psych430examfinal

Modeling

" The learning process is of prime importance because it is the primary mechanism by which organism adjust to changing environments (p.408)".

Miller Neal

-Associated with learning theory, psychoanalysis, brain research and biofeedback. -Worked at Yale University and at Rockefeller University on the brain and behavior led to one of the earliest uses of biofeedback. -Co-authored four books, "Frustration and Aggression," "Social Learning and Imitation," "Personality and Psychotherapy" (An analysis in terms of learning, thinking and culture 1950" and "Graphic Communication and the Crisis in Education." -He served as president of the American Psychological Association (APA) 1960-1961 and was also a member of its board of directors. -President of the Society for Neurosciences, the Biofeedback Society of America and the Academy of Behavioral Medicine Research. -His work focused on the investigation of Freudian theory and clinical phenomena using experimental analysis of behavior techniques. -Result = fear is a learnable drive and he began to investigate other autonomic behaviors to determine if they could be modified through instrumental conditioning. -He also used behavioral methodologies and neurophysiological techniques to investigate hunger and thirst = laid the foundation for modern neuroscience and changed our understanding of behavior and motivation.

Kaffka

-Cofounder of Gestalt Psychology -Presented a complete statement of the theory in 'Principles of Psychology' -Principles dealt with applied psych, mainly the study of perception, memory, and learning Stressed holistic approach that "psychological phenomena cannot be interpreted as combinations of elements; parts derive their meaning from the whole, and people perceive complex entities rather than their elements." -Applied Gestalt notions of development, learning, and innate behavior -Received Ph.D in 1909 at the University of Berlin -Most early learning occurs from sensorimotor -Learning from a consequence (ex. touching a hot stove) -Believed a lot of learning occurs from imitation -Highest form of learning is Ideational learning-- makes use of language -Important time in child development is when they understand objects have names

Munsterberg

-Credited with being a Founder of industrial psychology but it is SCOTT -Best Known For: Pioneer of applied psychology, including industrial-organizational, clinical and forensic psychology. 1908 publication of "On the witness stand: essay on psychology and Crime = beginning of FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY". In Forensic Psychology he thinks harsh interrogation could result in false confession. Industrial Psychology: published 2 books His vocation and learning (1912) and Psychology and Industrial Efficiency deals with methods of personnel selection, methods of increasing work efficiency and marketing and advertising techniques,

Witmer

-Earned his doctorate under Wundt. -He is considered to be the founder of clinical psychology after working with a 14 year boy with dyslexia. -He founded the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania 17 years after Wundt's experimental laboratory opened. -He later launched the Psychological Clinic journal which was instrumental in promoting and defining the profession of clinical psychology.

Rollo May

-First pH.D. in counseling at Columbia U. -American existential psychologist -one of the founders of humanistic psychology -Proponent of existential psychotherapy, along with Frankl -Stages of development: Innocence - pre-egoic stage of an infant Rebellion - wants freedom but does not have a good understanding of the responsibility that does with it Ordinary - conforms Creative - self-actualization Spearheaded early resistance to efforts to make psychotherapy exclusively a medical profession Anxiety could be harnessed and used as a positive force Wrote "Love and Will and The Meaning of Anxiety and Man's Search for Himself"

Cognitive psychology

-Include memory, concept information, attention, reasoning, problem solving, mental imagery, judgement, and language. -" The study of higher mental processes such as attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving and thinking" (APA) -Early influences: J.S Mill and his mental chemistry that set the stage for this as an experimental science of mind. Fechner took Mill's lead and showed that cognitive events could be studied experimentally

