Psych of everyday life EXAM 2

When people say it is more important to encourage boys than girls in athletics, they are engaging in

"Old-fashioned" discrimination

Health risks after quitting smoking decline until they reach a normal level after about

15 years

In Milgram's study, what percentage of the participants fully obeyed the experimenter and administered the maximum level of shock?

65%

George has decided to seek medical treatment for a sore knee that has remained for three days. His decision involves

All of these

Which of the following is NOT true of self-esteem according to the research?

All of these are true according to research

Which of the following is good advice for minimizing the risk of developing AIDS?

All of these statements constitute good advice

In general, prejudice is ______ and discrimination is ______.

An attitude; a behavior

Which of the following is known to be the principal cause of coronary heart disease?

Atherosclerosis

Ted's mother wears a t-shirt that says "Because I'm your mom, that's why!" She is usually critical of her son and his friends, and only rarely allows him to give his opinion in family decision-making. Ted's mom is exhibiting the traits associated with the __________ parenting style.

Authoritarian

Driving a car to work in normal traffic conditions is an example of a cognitive task that is done mainly by

Automatic processing

Research supports the theory that a shift from ______ to ______ can reduce stereotyping and prejudice

Automatic processing; controlled processing

Categorizing others by ethnicity, gender, age or religion is used to

Avoid expending cognitive effort to form a more accurate impression

Which of the following is an example of an external-unstable factor in attribution?

Bad luck

Researchers think that the reason the foot-in-the-door technique is effective is that people have a tendency to

Behave consistently

Which of the following is NOT a coping technique used to deal with self-discrepancies?

Being more optimistic about your actual abilities

Researchers have found that in terms of their weight, adult adoptees tend to resemble their______ more than their ______.

Biological parents; adoptive parents

The use of sedatives may result in personal injury because they

Cause motor coordination to deteriorate

The greatest threat to health in our society today is posed by

Chronic Diseases

Which of the following drugs is considered a stimulant?

Cocaine

Which of the following is NOT a source of self-efficacy?

Comparing one's self to others who are less fortunate

You make a new acquaintance at a football game, and you ask him only questions about sports and athletics. This is an example of probable

Confirmation bias

According to E. Tory Higgins, a discrepancy between the actual self and the ideal self is most likely to trigger which of the following emotions?

Dejection

Which of the following is least likely to be a consequence of playing the "sick role"?

Delayed professional control

Research suggests that people who attribute their failures to internal causes while discounting external causes may be more prone to ______ than people who display opposite tendencies.

Depression

The ______ technique involves making a large request that will probably be refused to increase the chances of being granted a smaller request later.

Door-in-the-face

An individual who recently had preventive bypass surgery might think, "At least I didn't have a serious heart attack like my older brother did." This thinking exemplifies the strategy known as

Downward Social Comparison

The tendency to use similar causal explanations for a wide variety of events in one's life is known as

Explanatory Style

If you think that someone's behavior was caused by situational factors, you're making a(n)

External attribution

Use of which of the following groups of drugs is most likely to result in distortions in sensory and perceptual experience?

Hallucinogens

_______________ psychology is the area concerned with how psychosocial factors relate to the promotion and maintenance of health.

Health

Jerry is very careful to dress for events in a manner that fits the style of those with whom he will be socializing, and he spends a great deal of time familiarizing himself with the interests of his companions. Jerry would best be classified as a

High self monitor

Which component of Type A behavior seems to be most responsible for the increased rate of heart attacks?

Hostility

High caffeine consumption is likely to elevate one's risk for

Hypertension

______ involves putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships.

Individualism

People who look to others to know which fork to use at a seven-course dinner are conforming through

Informational influence

Who of the following does NOT provide an illustration of self-enhancement?

June prefers to be with partners who hold a similar view of her as she does of herself.

Shakira decides to buy a new car after seeing a good deal advertised on television. Now she's committed to buying the car, but the dealer tells her about a number of hidden costs that will be added on. Shakira is a victim of the

Lowball technique

Drugs from which of the following groups carry the greatest risk of overdose?

Narcotics

Mike served in the Army for four years and now is especially prone to follow direct orders from authority figures. Mike shows a high degree of

Obedience

The results of Milgram's study imply that

Obedience to authority was even more common than he anticipated

Which of the following would be considered an example of an internal-stable factor in attribution?

One's ability for the task in question

In Milgram's studies of obedience, participants were

Ordered to deliver "painful electric shocks" to a stranger

If you are feeling anxious because you know that you should have visited your sick great aunt in the convalescent home over the holidays, you are experiencing a discrepancy between your actual self and your _________ self.

Ought

Persuasion is most likely to be successful when the source of the persuasive communication is

Perceived as trustworthy

In explaining the causes of behavior, the fundamental attribution error refers to the overestimation of the role of ______ factors.

Personal

Internal attributions ascribe causes of behavior to

Personal dispositions

People who attribute their setbacks to internal, stable, and global factors are exhibiting a(n) ______ explanatory style.

