Psych Final Review

The subfield in which psychological disorders are studied is generally known as _____ psychology.

abnormal

With respect to amnesia antero is to retro as ____ is to _____

after,before

Which sequence CORRECTLY orders the stages of the general adaptation syndrome, from first to last?

alarm > resistance > exhaustion

A rule that guarantees the solution to a problem when it is correctly applied is called a(n):

algorithm

What disorder is characterized by extreme apprehension and debilitating fears?

anxiety disorder

What is an individual's potential to learn called?

aptitude

Dramatic mood swings are characteristic of a condition known as _____ disorder.

bipolar

A test that does NOT discriminate against the members of any minority group is termed a _____ test.

culture-fair

Which sequence best reflects the order of which memory processes information from first to last?

encoding, storage, retrieval

The term _____ refers to the causes of psychological disorders

etiology

Working memory is MOST nearly analogous to a:

file on a computer hard drive that is under process.

What type of thinking is used to to answer the question "How many uses can you think of to use a brick?"

divergent

Daily exercise is positively associated with:

elevated mood, and good physical health

An intelligence test is standardized to the extent that it

has been normed using samples representative of those for whom the test was designed.

According to the textbook, biofeedback is MOST useful in reducing _____ among ____.

headache and chronic pain

According to Strayer and Watson (March, 2012), compared with drunkenness, talking on a cell phone:

impairs driving to about the same extent.

_____ is defined as a sudden understanding of a problem's solution.

insight

What type of stressor is jealousy identified as?

internal

According to Howard Gardner, _____ intelligence refers to the capacity to discern and respond appropriately to the moods, temperaments, motivations, and desires of other people.

interpersonal

Kyana is an excellent salesperson because she can usually find a way of connecting with a potential client. Based on this information, in which kind of intelligence would Gardner expect Kyana to be HIGH?

interpersonal

What type of stress is positively associated with the risk of illness involving inflammation?

Chronic

_____ is Miller's name for grouping pieces of information together into meaningful subsets to expand the capacity of short-term memory.nd retrieves information for later use.

Chunking

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is sometimes diagnosed alongside substance use disorder in the same individual. This is an example of:

Comorbidity

_____ refers to the occurrence of two or more psychological disorders at the same time.

Comorbidity

What is the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral abilities used to manage a challenge or threat?

Coping

Name Gardner's 7 Intelligences.

interpersonal, intrapersonal, bodily kinesthetic, musical, linguistic, spatial, & logic-mathematical (existential and naturalistic)

_____ is associated with a theory of intelligence proposing seven or more distinct forms of intelligence

Gardner

Rhonda is constantly worried about many aspects of her life. She experiences muscle tension and has trouble sleeping. She shows signs of:

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

The linguistic relativity hypothesis states that:

language influences thought

What type of memory dissolves in less than a second?

Iconic memory

Memories of which a person is not consciously aware are called _____ memories.

Implicit

This morning, Barb must not only finish a research paper due this afternoon but also prepare a presentation for her evening class tonight. Today's short-term stressors should _____ the number of NK cells, thereby _____ immune system functioning.

Increase, enhancing

In the context of the diversity of human intelligence, identify a TRUE statement about intellectual disability.

It is evident before age 18

Compared with the health benefits of exercising and not smoking, the health benefits of social support are:

Just as significant

Insanity is a _____ term.

legal

Holmes and Rahe were among the first to propose a link between:

life events and stress

Carrie has had trouble sleeping for the past two weeks. She has no energy and feels blue. Carrie may be suffering from:

MAJOR depressive disorder

Holmes and Rahe's Social Readjustment Rating Scale measures:

Major life events

Eustress is to distress as _____ is to _____.

positive, negative

In Sternberg's terms _____ intelligence drives one's ability to adjust to new environments.

practical

_____ amnesia involves an inability to retrieve old memories.

Retroactive

he had no memory whatsoever of his previous life in Greensboro, North Carolina. Omar's amnesia is BEST described as:

Retrograde

Which stage in the information-processing model of memory comes FIRST?