Watson

-John B Watson- founder of EAB (Experimental analysis of behavior) - fear condition responses, especially in the case of Little Albert. "If we can apply behavior, we change society. " -Dissertation on rats, could we understand people in a similar way? -Little Albert -conditioned to fear rats and other loud noises -Exclusive use of experimental method -Reliance on comparative research -Behavior in terms of interaction of biological mechanisms and automatic learning -Avoided terms like cognition or mind -Raynor was his assistant with whom he had an affair and later married -Experimental Analysis of Behavior -name given to his school of behaviorism that opened the door for pavlov and for Skinner -inductive, data driven with empirical observation

experimental analysis of behavior

-Many people consider B. F. Skinner to be the founder of this. Behavior Analysis established through the influence of Ivan Pavlov - Classical conditioning and operant conditioning -Classical conditioning --- entails the learning of new behavior through association where two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response. There are four basic components of a classical conditioning process (unconditioned stimuli, conditioned stimuli, unconditioned response, and conditioned response). -Operant conditioning is learning that occurs through rewards and/or punishments which occur following a target behavior.[5] Through operant conditioning, the target may be strengthened or weakened by the consequences which follow the behavior. -John B Watson- founder of this -B.F skinner - radical behaviorism ( empirical observation of measurable behavior which could be predicted and controlled. It owed its early success to the effectiveness of Skinner's procedures of operant conditioning, both in the laboratory and inbehavior therapy)

Carl Rogers

-Pioneered "nondirective" or "client-centered" therapy, which is based on the principles of humanistic psychology. Renamed it "person-centered psychotherapy." Won APA scientific contribution award in 1956 and the APA distinguished Professional contribution award in 1972, APA president 1947 -Self Actualization- "The organism has one basic tendency and striving - to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing organism" -Rejected psychoanalysis and behaviorism

Arnold Lazarus-Behavior Therapy

-Professor at UC Berkeley -Went to Rutgers University -Opposed behaviorism and reductionism -Pioneer in the study of stress, coping and adaptation and the relations between cognition, emotion and motivation coping - patients that engaged in denial about their condition did better than those who were more realistic stress - has less to do with actual situation than how the person perceives it -Theory of cognitive-mediational within emotion - it is not just rational but a necessary component of survival -Appraisal Theory - emotions result from people's interpretations and explanations of their circumstances (explains how same event can cause different emotions in different people) -Authored of "Behavior Therapy and Beyond 1971" -APA Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award 1989

Sperry

-Psychobiology-primate research - -the psychobiologist who used the split-brain preparation to study hemispheric specificity in humans and nonhumans animals. Using this technique, he and his colleagues discovered that a number of cognitive and emotional phenomena are specific to either the right or left hemispheres of the cortex. -Psychobiology, used split brain preparation to study hemispheric specificity in humans and nonhumans -Studied with Lashley at the Yerkes Laboratory -He found that humans suffering from severe drug-resistance, intractable epilepsy, could benefit from having their brains split.

Tolman

-Purposive behaviorism -he was initially influenced by philosopher Ralph Perry and psychologist Robert Yerkes. -He went on to study with a young Kurt Koffka who was a Gestalt psychologist. -He later went to Harvard where he studied the learning of nonsense material under the supervision of Hugo Munsterberg. -Further along in his career he created a brand of behaviorism that used mental constructs and emphasized purposive behavior. -Purposive behaviorism is a type of behaviorism he pursued which emphasizes molar behavior instead of molecular behavior. He merged cognitive elements such as expectations of reinforcement and cognitive maps into behavioral learning theory.

Thorndike

-Research in learning and educational psychology resulted in the laws of effect and exercise. His studies of rats learning to escape from "puzzle boxes" are especially well-known. -APA President 1912 -Concluded mammals learn gradually

Julian Rotter

-Social Learning psychologist (1916-2014) -Social Learning theory has roots in the behaviorist notion of human behavior as being determined by learning, particularly as shaped by reinforcement in the form of rewards or punishment. -Generalized expectancies for internal versus external locus of control of reinforcement. Locus of Control research Social Learning Approach to Therapy. -claimed that behavior is determined by two major types of "expectancy": 1) the expected outcome of a behavior 2) the value a person places on that outcome. In Applications of a Social Learning Theory of Personality (1972), in collaboration with June Chance and Jerry Phares, described a general theory of personality with variables based on the ways that different individuals habitually think about their experiences.

