Psych Test Chapter 12

Basic Models of Disorders

Biological model Psychoanalytic mode Cognitive-behavioral model Diathesis-stress model Systems model

dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder)

a disorder in which a person appears to have two or more distinct identities or personalities that may alternately emerge

bipolar disorder

a disorder in which the mood alternates between two extreme poles (elation and depression); also referred to as manic depression

acute stress disorder

a disorder, like PTSD that is characterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness and caused by a traumatic event; occurs within a month of the event and lasts from two days to four weeks

dissociative fugue

a dissociative disorder in which one experiences amnesia and then flees to a new location

dissociative amnesia

a dissociative disorder marked by loss of memory or self-identity; skills and general knowledge are usually retained (not biological, but psychological)

waxy flexibility

a feature of catatonic schizophrenia in which people can be molded into postures that they maintain for quite some time

social phobia

an irrational, excessive fear of public scrutiny

somatoform disorders

disorders in which people complain of physical (somatic) problems even though no physical abnormality can be found

dissociative disorders

disorders in which there are sudden, temporary changes in consciousness or self-identity

personality disorders

enduring patterns of maladaptive behavior that are sources od distress to the individual or others

diathesis-stress model

genetics stress model; suggests you may only experience mental illness if you are stressed

attributional style

the tendency to attribute one's behavior to internal or external factors, stable or unstable factors, etc.

biopsychosocial perspective

1. biological imbalances may trigger panic attacks/ as may fear of attacks 2. panic attacks are likely to occur in social situations 3. feelings of helplessness increase fear

psychological/social perspectives on anxiety disorders

1. fears are conditioned during childhood 2. overreaction to physical sensations 3. people with anxiety may just think its a trait

biological perspectives on anxiety disorders

1. hereditary 2. highly reactive autonomic nervous system can be inherited

sociocultural perspectives on schizophrenia

1. people in low economic standing have/develop schizophrenia 2. people with schizophrenia may drift to lower social standing since they lack social skills to move up in society 3. quality of parenting can be connect with schizophrenia

psychological perspective on mood disorders

1. people set high standards for themselves and let themselves down 2. people often ruminate about feelings of depression 3. learned helplessness 4. people interpret their failures and shortcomings to themselves in ways that can be destructive

biological perspectives on schizophrenia

1. people who are schizo have less gray matter/larger ventricles/complications in prefrontal cortex 2. schizophrenia is hereditary/ runs in families 3. schizophrenia can be caused by complications during pregnancy/birth or alcohol 4. people with schizophrenia overuse dopamine bc they have increased concentrations of dopamine at the synapses in the brain

biopsychosocial perspective on somatoform disorders

1. they have a lot to do with the actual things that a person focuses on; could be form of self-hypnosis 2. social values of attractiveness 3. rumination and tendencies to want perfection are found in people with these disorders and are heritable

la belle indifference

a French term descriptive of the lack of concern for their (imagined) medical problem sometimes shown by people with conversion disorders

stupor

a condition in which the senses, thought, and movement are dulled (symptom of schizophrenia)

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a disorder that follows a distressing event outside the range of normal human experience and that is characterized by features such as intense fear, avoidance of stimuli associated with the event, and reliving of the event

depersonalization disorder

a dissociative mental disorder in which the sufferer is affected by persistent or recurrent feelings of depersonalization and/or derealization (they think they're a robot/in a dream)

hallucination

a perception in the absence of sensory stimulation that is confused with reality

neuroticism

a personality trait characterized largely by persistent anxiety

obsession

a recurring thought or image that seems to be beyond control

major depressive disorder (MDD)

a serious to severe depressive disorder in which the person may show loss of appetite, psychomotor retardation, and impaired reality testing

flat affect

a severe reduction in emotional expressiveness found among many people with schizophrenia or serious depression

body dysmorphic disorder

a somatoform disorder characterized by preoccupation with an imagined or exaggerated physical defect in one's appearance

