Psych of everyday life EXAM 2
When people say it is more important to encourage boys than girls in athletics, they are engaging in
"Old-fashioned" discrimination
Health risks after quitting smoking decline until they reach a normal level after about
15 years
In Milgram's study, what percentage of the participants fully obeyed the experimenter and administered the maximum level of shock?
65%
George has decided to seek medical treatment for a sore knee that has remained for three days. His decision involves
All of these
Which of the following is NOT true of self-esteem according to the research?
All of these are true according to research
Which of the following is good advice for minimizing the risk of developing AIDS?
All of these statements constitute good advice
In general, prejudice is ______ and discrimination is ______.
An attitude; a behavior
Which of the following is known to be the principal cause of coronary heart disease?
Atherosclerosis
Ted's mother wears a t-shirt that says "Because I'm your mom, that's why!" She is usually critical of her son and his friends, and only rarely allows him to give his opinion in family decision-making. Ted's mom is exhibiting the traits associated with the __________ parenting style.
Authoritarian
Driving a car to work in normal traffic conditions is an example of a cognitive task that is done mainly by
Automatic processing
Research supports the theory that a shift from ______ to ______ can reduce stereotyping and prejudice
Automatic processing; controlled processing
Categorizing others by ethnicity, gender, age or religion is used to
Avoid expending cognitive effort to form a more accurate impression
Which of the following is an example of an external-unstable factor in attribution?
Bad luck
Researchers think that the reason the foot-in-the-door technique is effective is that people have a tendency to
Behave consistently
Which of the following is NOT a coping technique used to deal with self-discrepancies?
Being more optimistic about your actual abilities
Researchers have found that in terms of their weight, adult adoptees tend to resemble their______ more than their ______.
Biological parents; adoptive parents
The use of sedatives may result in personal injury because they
Cause motor coordination to deteriorate
The greatest threat to health in our society today is posed by
Chronic Diseases
Which of the following drugs is considered a stimulant?
Cocaine
Which of the following is NOT a source of self-efficacy?
Comparing one's self to others who are less fortunate
You make a new acquaintance at a football game, and you ask him only questions about sports and athletics. This is an example of probable
Confirmation bias
According to E. Tory Higgins, a discrepancy between the actual self and the ideal self is most likely to trigger which of the following emotions?
Dejection
Which of the following is least likely to be a consequence of playing the "sick role"?
Delayed professional control
Research suggests that people who attribute their failures to internal causes while discounting external causes may be more prone to ______ than people who display opposite tendencies.
Depression
The ______ technique involves making a large request that will probably be refused to increase the chances of being granted a smaller request later.
Door-in-the-face
An individual who recently had preventive bypass surgery might think, "At least I didn't have a serious heart attack like my older brother did." This thinking exemplifies the strategy known as
Downward Social Comparison
The tendency to use similar causal explanations for a wide variety of events in one's life is known as
Explanatory Style
If you think that someone's behavior was caused by situational factors, you're making a(n)
External attribution
Use of which of the following groups of drugs is most likely to result in distortions in sensory and perceptual experience?
Hallucinogens
_______________ psychology is the area concerned with how psychosocial factors relate to the promotion and maintenance of health.
Health
Jerry is very careful to dress for events in a manner that fits the style of those with whom he will be socializing, and he spends a great deal of time familiarizing himself with the interests of his companions. Jerry would best be classified as a
High self monitor
Which component of Type A behavior seems to be most responsible for the increased rate of heart attacks?
Hostility
High caffeine consumption is likely to elevate one's risk for
Hypertension
______ involves putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships.
Individualism
People who look to others to know which fork to use at a seven-course dinner are conforming through
Informational influence
Who of the following does NOT provide an illustration of self-enhancement?
June prefers to be with partners who hold a similar view of her as she does of herself.
Shakira decides to buy a new car after seeing a good deal advertised on television. Now she's committed to buying the car, but the dealer tells her about a number of hidden costs that will be added on. Shakira is a victim of the
Lowball technique
Drugs from which of the following groups carry the greatest risk of overdose?
Narcotics
Mike served in the Army for four years and now is especially prone to follow direct orders from authority figures. Mike shows a high degree of
Obedience
The results of Milgram's study imply that
Obedience to authority was even more common than he anticipated
Which of the following would be considered an example of an internal-stable factor in attribution?
One's ability for the task in question
In Milgram's studies of obedience, participants were
Ordered to deliver "painful electric shocks" to a stranger
If you are feeling anxious because you know that you should have visited your sick great aunt in the convalescent home over the holidays, you are experiencing a discrepancy between your actual self and your _________ self.
Ought
Persuasion is most likely to be successful when the source of the persuasive communication is
Perceived as trustworthy
In explaining the causes of behavior, the fundamental attribution error refers to the overestimation of the role of ______ factors.
Personal
Internal attributions ascribe causes of behavior to
Personal dispositions
People who attribute their setbacks to internal, stable, and global factors are exhibiting a(n) ______ explanatory style.