B. F. Skinner

-Thorndike's instrumental conditioning became his operant conditioning. -He is best known for his "Skinner box"- a controlled crib that experimented on behavior therapy. -His radical behaviorism provided a systematic analysis of the effects of consequences on behavior. His principles of instrumental conditioning affected nearly every field of psych. National Medal of Science 1968. APA citation for Lifetime Contributions to Psychology Award 1990

Herbert A Simon

-a leader in artificial intelligence, cognition, and decision making, and coauthor (with Allen Newell) of the first heuristic problem-solving computer program. -He was a political scientists, computer scientist, sociologist, and a psychologist. -He was a Richard King Mellon Professor -One of the most influential social scientists of the 20th century.

walden II

A utopian novel written by Skinner about the "baby-tender". Skinner made a crib-sized living space with sound absorbing walls and a large picture window.It describes the benefits of a society based on behavioral principles, as advocated by its founder, Frazier. Book sold almost 2.5 million copies by 1990.

self actualization

According to Rogers and Maslow, the innate human tendency toward wholeness.

Little Albert

According to Watson, he believed that all humans had basic emotions like fear, rage, and love. In 1920 he along with Rayner did an experiment on him. when first presently with a rat, was not afraid of it. So Watson and Rayner, struck a steel bar and a hammer when he tried to touch the rat. The sound of the noise caused him to become startled. After some weeks, the infant grew distance from the rat and no longer showed contentment. They started to experiment with other animals too, and they found that he feared "furry animals" like rabbits and dogs.

Productive Thinking

According to Wertheimer, the type of thinking that ponders principles rather than isolated facts and that aims at understanding the solutions to problems rather than memorizing a certain problem- solving strategy or logical rules (p.464)". - Max Wertheimer (founder of the school of Gestalt Psychology) wrote the book, Productive Thinking.

Frankl

Austrian psychiatrist who was a student of Adler &: -of Third Viennese School of Psychiatry -Logotherapy: healing through meaning—non-specific therapy; sitting in a chair listening to things you don't want to hear; things about your responsibilities; get them to accept what they can't accept -Existential Psychology Described his experiences in a Nazi concentration camp in his famous book, A Man's Search for Meaning; One of his major observations was that prisoners who, even under those dire circumstances, found meaning in their lives and something to live.

social learning theory

Bandura's theory that can best be understood as a descendent of Tolman's ideas -Tolman and Bandura believed learning to be a constant process that does not require reinforcement. -Both theories are cognitive in nature and neither are reinforcement theories. Tolman believed further that information gained through learning was only acted on when there was a reason for doing so.

Anastasi

Best known for her influential publications about the nature, formation, and accurate measurement of psychological traits of the individual. APA president in 1972, Received honorary degree from LaSalle in 1979 at the Honor's Convocation, which was also first year of Grimes Lecture. She was at the Grimes Lecture in 1983.

Dewey

Best known for impact on educational reform by promoting learning by doing. APA President 1899. Key person in the development of functionalism

Ivan Pavlov

Brought one of the fundamentals that alter behavior, the conditioned reflex, to the attention of the scientific community. He identified its functional elements and extensively studied its characteristics. Won Nobel Prize in 1904 for his work in digestion. -suggested that the salivation was a learned response

Hull

Created a hypothetico-deductive theory of learning in an attempt to explain all learning phenomena that he believes to be self-correcting. -Most of the intervening variables in this theory are psychological; attempted to create a general behavior theory that all social sciences could use to explain human behavior and his program fit all the requirements of logical positivism (for example, all his theoretical concepts were operationally defined). -Behavior Theory- Reinforcement Theories: Learning depends on reinforcement—that is, reward or punishment—as well as contiguity. -Drive Reduction Theory—merged with psychoanalysis in the merging between experimental and clinical research traditions.

