Chapter 11 Answers
In the new culture of self-improvement that characterized the 1830s, what did reformers believe was the key to individual success?
Hard work, industriousness, and frugality.
The Missouri Compromise was a devastating defeat for
James Monroe
William Lloyd Garrison was
The advocate of "immediatism."
What about Joseph Smith's teachings most offended others?
The doctrine of plural marriage.
Labor organizer Seth Luther characterized society as a struggle between
The producers and the rich.
What group provided the "backbone" of the Benevolent Empire?
Women volunteers.
Compared to the Pennsylvania model of prisoner rehabilitation, Sing Sing prison in New York
Allowed prisoners to work communally
How did advocates of the Benevolent Empire attempt to perfect society?
By personal contact, testimony, and exhortation.
How were children of the wealthy usually educated prior to the Civil War?
By private tutors.
A series of sermons by the Reverend Lyman Beecher in 1825
Changed the debate on temperance from a health issue to a spiritual issue.
What was a notable trend among master craftsmen in America by the 1830s?
Distribution of production to outworkers.
When nonviolent means did not work, American abolitionists
Encountered violent opposition to their activities.
The Liberty Party
Fielded its first candidate in 1840.
How did Charles G. Finney's teachings differ from traditional Calvinist beliefs?
Finney emphasized human agency.
After the death of Joseph Smith in 1844, most Latter-Day Saints
Followed Brigham Young to Utah.
The Liberty Party was replaced by the ___ in 1848.
Free Soil Party
Written in 1829, "An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World," by David Walker called for
Free and slave blacks using violence if necessary to abolish slavery.
Who were the primary targets of the American nativist movement?
Irish Catholics.
The French observer Alexis de Tocqueville observed that Americans
Loved to organize.
What was the most successful association of workers in the 1830s?
National Trades' Union.
What changes occurred in urban development by the 1830s?
Neighborhoods stratified by class.
What is meant by the term "Benevolent Empire"?
People, as God's agents, should care for other people.
What did Seth Luther mean by the term "middle class"?
Persons whose jobs required mental rather than physical labor.
George Rapp's community of Harmony was taken over by
Robert Owen for a socialist experiment.
Catharine Sedgwick's novel The Poor Rich Man and the Rich Poor Man
Romanticized urban poverty and suggested that "true wealth" lay within the reach of everyone.
What was the most prevalent trend in internal migration in America in the 1830s and 1840s?
Rural people moving to cities.
Reformers refocused their attention in the 1830s on what social needs?
Self-control and external restraint.
Where did women gather in 1848 to pass their Declaration of Sentiments, a kind of declaration of independence from male domination?
Seneca Falls, New York.
The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
Sent missionaries to China, Africa, and Asia
George Rapp, who also thought the Second Coming of Christ was imminent, believed
That members should amass material wealth to place at Christ's disposal.
What did free black leaders think were the true motives of the American Colonization Society's effort to repatriate blacks in Africa?
That they were mostly interested in getting rid of free blacks.
The philosophy of self-culture brought what social movement to prominence?
The lyceum movement, which featured lectures on various subjects.
By 1830, American workers had seen
The results of wage dependency.
What type of individual typified the "New Middle Class"?
The self-made man.
What was the largest and longest tenured reform proposal aimed at improving individuals in society?
The temperance movement.
What most distinguished Irish immigrants from general American society?
Their Catholic religion.
The American Anti-Slavery Society increased membership because
They traveled across the northern states speaking out about abolishing slavery.
Why did separatist communities withdraw from daily contact with the outside world?
To create a more perfect society here on earth.
What was the primary purpose of the American Bible Society?
To distribute Bibles in cities and frontier settlements.
Why did some Americans withdraw into covenanted communities?
To prepare for the end of days
For what purpose did the Rev. Ezra Stiles Ely establish the Society for Supporting the Gospel?
To work with indigents in urban shelters.
Most internal migrants
Traveled hundreds of miles to escape debtors or law enforcement.
Advanced education at the college level in the antebellum period
Was available only for males.
How did most eastern middle-class Americans regard the western migration of many Americans?
With alarm, fearing the departure of ambitious citizens.
How did the New Middle Class regard gender assignments in society?
Women were gentler and therefore best suited to remain at home.
The organization of new political groups such as the Working Men's Party provides evidence that
Workers lacked confidence in existing parties.
Women were particularly drawn to Shakerism because
of a belief in the spiritual equality of women and men.
The Female Moral Reform Society
tried to reclaim women from prostitution
The message of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions was
A combination of Christianity and American political and social values
The New England Artisan was
A newspaper published by Seth Luther