hypochondriasis

a somatoform disorder characterized by the persistent belief that one is ill despite lack of medical findings

conversion disorder

a somatoform disorder in which anxiety or unconscious conflicts are "converted" into physical symptoms that often have the effect of helping the person cope with anxiety or conflict

disorganized schizophrenia

a type of schizophrenia characterized by disorganized delusions, vivid hallucinations, and inappropriate affect

catatonic schizophrenia

a type of schizophrenia characterized by striking motor impairment

paranoid schizophrenia

a type of schizophrenia characterized primarily by delusions-commonly of persecution-and vivid hallucinations

compulsion

an irresistible urge to repeat an act or engage in ritualistic behavior such as hand washing

biopsychosocial perspective on mood disorders

bio-neurochemical imbalances or genetic predispositions psycho-cognitive distortions social-difficult impersonal relationships

systems model

biopsychosocial; suggests its a combination of things; body, mind, and things going on around you

types of mood disorders

bipolar disorder major depressive disorder dysthymia

types of schizophrenias

catatonic schizophrenia paranoid schizophrenia disorganized schizophrenia

types of somatoform disorders

conversion disorder hypochondriasis body dysmorphic disorder

types of dissociative disorders

dissociative amnesia dissociative fugue dissociative identity disorder

manic

elated, showing excessive excitement

ideas of persecution

erroneous beliefs that one is being victimized or persecuted

delusions

false, persistent beliefs that are unsubstantiated by sensory or objective evidence

acrophobia

fear of high places

agoraphobia

fear of open, crowded places

affect

feeling or emotional response, particularly suggested by facial expression and body language

generalized anxiety disorder

feelings of dread and foreboding and sympathetic arousal of at least six month's duration

biopsychosocial perspective on schizophrenia

genetic factors create a disposition toward schizophrenia; this interacts with other factors like complications of pregnancy and birth, stress, quality of parenting, and social conditions to give rise to the disorder

biological perspectives on mood disorders

genetic factors play a role in major depression and bipolar disorder; neuroticism is heritable and associated with anxiety and mood and anxiety disorders are frequently found in the same person

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)

most widely used classification scheme for psychological disorders; provides information about a person's overall functioning as well as a diagnosis

psychological disorders

patterns of behavior or mental processes that are connected with emotional distress or significant impairment in functioning

biopsychosocial perspective on dissociative disorders

people with dissociative disorders may have learned not to think about mad memories or disturbing impulses in an effort to avoid feelings of anxiety, guilt, and shame. -abuse may lead to some permanent neurochemical and structural abnormalities in parts of the brain involved in cognition and memory

specific phobia

persistent fear of a specific object or situation

dysthymia

persistent mild depression

types of anxiety disorders

phobias panic disorder generalized anxiety disorder obsessive-compulsive disorder post-traumatic stress disorder acute stress disorder

rapid flight of ideas

rapid speech and topic changes, characteristic of man-icky behavior

psychosomatic disorders

real physical illness, largely caused by psychological factors (stress and anxiety)

mutism

refusal to talk; symptom of catatonic schizophrenia

psychomotor retardation

slowness in motor activity and in thought

biological model

suggests a problem within cell structure or genetics

cognitive-behavioral model

suggests the problem comes from things you might've learned

psychoanalytic model

suggests the problem comes from unresolved conflicts from childhood

negative symptoms (schizophrenia)

the deficiencies among people with schizophrenia, such as flat affect, lack of motivation, loss of pleasure, and social withdrawal *may reflect structural damage to the brain

positive symptoms (schizophrenia)

the excessive and sometimes bizarre symptoms of schizophrenia, including hallucinations, delusions, and loose associations *may involve deficiency in the brain mechanisms that normally inhibit excessive/bizarre behaviors

predictive validity

the extent to which a diagnosis permits one to predict the course of a disorder and the type of treatment that may be of help

panic disorder

the recurrent experiencing of attacks of extreme anxiety in the absence of external stimuli that usually elicit anxiety