Hall

Created the first U.S. experimental psychology laboratory, founded and became the first president of the APA, and invited Freud to Clark University to give a series of lectures. Many of the beliefs contained in his two-volume book on adolescence are now considered incorrect. He urged the study of adolescence because he believed that at this stage of development, habits learned during childhood were discarded but new habits had not yet been learned. -Reflect arc; clarified involuntary vs voluntary/conscious vs unconscious; 4 types of movement: voluntary, respiratory, involuntary, reflex. -Studied with Cattell at John Hopkins University; it was eventually recognized that his model could be accepted that all reflexes are unconscious, so early psychology relegated them to physiology; taught Dewey on philosophy in University of Chicago. -Founder and early president of the APA -Had a lab at Johns Hopkins -President of Clark for 35 years -81 Ph.D.s under his direction -"We need psychology that is useful"

Dollard

Developed the Frustration-aggression hypothesis

Chomsky

From Philadelphia. Sometimes described as the "father of modern linguistics." His transformational generative grammar represents a modern nativistic approach to thought and language (the structure of language are biologically determined in the human mind and hence genetically transmitted) His view strongly countered theories of language that were based on elaborations of simple learning processes. APA distinguished scientific contribution award, 1984.

Baldwin

He was a founding member of the American Psychological Association in 1892 and the sixth President of the APA in 1897. He favored the study of individual differences, stressed the importance of theory for psychology, and was critical of narrow experimentalism. Was one of the first experimental psychologists to apply Darwin's theory of evolution to his theories of development

Vail conference

Here, @ this conference: the practitioner-scholar model, often called the this model, is a training model for graduate programs that is focused on clinical practice. It was developed primarily to train clinical psychologists but has been adapted by other specialty programs such as business, public health, and law. According to this model, a psychologist is a scholar, a consumer of research, and a highly trained professional practitioner who applies knowledge and techniques to solve problems of clients.

Ulric Neiser

His book Cognitive Psychology was published which was what gained him the title of the 'father of cognitive psychology.' His important papers have focused on pattern recognition, visual search, brief information processing, and memory. His psychology emphasizes active cognitive processes in the perceiving organism. Specialized in a certain type of memory known as flashbulb memory. Flashbulb memories are extremely vivid memories of emotionally charged events such as a first kiss or a car accident.

Allport

His work in trait theory and humanistic psychology is reflected in his books "Personality: A Psychological Interpretation" and "Becoming: Basic Considerations for a psychology of Personality"

Person- Centered Therapy

Humanistic Psychology, used by Carl Rogers - necessary and sufficient conditions for change: (therapist needs to have three to have a good relationship with client) → genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding

Cognition

"the activity of knowing: the acquisition, organization, and the use of knowledge. It is something that people do. For this reason the study of cognition is a part of psychology and theories of cognition are psychological theories" ULRIC NEISSER

George Miller

-"Mind is no longer a four letter" - American psychologist who was one of the founders of cognitive psychology and of cognitive neuroscience . -He also made significant contributions to psycholinguistics and the study of human communication. One of his most famous discoveries was that human short-term memory is generally limited to holding seven pieces of information, plus or minus two (him and chomsky) -Proposed as a law of human cognition and information processing that humans can effectively process no more than seven units, or chunks, of information, plus or minus two pieces of information, at any given time. That limit applied to short-term memory and to a number of other cognitive processes, such as distinguishing different sound tones and perceiving objects at a glance. -Stressed the importance of recoding—the reorganization of information into fewer units with more bits of information per unit. -Recoding increases the quantity of data that one can process effectively and can help to overcome the seven-item information-processing limit. He held that the most common kind of recoding is verbal.

Albert Bandura

-A major figure whose contributions have been in moral development, observational learning, self-regulation, and self-referent thought. Developed a comprehensive theory of social learning. APA distinguished contribution award 1980. -Emphasized the reciprocal relationship among cognition, behavior, and environment, for which he coined the term reciprocal determinism. - His work on modeling has been influential in the development of new therapeutic approaches, especially the methods used in cognitive-behavior therapy.

