PSYCH1101 Midterm

Which of the following is a common requirement of a PhD across different schools and/or countries?

A dissertation

Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive component of client-centered therapy?

Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment.

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ___________.

An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep.

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?

Broca's area

Which psychodynamic theorist proposed the idea of a collective unconscious that is shared by all members of the human species?

Carl Jung

Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method?

Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates.

In the study of personality, the ___________ model includes different traits that are believed to underlie each individual's basic tendencies.

Five Factor

Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States?

Francis Cecil Sumner

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________________.

Gestalt psychology

Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M.) has brain surgery for which of the following reasons?

He had severe seizures.

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn form the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury?

Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

_____________ (IRB) reviews research that involves the use of human participants.

Institutional Review Board

____________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers.

Inter-rate reliability

In looking at the area of multicultural psychology, what is a recognized deficit of this particular area of study?

It can describe what happens between cultures, but not explain why those differences occur.

Which of the following statements about rotating shift works is false?

It carries a much higher risk of leading to substance abuse.

___________ is an anthropologist who contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation.

Jane Goodall

The first woman to earn the PhD degree in psychology was ___________.

Margaret Floy Washburn

In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why?

Populations of developed nations are living longer.

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

REM

A(n) __________, also knows as an operant chamber, is an instrument that isolates an animal from the external environment and allows a researcher to control that animal's rewards and punishments

Skinner box

According to William James, what was the true purpose of psychology?

Studying the function of behavior in the world

Which theory of dreams suggested that they do not, in fact, have any meaning at all but rather are simply the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural firing that occurs while we sleep?

The activation-synthesis model

Which of the following is one of the reasons that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the United States?

The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology.

Lesley, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. Her friend Stephen, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How might the two friends resolve their disagreement?

They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported.

Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children?

They increase neurotransmitter activity withing certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control.

What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?

They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience.

A(n) ____________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the neuron's cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.

action potential

Stage 1 sleep is characterized by a predominance of __________ wave activity in the brain.

alpha

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines _____________ as objectively as possible.

another person's consciousness

Simplicity of conducting the study is to ____________ as ability to test large numbers of participants is to ____________.

archival research; surveys

________________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time.

attrition

________________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation.

beta-endorphin

Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a(n) ____________ rhythm.

biological

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ______________.

biopsychologist

Studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants _________________.

can sometimes be tested with animal studies

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.

case studies

Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ______________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head.

case study

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________.

chromosomes; DNA

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their _________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.

circadian

The scientific process is ______________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning.

circular

Which one of the following processes does not occur to excess neurotransmitters in the synapse?

collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.

confirmation bias

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.

consciousness

Melatonin release from the pineal gland is stimulated by ___________ and inhibited by ______________.

darkness; light

An upper-level psychology class is conduction an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to __________ in order to resolve the _____________ in the study.

debrief participants; deception

Alcohol is considered a ___________ because it tends to suppress the central nervous system activity.

depressant

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ___________.

depression

_____________ theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious; one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist.

dissociative

Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by __________.

evolutionary psychologists

Which of the following is an example of an objective measure used by functionalists?

examination of anatomy and physiology

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?

experimental

Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent?

explaining the hypothesis to the participants

Dr. Guttierez is examining a research question and has posted a hypothesis, but his student points out, "Dr. G., the assumption that you have made cannot be disproven no matter what data we gather!" This research study suffers from an absence of ________.

falsifiability

Which of the following is not part of the feminist psychology?

favoring women over men

Gyri and sulci are the __________ and ___________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain.

folds; grooves

Wendy's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendy's ________ must be ________ and her father's must be Bb.

genotype; bb

Mescaline is considered a(n) __________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.

hallucinogenic

Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system?

homeostasis

___________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels.

homeostasis

In a resting state, sodium (Na+) is at a higher concentration outside the cell and potassium (K+) is more concentrated inside the cell. During an action potential, the sodium levels ________ inside the cell.

increase

Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ____________.

introspection

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?

kicking and punching while asleep

In Freud's model of dreams, the hidden meaning of a dream is called the _______________ content.

latent

One example of __________ is the differences between hemispheres in the areas underlying language function.

lateralization

Randolf is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. He suddenly has vivid memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of his parents' hands, and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. This is because the sense of smell projects directly to the ________, which is responsible for emotional memories.

limbic system

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.

longitudinal

A state of __________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness.

meditation

The __________ is the difference in charge between the intracellular and extracellular space of a neuron.

membrane potential

Hyperpolarization means that the __________.

membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential

Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place?

motor skills deficits in the left side of her body

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have?

night terrors

The empirical method of study is based on ____________.

observation of phenomena.

A negative correlation means _____________.

one variable decreases as the other increases

People who have their corpus callosum severed for medical reasons would be able to tell you about which images shown to _________.

only the right visual field

A(n) ____________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest.

operational definition

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of __________.

parasomnias

The _____________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract.

parasympathetic

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ___________.

personality

Ainsley is participating in a study that aims to determine whether the occipital cortex becomes more active in response to moving versus stationary stimuli. When she arrives at the lab, she ingests a "tracer" and then enters the scanning machine. What type of brain imaging is most likely being conducted in this study?

positron emission tomography (PET)

Dr. Singh has just completed her PhD program and is now applying for a year-long program at a nationally-recognized hospital. If accepted, she will greatly advance her knowledge of behavioral neuroscience. Dr. Singh is applying for a(n) ________ training program.

postdoctoral

For which concept is Abraham Maslow best known?

proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so frequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?

psychological dependence

___________ are the most commonly used species for animal research.

rodents

Psychology refers to the ____________.

scientific study of the mind and behavior.

Which of the following senses is not first routed through the thalamus?

smell

Crack is regarded as more addictive than cocaine because it is ______________.

smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design?

social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.

Shoresh suggests that Ted cluck like a chicken during the hypnosis not because he is experiencing an altered state of consciousness but because he is playing the role of a hypnotized person. This is a good example of the ________ theory of hypnotism.

social-cognitive

Sensory and motor neurons of the ____________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.

somatic

Cocaine is considered a ______________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

stimulant

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first.

structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism

Victoria has accumulated a large sleep dept. This means that she __________.

suffers from chronic sleep deprivation

____________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.

surveys

The space between two neurons is called the __________.

synapse

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ___________.

the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ____________.

the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts

Psychological knowledge is advanced through a process known as __________, which involves a prescribed series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge.

the scientific method

A(n) ___________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.

theory

Professor Devine and her colleagues are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.

type of play; no play

A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will __________.

undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration