Psych372Exam2

Another word for "integration" of postsynaptic potentials (temporally or spatially) is

"Summation"

The nicotine in tobacco acts on which receptors?

Acetylcholine receptors

Describe how drugs can act to alter neurotransmitter activity at different steps of neural transmission, with one example describing an agonist effect and one describing an antagonistic effect.

Agonist: Prevent reuptake, therefore allowing neurotransmitters to linger in the synapse. Antagonist: Prevents release of the neurotransmitter, therefore blocking effects, it is a receptor blocker.

List at least two invasive lesion methods discussed in class and briefly describe how each is used to damage or remove brain tissue

Aspiration lesions: used when lesion must be made to in an area of cortical tissue that is accessible to the eye. Cortical tissue is drawn off by suction, peeling the layers of cortical tissue from the surface of the brain Knife cuts: Used to eliminate conduction in a nerve of tract

Once released, neurotransmitter molecules typically produce signals in postsynaptic neurons by

Binding to postsynaptic receptors

Stereotaxic surgery can be used to reach specific areas of the brain for the purpose of

Creating lesions, implanting electrodes, and placing cannula

A state of decreased sensitivity to a drug as a result of a previous exposure to the drug is called

Drug tolerance

An important advantage of the oral route of drug administration in comparison to other conventional routes is its relative

Ease and safety

The brainbow technique

IS an extension of the green florescent protein technique and is a technique for labeling neurons in an animal different colors so that each can be traced

List two examples of ways human cerebral neurons may behave that are not predicted by the Hodgkin-Huxley model based on squid neurons

Many cerebral neurons fire continually without receiving input Many cerebral neurons do not display action potentials

_____ tolerance to psychoactive drugs is tolerance that occurs because less drug gets to its site of action in the brain

Metabolic

Which of the following is a weakness of the gene knockout technique as a method of biopsychological research?

Most behavioral traits are influences by manu interacting genes, Elimination of one gene often influences the expression of other genes, and the effects of some gene knockouts are likely to depend on experience

Which of the following is a process that acts to distribute ions evenly in neural tissue?

Random motion, which tends to move ions down their concentration gradient and electrostatic pressure, where like repels like and opposites attract

During the repolarization stage of an action potential

Sodium channels are closed and potassium channels are open

The brief period of time immediately after the initiation of an action potential when it is impossible to initiate another one in the same neuron is called

absolute refractory period

• Drugs that facilitate the activity of the synapses of a particular neurotransmitter are said to be ____ of that neurotransmitter.

agonists

Cirrhosis and Korsakoff's syndrome are two of the dire consequences of chronic ____ consumption.

alcohol

A key point of the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction is that

although the anticipated pleasurable effects of addicted drugs increase as the result of drug use, their actual pleasurable effects may not

Axodendritic synapses

always terminate on dendrites

The release of neurotransmitter molecules from terminal buttons is often triggered by

an influx (entrance) of calcium ions

Which of the following is an endocannabinoid?

anandamide

Which of the following is a contrast X-Ray Technique?

angiopraphy

Evidence that the nucleus accumbens is involved in the drug addiction comes from reports that

animals will self-administer microinjections of addictive drugs directly into the nucleus accumbens, microinjection of addictive drugs into the nucleus accumbens can lead to the development of conditioned place preference, and lesions to the nucleus accumbens reduce the rewarding effects of systematic drugs

Second messengers

are synthesized in response to activation of metabotropic receptors, can influence metabolic activities of the cell, can induce IPSPs or EPSPs, can bind to DNA to influence protein synthesis

Neuropsychological assessment is useful because it can

assist diagnosis, influence treatment, and be the basis for effective counseling.

Lesions restricted to structures in one half of the brain usually have effects that are much less severe than do comparable

bilateral lesions

Unlike brain-imaging techniques (e.g., fMRI), TMS permits the study of ____ between human cortical activity and cognition

causal relationships

MEG records

changes in magnetic fields on the surface of the scalp

According to the text, addicts are best described as drug users who

continue to use a drug despite the drug's adverse effects on their health and social life, and despite their efforts to stop

Taking one drug can often produce tolerance to other drugs; such tolerance is called

cross tolerance

A network of brain structures that tend to be active when a person sits quietly and lets her mind wander has been termed the

default mode network

Three doctors are trying to choose the best physiological methods to use. Dr. X wants to identify the major tracts (connections) in his patient's brain. Dr. Y is interested in discovering what parts of an intact brain are active during language learning task. Dr. Z wants to know exactly when brain activity changes in a visual search task. Dr. X should use ____, Dr. Y should use _____, and Dr. Z should use ______

diffusion tensor imaging; fMRI; ERP

The process of neurotransmitter release is referred to as

exocytosis

Electrooculography (EOG) is a technique for monitoring

eye movement

In the open-field test, high bolus (droppings) count is frequently used as an indicator of

fearfulness

Local EPSPs are

graded responses, postsynaptic responses, transmitted detrimentally and depolarization

Which of the following procedures employs labeled antibodies?

immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization

The conversion of drugs in the body to nonactive chemicals is referred to as drug

metabolism

In the presence of appropriate enzyme, dopamine is converted to

norepinephrine

Action potentials begin with the

opening of voltage-activated sodium channels and influx of sodium into the cell

After the termination of exposure to some drugs, there are withdraw effects that are usually

opposite to the initial effects of the drug

Functional MRI generates images of increases to areas of the brain of

oxygenated blood flow

Many researchers believe that a major factor in drug relapse is

priming, stress and drug-related environmental cues

Glial cells have shown to

release chemical transmitters, contain receptors for neurotransmitters, conduct signals, and participate in neurotransmitter reuptake

After release, neurotransmitters are deactivated/removed from the synapse by

reuptake and enzymatic degradation

According to Siegel, heroin users are more likely to die from overdose when they

take heroin in an environment in which they have never taken it before

Psychoactive drugs are those that affect

the activity of the CNS, subjective experience and behavior

Many chemicals are kept from passing from the circulatory system of the CNS into the CNS neurons by

the blood-brain barrier

A neuron normally fired when

the degree of depolarization on the axon adjacent to the hillock exceeds the threshold of activation

In human patients, EEG activity is commonly recorded directly from

the scalp

Drugs that do not penetrate the blood brain barrier can be administered to particular neural structures

through a stereotaxically positioned cerebral cannula

Large peptide neurotransmitters (i.e., neuropeptides) are synthesized in the cell body and

transported via microtubules to the terminal buttons