Wolpe

-A psychologist who used behavior therapy and applied it to anxiety, while modeling Pavlov's desensitization he pushed anxiety patients to recover by relaxing. -South African Psychiatrist, and most influential figures in behavior therapy. -He treated soldiers with "war neuroisis" - Later PTSD. -Started to question psychotherapy, and developed Systematic Desensitization. -His "Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition (1958) and "The Practice of Behavior Therapy" (1969) were landmark books in the field. -Mentor of Lazarus -professor @ temple

Maslow

-American Humanistic psychologist -received his Ph.D. from U. of Wisconsin -Influenced by Gesalt psychologist Wertheimer - Famous hierarchy of needs theory of psychological health human needs are fulfilled in priority, culminating in self-actualization - 5 stages: Physiological (air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex and sleep) Safety (protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear) Love & belongingness (friendship, intimacy, affection, and love) Esteem (achievement, mastery, independence, prestige, and respect) Self-actualization (personal potential, self-fulfillment, personal growth) Peak experiences - transcendent moments of pure joy and elation, a heightened sense of wonder, awe and ecstasy over an experience

Lashley

-American psychologist and behaviorist known for his contributions to learning & memory -Got his Ph.D. in genetics and became a professor at U. of Minnesota and Harvard U. -Conducted field experiments with Watson on learning, followed by the cerebral location of learning and discrimination -Experimental research with rat brain lesions and mazed before and after specific, carefully quantified, induced brain damage - learning was more influenced by the amount of tissue removed than the location of the tissue Two theories: -Mass action - certain types of learning are mediated by the cerebral cortex as a whole, contrary to the view that every psychological function is localized at a specific place on the cortex -Equipotentiality - one part of the cortex can take over function of another part that has been damaged -APA President 1929

Cattell

16-Factor Personality Model Fluid and crystallized Intelligence Factor analysis Multivariate analysis. Was invited to teach at Columbia University by pioneering psychologist Edward Thorndike. In 1938, he became a professor at Clark University, and in 1941 he moved to Harvard after being invited by Gordon Allport.

Munsterberg

1863-1916 1863 born in Danzig, Germany 1882 enters University of Leipzig 1883 attends Wundt's first lectures 1885 PhD then 1887 MD 1891 Worked with William James after a meeting in France 1892 begins term as Chair of Psychology at Harvard 1892 helps put together psychology exhibit at Chicago's Columbian Fair 1898 Present of APA. Worked at Harvard for 2 for the rest of his life. 1901 publishes 'American traits from the point of view of a German" 1905 publishes Principles of Art Education 1908 publishes On the Witness stand (detailed how psychological factors can influence the outcome of a trial) 1909 publishes Psychology and the Teacher 1913 publishes Psychology and Industrial efficiency

Allport

1939 APA president who is the philosophical father of humanistic psych/heuristic realism and has contributed the major trait theory to personality: the Nomothetic (common traits) vs. Idiographic (display of trait) discipline

John Hopkins University

A Place where John Watson received his doctorate and later became an associate professor of psychology A place where G. Stanley Hall (Wilhelm Wundt's student) established the first experimental psychology laboratory. A place where the first doctorate in psychology was given to Joseph Jastrow (A student of G Stanley Hall) A place where Roseline Rayner was doing her experiment with J Watson on the "little Albert"

Harvard University

A place where Bruner and George Miller founded the Center for Cognitive Studies. A place where George Miller obtained a Ph.D in Psychophyicist A place where William James offered his first formal course in physiological psychology and established a laboratory devoted to that subject. A place where Morton Prince was given $$ to establish a psychological clinic. Rather putting this clinic at Medical building, Prince placed this clinic in the philosophy department. Harvard was also where Prince taught Neurology. A Place where G. Stanley Hall received his 1st Ph.D degree A place where Hugo Munsterberg had been appointed professor of experimental psychology and director of the psychological laboratory (1892). Hugo Munsterberg organized display of apparatus, photographs of psychological experiments and mental tests here. A place where B.F. Skinner obtained his Ph.D in psychology and became a professor from 1948-1974. Morton Prince was a director of the Psychological Clinic, under the direction of Morton Prince. (He was succeeded by Henry A. Murray in 1928.) E. G. Boring separated Psychology and Philosophy department in 1934. Gordon Allport was the chairmanship of Psychology department.