Pessimistic

When a person must continue to take a drug in order to avoid withdrawal illness, the person has developed

Physical dependence

According to your materials, people are motivated to maintain a(n) __________ view of the self.

Positive

When a person must continue to take a drug in order to satisfy an intense emotional and mental craving the person has developed

Psychological Dependence

. The local animal shelter sends you cute return address labels with cuddly kittens on them. They are hoping that you will send a donation based on the effects of

Reciprocity norm

Two potential buyers made appointments to see Theresa's house, which is for sale. Theresa scheduled the appointments so that they would overlap and the two buyers would see each other. Theresa is using which of the following compliance tactics?

Scarcity

Drugs that induce sleep and decrease central nervous system activation are usually classified as

Sedatives

An organized set of beliefs about one's personal qualities and typical behavior constitute one's

Self-concept

A woman who describes herself as "frank and honest" but who, in fact, lies frequently is manifesting her

Self-discrepancy

Self-defeating behaviors include all of the following except

Self-efficacy failure

People assess personal worth through

Self-esteem

Someone who says, "I probably won't do well on the exam because I was up all night with a sick friend," is using the strategy of

Self-handicapping

Presenting yourself in a way that you think will cause others to respect you is most consistent with which of the following self-presentation strategies?

Self-promotion

Weight tends to remain stable as long as there are no long-term factors that influence it. This theory is called

Settling Point

How did Asch induce conformity in his studies involving judgments of line length?

Several accomplices gave incorrect answers before the true participant answered

Individuals' early self-concept is ______ by the feedback they get from their parents.

Shaped Significantly

Which of the following is NOT considered a basic element of the persuasion process?

Signal

Which of the following is NOT considered a common barrier to effective provider-patient communication?

Some providers are reluctant to challenge their patients' subjective interpretation of their own symptoms

______ are widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group.

Stereotypes

Which of the following groups of drugs tends to increase central nervous system activation and behavioral activity?

Stimulants

With the self-presentation strategy of ______, people try to present themselves as weak and dependent in order to get favors from others.

Supplication

Blaming racial minorities for their plight by saying they should be able to "pull themselves up by their own bootstraps" discounts the importance of situational factors. This illustrates

The fundamental attribution error

The process whereby expectations about a person cause the person to behave in ways that confirm the expectations is called

The self-fulfilling prophecy

The important conclusion from Milgram's study of obedience is that

The situation is a stronger indicator of behavior than the kind of person

Which of the following is consistent with the self-serving bias?

The tendency to attribute one's failures to situational factors

Which of the following reactions to a news account of a rape illustrates a defensive attribution on the part of a female?

The victim probably asked for it

People have a tendency to ______ the risk of their own health-impairing habits, and ______ the risks associated with others' self-destructive behaviors.

Underestimate; accurately view

Which of the following is NOT among the consequences of categorizing people according to race, sex, age, sexual orientation, and other characteristics?

We tend to make excuses for the shortcomings we observe in outgroup members

Which of the following are NOT likely to be used when making attributions about someone?

Whenever we meet someone

Physical distress caused by the termination of drug use is called

Withdrawal illness

Which of the following is NOT good advice for devising an exercise program?

You should try to "exercise though" any minor injuries

Most of us have

a number of public selves.

The term "reference group" refers to

a set of people against whom you compare yourself

Baumeister's research suggests that a narcissist who experiences an ego threat is likely to

become aggressive or violent

Substance use in response to feelings of self-discrepancy is an example of a type of coping technique known as

blunting self-awareness

The attribution process refers to the inferences we make about the

causes of behavior

. Your friend Tyra has decided to postpone starting business school for two years in order to help her family operate their small hardware store during her dad's illness. She is exhibiting a characteristic behavior of persons from a(n) _____________ culture.

collectivist

Normative influence operates when people conform to social norms because of

fear of negative social consequences.

___________ provide(s) roughage that facilitates digestion.

fiber

A spontaneous, vivid recurrence of a previous drug-induced experience is called a(n)

flashback

According to Baumrind's parental classification system, authoritative parents display

high acceptance and high control

Conformity occurs when people change their behavior

in response to real or imagined social pressure

Living alone following a cardiac event _____ a person's risk for a subsequent heart attack.

increases

Studies of the immune system in humans have found that stress

is related to decreased levels of immune activity.

Unlike her coworkers, Susan resisted the temptation to overeat at the company retreat potluck. Following the potluck, the coworkers were put into groups and asked to tackle some difficult work-related tasks. The likelihood that Susan would give up more quickly than her coworkers is consistent with

the ego depletion model of self-regulation.

In follow-ups of Asch's studies of conformity, the behavior of participants who responded anonymously implies that

the participants in the earlier studies complied with social pressure without actually changing their private beliefs.

An assessment of a ______________ is most likely to be made using a snap judgment

waiter