Sensory memory

When people are asked which is more common, death by homicide or death by stroke, they often choose homicide because they hear about more murders than they do about strokes. In this instance, people are led astray in their judgments by:

The availability heuristic

Nigel often cites newspaper editorials favoring the presidential candidate he supports and ignores editorials critical of the candidate. Nigel appears prone to:

The confirmation bias

Which statement is TRUE of psychological disorders?

Their symptoms are not typical in the general population

Which word BEST captures the meaning of the term "heuristic," as cognitive psychologists use it?

strategy

Stimulus is to response as _____ is to _____.

stressor, stress

When a threatening situation occurs, the _____ nervous system becomes active. When the threat is over, the _____ nervous system becomes active.

sympathetic, parasympathetic

Define dysfunction:

the extent a behavior interferes with daily life and relationships

The first version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disorders was published in:

1952

In any given year, just over _____% of Americans are diagnosed with a psychological disorder.

26

According to the National Institute on Aging (2013), Alzheimer's disease affects as many as _____ million Americans.

5

Aplysia is:

A sea slug

During David Rosenhan's study, in which several colleagues were admitted into mental hospitals, the authors reported that _____ were the most likely to detect that the "pseudopatients" were not actually suffering from mental illness.

Actual mental patients

Psychologists first learned about the hippocampus's involvement in memory through the detailed study of a single individual with brain damage, namely Henry Molaison (H.M.). H.M. suffered from:

Anterograde amnesia

In any given year, the most common type of psychological disorder diagnosed is:

Anxiety disorder

Cecile has been invited to two parties on the same evening. She'd like to attend both, but she'll probably only have time for one. Cecile has a(n) _____ conflict.

Approach-approach

What is a conflict involving a situation with attractive and unattractive features?

Approach-avoidance

When one faces a situation with both attractive and unattractive characteristics, one is facing a(n) _____ conflict.

Approach-avoidance

Who devised the first intelligence test?

Binet

The textbook describes the case of Henry Molaison, also known as H.M. After brain surgery, H.M. suffered severe anterograde amnesia. This means that H.M. had difficulty

Creating new long-term memories

In the psychology of stress and health, the minor irritants or problems people deal with on a regular basis are called:

Daily hassles

Jerome cannot open his term paper on his computer because the file has become corrupt. Kaci cannot find her term paper on her computer because of all the other documents she has stored on the hard drive. Jerome's failure to retrieve his paper is analogous to memory _____, whereas Kaci's failure better resembles _____.

Decay, retroactive interference

Formal concepts are:

Defined by specific rules

The phenomenon of _____ imagery is fairly similar to what people commonly call "photographic memory."

Eidetic

Sarah witnessed a hit and run and immediately called 911 from her cell phone. She provided almost all the details regarding the vehicle that caused the accident, except the license plate number, because she did not pay enough attention to it. Sarah's failure to provide the license plate number is MOST likely due to _____ failure.

Encoding

How do the proportions of the population compare that are identified as intellectually disabled or as gifted?

Equal proportions of the population are identified as belonging in these two groups of intellectual abilities.

Maya owes $20,000 on her credit cards, her adjustable mortgage rate has just gone up, and she has been out of work for 3 months. Her husband of 15 years came home today to tell her he was having an affair and wants a divorce. With that news, she collapsed and had to be taken to the emergency room. According to Hans Selye, Maya is in which stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

Exhaustion

Janna is puzzling over a fill-in-the-blank question on a sociology test. Answering the question correctly requires Janna to use her _____ memory.

Explicit

Individuals who believe their fate reflects chance or outside forces display an:

External Locus of Control

Who is associated with the notion of an innate language acquisition device?

Noam Chansky

Emotional intelligence is positively associated with:

Occupational success

When people suffer from _____, they often feel intense fear that something horrible is about to happen. The feeling of fear is accompanied by symptoms such as heart palpitations, chest pain, shortness of breath, and dizziness.