Wurzburg school

A group of psychologists under the influence of Oswald Kulpe at the University of Wurzburg. Among other things, this group found that some thoughts are without a specific referent (that is, they are imageless), the higher mental processes could be studied experimentally, and problems have motivational properties that persist until the problem is solved.

Behaviorism

A philosophy of science that dominated US Psychology, in terms of Physiology and learning. Belief that behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed. The school was founded by John B. Watson.

Calkins

Didn't earn her phd from harvard b/c was a woman. Founded lab at Wellesley College/APA President 1905 & invented the paired associate method of measuring memory and learning. She promoted psych as a science of the self.

Rosalie Rayner

was the assistant and later wife of Johns Hopkins University psychology professor John B. Watson, with whom she carried out the famous Little Albert experiment.

Harlow

Famous experimental psychologist; In "The Formation of Learning Sets," provided evidence that monkeys employ mental strategies in their solving of discrimination problems. This finding was clearly in conflict with the behavioristic psychology of the time. -Involvement in the start of Behavior Therapy: studied neurotic responses in animals -Contact-comfort theory

Lewin

Founder of modern social psychology Applied Gestalt theory to social, personality and organizational psychology Pioneered: applied research psychology (theory and experimentation to test a hypothesis) action research - a comparative research on the conditions and effects of various forms of social action and research group dynamics - the whole is greater than the sum of its parts -Equation - B = f(P,E) behavior is a function of the person in their environment Believe both nature and nurture account for individuals' behaviors and personalities Ph.D. from University of Berlin

Psychology as the behaviorist views it

In 1913, Watson published this article which is sometimes called "The Behaviorist Manifesto". In this article, Watson outlined the major features of his new philosophy of psychology, called "behaviorism". The first paragraph of the article concisely described Watson's behaviorist position: Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods, nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon the readiness with which they lend themselves to interpretation in terms of consciousness. The behaviorist, in his efforts to get a unitary scheme of animal response, recognizes no dividing line between man and brute. The behavior of man, with all of its refinement and complexity, forms only a part of the behaviorist's total scheme of investigation.

James

Instrumental in the founding of functionalism psychology. He emphasized the function of both consciousness and behavior. For him the only valid criterion for evaluating a theory, thought, or act is whether it works. -In keeping with his pragmatism, he claimed that psychology needs to employ both scientific and nonscientific procedures. Similarly, on the individual level, sometimes one must believe in free will and at other times in determinism. He believed that mental events and overt behavior always have a function. He also viewed consciousness as a stream of ever-changing mental events whose purpose is to allow the person to adjust to the environment. He also said that the major criterion for judging an idea is the idea's usefulness, and applied this pragmatism to the ideal of free will. Because of his distaste for elementism in psychology, he can be viewed as a precursor to Gestalt Psychology; Instead of viewing the mind as consisting of isolated mental elements, he proposed a stream of consciousness and believed that this stream should be the object of psychological inquiry, and any attempt to break it up for more detailed analysis must be avoided -CONTRIBUTIONS TO HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY: said that if existing methods are ineffective for studying certain aspects of human nature, it is not those aspects of human nature that are to be discarded but the methods; was part of the group of members of the APA who had considerable interest in applied psychology; -Philosophers can be divided into two general groups according to their temperaments: the tender-minded and the tough-minded—"The tough think of the tender as sentimentalists and soft heads. The tender feel the tough to be unrefined, callous, or brutal.—he said that experimental psychologists tend to be tough-minded and humanistic psychologists tend to be tender-minded.

American Psychological Association

● Founded at Clark University in 1892 ● Largest association of psychologists in the world with 155,000 members. ● There are 54 divisions of APA - covering different interest groups in psychology. ● (Best divisions: div 26 History of psychology and div 30 psychological hypnosis)

Piaget

Perhaps the most influential psychologist of the 20th century, he described the orderly stages of growth in the child's cognitive representations of the world and the effects of cognitive development on a broad range of related behaviors. APA scientific contribution award, 1969.

