psych midterm

Phineas Gage

-case study -physically fine, mentally not -brain linked to certain behaviors -he injured his frontal lobe when the rod went through his brain

mental construct

-cognition -shema- cluster/framework --mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts; method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently

fields of psychology

-cognitive psych-- thinking, thoughts, no patients, no practice, memory -developmental psych- age, change over time, lifespan -social psych-- learning about people and interacting -personality psych- traits -clinical and counseling-- see patients, disorders

operant conditioning

-consequences -punishment --discourage behavior -reinforcement --encourage behavior

confounding variable

-effects the cause and effect relationship - Uncontrolled variables that occur in the experiment and effect the results

Cognition

-emotion/memories influence behavior; past experiences and feelings that day affect intelligence -fluid (solving new problems) and crystallized (prior knowledge) intelligence -process: senses (filtering)--> emotions/prior knowledge---> thoughts and assumptions

placebo effect

-expecting something so you actually feel difference; people's expectations guide why they experience results

behaviorism schedules

-fixed interval- set reward for set time -fixed ratio- set reward for set responses -variable interval- reward for random time -variable ratio- reward for random response (slot machines)

circadian rythmns

-human's biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours -our bodies biological clocks

epigentics

-interaction between genetics and environment

Bobo Doll Experiment

-kids punching Dolls - kids likely to punch when they see the teacher didn't get punished

unethical experiments

-little Albert- psychological harm -Syphilis experiment- long-term effects of Syphilis, poor Black community, not informed about treatment leading to death -know ethics codes --informed consent, freedom to withdraw, protection from harm and discomfort, confidentiality, debriefing

sleep hygiene

-not being on our phone, dark room, cold room, comfortable bed, only sleep in bed

functional fixedness

-not thinking outside the box; not seeing it outside normal use

classical conditioning

-paring, learning by association -Unconditioned Stimulus- a stimulus that elicits a response that is innate and does not require any prior learning -Unconditioned response- a response that does an unlearned behavior or reaction, such as a reflex -Conditioned stimulus- a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place -Conditioned response- a response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been learned -Neutral stimulus- stimulus is neutral doesn't elicit a response

correlation

-relationship between two variables -correlation does not equal causation

psychology

-scientific study of the mind --Scientific: based on observation --Mind: subjective experiences such as sensations, thoughts, emotions --Behaviors: anything that can be observed and measured systemically

vicarious punishment/reinforcement

-see someone else getting punished/reinforced changes you -ex. someone gets phone taken away in class, you put your phone away

humanism

-seeing good in people; empathy; hippie thinking -Humanism advocated for seeing the "good" in people, having personal control - Client centered therapy came of this - where therapists really listened to the client and the client was empowered to stimulate their own change

Shaping

-shaping behavior w/ reinforcement/punishment -breaking down behaviors into smaller chunks to master a more complex behavior

intelligence

-the ability to use knowledge to: reason, make decisions, make sense of events, solve problems, understand complex ideas, learn quickly, adapt to environment challenges

research methods

- Case studies- one or few participants; usually done on a rare phenomenon -- Pros: can get in depth info, opportunity for new discoveries to start research --Cons: rare, one case, hard to generalize -Naturalistic observations- observe behavior in natural context -- Pros- get to see people naturally without any manipulation -- Cons- people change their behavior when being watched -Surveys- lists of questions that are answered by participants; self-reports -- Pros: answers and collects data with just asking; easy -- Cons- people lie, need to generate the right kind of questions, be careful of suggestion -Archival- gain data without using participants; use records, documents --Pros- no consent needed, can access large amount of data --cons- can't control questions and scenarios - longitudinal- studies participants over a long period of time -- pros- lots of data gathered -- cons- attrition (drop outs), takes a long time, expensive - Double blind- both groups are unaware -- Researchers and participants

Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction?

-.55

Freud

-Psychoanalysis -Dream Analysis -Freudian Slips- sexually driven -Unconscious Mind --NOT REWARDS AND PUNISHMENTS

biopsychology

-action potential- electrical signal moving along -sympathetic nervous system --hyped up (Panic Attack, Adrenaline) --pupil dilation, increased heart rate -parasympathetic nervous system --calms us down --return to homeostatsis

Multiple Intelligence theory

-bodily kinesthetic, spatial, logical, mathematical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, musical

independent and dependent variable

Independent- the variable the experimenter manipulates to examine its impact on the dependent variable Dependent variable- the variable that is affected by the manipulation of the independent variable

________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.

action potential

ethics

considered in designing and running experiment

The expression of genes that are influenced by the environment is called__________.

epigenetics

william wundt

first psychologist

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

functional fixedness

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.

hindsight bias

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter.

independent variable

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

interpersonal

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

correlation meaning

o 1 is strongest, .7-.9 strong, .4-.6 medium, .3-.1 weak, 0 no correlation

The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________.

one standard deviation above the mean

A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest.

operational definition

sleep disorders

parasomnia- a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep sleepwalking- sleepers engage in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile REM Sleep Behavior Disorder- RBD occurs when muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur narcolepsy- falling asleep at inopportune times

The ________ nervous system is responsible for bringing back homeostasis to the body and helping the body recover from a panic attack.

parasympathetic

Which of the following was an ethical violation of the Little Albert study? lack of informed consent from participant(s) participant(s) wanted to withdraw but could not psychological harm was done to participant(s) Participant(s) were deceived

psychological harm was done to participant(s)

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

punishment

In the memory horoscope experiment done in class, which of the following was a confounding variable?

the researchers basis that the more likeable horoscope group would perform better

Homeostasis can be defined as the tendency for bodily functions to remain in equilibrium. True False

true

Maddie is interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet and salty foods in toddlers. She assigns groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and records their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group

type of play; no play

cognitive psych

underlies behavior and how it became big

The D.A.R.E. program is an example of ________.

why empirical research is needed

The space between two neurons is called the ________.

synapse

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.

sympathetic

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury? Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors. Injury to the frontal lobe does not affect behavior. Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, but specific brain areas are not linked to specific behaviors. The theory of phrenology was proven to contribute to changes in personality.

Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

IRB

Institutional Review Board

________ (IRB) reviews research that is conducted using human participants.

Institutional review Board

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.

John Watson

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

pavlon

classical conditioning -CS paired with US

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

communication between the left and right brain

The ________ variable measures effects of the independent variable.

dependent

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent

discrimination

Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who ________.

divided intelligence into two components

Which of the following health concerns is not influenced by the environment? cancer schizophernia autism down syndrome

down syndrome

Walter struggles to write legibly and has a difficult time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have?

dysgraphia

semantics

language, meaning of words

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. Which of the following research designs captures the study best?

longitudinal

behaviorism

made psych a science-- behaviors can be measured and seen -focus was on measuring observable behavior rather than what you could not see

What impact did the case study on Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________.

mastery of the grammatical aspects of language

Schemata are a(an) ________.

method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning? a. rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily b. determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing c. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long it takes him to estimate the size of a room d. pairing a puff of air to the eye with seeing the color red in order to find out how many repetitions it will take for someone to blink when he sees the color red

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

Kayla meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.

role

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

semantics

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________.

studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes