of the Sonoran desert food web not shown in the diagram is the roadrunner, a bird with a varied diet that includes the collared lizard, grasshopper, and praying mantis. Which trophic level(s) does the roadrunner occupy? Select all that apply.

secondary consumer tertiary consumer The grasshopper is a primary consumer, so when the roadrunner eats a grasshopper, it is a secondary consumer. Both the praying mantis and the collared lizard are secondary consumers. When the roadrunner eats these animals, it is a tertiary consumer.

These data ________ the hypothesis that zebra mussels negatively affect fish in the open water and positively affect fish in the littoral zone.

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