Pessimistic
When a person must continue to take a drug in order to avoid withdrawal illness, the person has developed
Physical dependence
According to your materials, people are motivated to maintain a(n) __________ view of the self.
Positive
When a person must continue to take a drug in order to satisfy an intense emotional and mental craving the person has developed
Psychological Dependence
. The local animal shelter sends you cute return address labels with cuddly kittens on them. They are hoping that you will send a donation based on the effects of
Reciprocity norm
Two potential buyers made appointments to see Theresa's house, which is for sale. Theresa scheduled the appointments so that they would overlap and the two buyers would see each other. Theresa is using which of the following compliance tactics?
Scarcity
Drugs that induce sleep and decrease central nervous system activation are usually classified as
Sedatives
An organized set of beliefs about one's personal qualities and typical behavior constitute one's
Self-concept
A woman who describes herself as "frank and honest" but who, in fact, lies frequently is manifesting her
Self-discrepancy
Self-defeating behaviors include all of the following except
Self-efficacy failure
People assess personal worth through
Self-esteem
Someone who says, "I probably won't do well on the exam because I was up all night with a sick friend," is using the strategy of
Self-handicapping
Presenting yourself in a way that you think will cause others to respect you is most consistent with which of the following self-presentation strategies?
Self-promotion
Weight tends to remain stable as long as there are no long-term factors that influence it. This theory is called
Settling Point
How did Asch induce conformity in his studies involving judgments of line length?
Several accomplices gave incorrect answers before the true participant answered
Individuals' early self-concept is ______ by the feedback they get from their parents.
Shaped Significantly
Which of the following is NOT considered a basic element of the persuasion process?
Signal
Which of the following is NOT considered a common barrier to effective provider-patient communication?
Some providers are reluctant to challenge their patients' subjective interpretation of their own symptoms
______ are widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group.
Stereotypes
Which of the following groups of drugs tends to increase central nervous system activation and behavioral activity?
Stimulants
With the self-presentation strategy of ______, people try to present themselves as weak and dependent in order to get favors from others.
Supplication
Blaming racial minorities for their plight by saying they should be able to "pull themselves up by their own bootstraps" discounts the importance of situational factors. This illustrates
The fundamental attribution error
The process whereby expectations about a person cause the person to behave in ways that confirm the expectations is called
The self-fulfilling prophecy
The important conclusion from Milgram's study of obedience is that
The situation is a stronger indicator of behavior than the kind of person
Which of the following is consistent with the self-serving bias?
The tendency to attribute one's failures to situational factors
Which of the following reactions to a news account of a rape illustrates a defensive attribution on the part of a female?
The victim probably asked for it
People have a tendency to ______ the risk of their own health-impairing habits, and ______ the risks associated with others' self-destructive behaviors.
Underestimate; accurately view
Which of the following is NOT among the consequences of categorizing people according to race, sex, age, sexual orientation, and other characteristics?
We tend to make excuses for the shortcomings we observe in outgroup members
Which of the following are NOT likely to be used when making attributions about someone?
Whenever we meet someone
Physical distress caused by the termination of drug use is called
Withdrawal illness
Which of the following is NOT good advice for devising an exercise program?
You should try to "exercise though" any minor injuries
Most of us have
a number of public selves.
The term "reference group" refers to
a set of people against whom you compare yourself
Baumeister's research suggests that a narcissist who experiences an ego threat is likely to
become aggressive or violent
Substance use in response to feelings of self-discrepancy is an example of a type of coping technique known as
blunting self-awareness
The attribution process refers to the inferences we make about the
causes of behavior
. Your friend Tyra has decided to postpone starting business school for two years in order to help her family operate their small hardware store during her dad's illness. She is exhibiting a characteristic behavior of persons from a(n) _____________ culture.
collectivist
Normative influence operates when people conform to social norms because of
fear of negative social consequences.
___________ provide(s) roughage that facilitates digestion.
fiber
A spontaneous, vivid recurrence of a previous drug-induced experience is called a(n)
flashback
According to Baumrind's parental classification system, authoritative parents display
high acceptance and high control
Conformity occurs when people change their behavior
in response to real or imagined social pressure
Living alone following a cardiac event _____ a person's risk for a subsequent heart attack.
increases
Studies of the immune system in humans have found that stress
is related to decreased levels of immune activity.
Unlike her coworkers, Susan resisted the temptation to overeat at the company retreat potluck. Following the potluck, the coworkers were put into groups and asked to tackle some difficult work-related tasks. The likelihood that Susan would give up more quickly than her coworkers is consistent with
the ego depletion model of self-regulation.
In follow-ups of Asch's studies of conformity, the behavior of participants who responded anonymously implies that
the participants in the earlier studies complied with social pressure without actually changing their private beliefs.
An assessment of a ______________ is most likely to be made using a snap judgment
waiter