Panic disorder

What helps individuals categorize or identify specific members of concept?

Prototypes

_____ help individuals categorize or identify specific members of a concept.

Prototypes

Michelle is supposed to stop by the store on the way home. The roommate continues to list a few more items. Finally, he wraps with, "Coffee creamer, spaghetti sauce, dish soap, and iced tea mix." Michelle forgets a few things, but the spaghetti sauce, dish soap, and iced tea mix are in the bag. Her memory for these items reflects the _____ effect.

Recency

An acronym helps recall because it is easier to remember an acronym than a long string of information. Thus, acronyms help circumvent the capacity limitations of _____ memory.

Short-term

Who is associate with the notion of creative intelligence?

Sternberg

Stress has been linked to the suppression of both _____ and _____ in the immune system.

T lymphocytes, NK cells

Joanne will not go out at night because she hears from her local news station about the large number of muggings and robberies that occur in her city. However, crime in Joanne's city has actually gone down in the past few years. To which bias is Joanne falling victim?

The availability heuristic

When one tries to solve a problem by using a variety of strategies and eliminating those that do not work, one is using:

Trial and error

People with _____ personality are generally competitive, impatient, and verbally aggressive.

Type A

Donald takes 15-minute lunch breaks, goes to the bathroom only when he absolutely must, has to have his cell phone with him at all times, and puts in 14-hour days at the office. Donald is likely a(n):

Type A Personality

Insecure, negative, and anxious personality traits are characteristic of which personality style?

Type D

The central executive is a component of _______________memory.

Working

Which item is a natural concept?

a couch

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) MOST often results from:

cataclysmic events

Obtaining, converting, and using knowledge is called:

cognition

What is the cognitive process of choosing from alternatives that might be used to reach a goal?

decision making

Individuals with antisocial personality disorder tend to break the law and violate others' rights. Because these behaviors fall outside society's standards and rules, they reflect the _____ often associated with psychological abnormality.

deviance

Which factor is NOT one of the "three Ds" of psychological disorders mentioned in the textbook?

disability

Dr. Chapman believes that major depression is best treated through the prescription of drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin in the brain. Dr. Chapman appears to endorse the _____ model of the etiology of psychological disorders.

medical

Specific neurotransmitters are being implicated in an increasing amount of psychological disorders. This fact most directly affirms the _____ perspective on abnormality.

medical

Specific neurotransmitters are being implicated in an increasing number of psychological disorders. This fact most directly affirms the _____ perspective on abnormality.

medical

Psychologists use the word _____ to refer to the processes whereby the brain collects, stores, and retrieves information for later use

memory

When one tries to solve a problem, one brings to the situation all sorts of assumptions, habits of mind, pre-existing knowledge and expectations making up one's usual problem solving strategy, known as:

mental set

Which Feature of Alzheimer's disease is CORRECTLY described?

neurofibrillary tangles - result from twisted protein fibers inside brain cells

In the context of problem solving in psychology, Newell, Shaw, and Simon (1958) developed an information-processing model that suggests that:

problem solving proceeds from an initial state to a goal state.

Faced with overlapping, unrealistic deadlines at work, Ira recruits his friends to perform some of the routine clerical tasks associated with the projects. Ira is engaged in:

problem-focused coping

"Negative reinforcement contributes to the maintenance of not only phobias but also obsessive-compulsive disorder." This statement BEST reflects a _____ perspective on psychological disorders.

psychological

Major depressive disorder is a set of distressing, disabling cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms. Major depressive disorder is a _____ disorder.

psychological

People's ability to recall an item from a list depends on where on the list the item occurs. This is known as the ____ effect.

serial position effect

A _____ is a negative attitude about groups of people based on certain shared traits or characteristics.

stigma

The primary purpose of the DSM-5 is to provide:

the signs and symptoms of disorders

According to PET scans, researchers have found that ____ can be activated by mental imagery.

the visual cortex

One of Ebbinghaus' key findings was that

there is a steep forgetting curve.