Functionalism

Started in 1896. The assumptions concerning the mind were derived from evolutionary theory: the goal was to understand how the mind and behavior work in adding an organism's adjustment to the environment and research tools included anything that was informative. 1) all indirectly or directly influenced by william james

Cognitive behavior therapy

The focus of therapy is on how you are thinking, behaving, and communicating today rather than on your early childhood experiences. The therapist assists the patient in identifying specific distortions (using cognitive assessment) and biases in thinking and provides guidance on how to change this thinking.

Behavior Therapy

The use of learning principles in treating behavioral or emotional problems. One of the first examples is "little peter" and the rabbit.

Logotherapy

This therapy was created by Viktor E. Frankl. is a healing through meaning process. This therapy challenges the client to take responsibility of his or her life. In other words, Frankl was saying a person is motivated by finding a meaning to life.

Little Peter

Three year old boy who was very scared of white rats, rabbits, fur coats, frogs, fish and mechanical toys. The experimenters tried to remove some of his fear by a technique called modeling. He came to the hospital with scarlet fever. After he recovered a little bit, he was attacked by a dog from leaving the hospital and his previous fears of dogs returned.

Boulder Conference

Took place in 1949 in Colorado. It was the first big meeting to separate psychology from psychiatry.

Newton

Viewing the world as a Machine has huge implications for psychology → root of behaviorism.

Dollard

With Neal Miller, performed significant research following Lewin as part of his highly regarded effort to precisely define and evaluate a number of psychoanalytic concepts within the context of learning theory. Brought a background in sociology and psychoanalytic study to bear on the psychology of frustration and aggression, social learning and imitation, social stratification, and learning processes in psychotherapy—with Miller, began the "Social Learning Theory") -Sociologist, anthropologist, caste systems in the South -Came up with a personality theory based on learning theory (learning research) -Early "Social Learning Theory" used to merge the clinical and experimental research tradition

Mary Cover Jones

Worked with Watson on the Peter and the Rabbit case to show how a child's fear could be systematically eliminated; introduced the technique of modeling by first showing Peter other children playing fearlessly with objects of which he was frightened and noting his improvement; Came up with one of the first examples of behavior therapy ; published the results of the research with Peter in 1924 and in 1974, she published more details surrounding the research; her professional accomplishments typically include only her involvement in the "Little Albert study;" she also has less known, but impressive, research on development across the life span, in which she consistently emphasized the importance of individual differences. Was best known for her early studies of the elimination of fear responses through counterconditioning and for studies of differences between early and late-maturing girls. Pioneer in behavior therapy, and is credited with developing techniques made famous by Watson an Raynor—including the Little Peter study. -Involved in the start of Behavior Therapy—Little Peter study

Humanistic psychology

a psychological approach that emphasizes the study of the whole person. look at human behavior not only through the eyes of the observer, but through the eyes of the person doing the behaving. (think Rogers' client-centered therapy. Key people: Rogers, Maslow and Rollow may. -developed as a reaction to the reductionism in behaviorism and psychoanalysis

field theory

a psychological theory which examines patterns of interaction between the individual and the total field, or environment. It is also means branch of physics that studies how energy distributes itself within hystical systems. Energy can distribute itself freely. In other system energy must pass through wires. According to Gestaltists, the brain is a physical system whose activity could be understood in terms of field theory. Lewin's field theory can be expressed by a formula: B = f(p,e). B being the function between the person (p) and their environment (e).

Gestalt psychology

a school of thought that looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole. Originating in the work of Max Wertheimer, formed partially as a response to the structuralism of Wilhelm Wundt (focused on breaking down mental events and experiences to the smallest elements). -Max Wertheimer noted that rapid sequences of perceptual events, such as rows of flashing lights, create the illusion of motion even when there is none. This is known as the phi phenomenon.

Operant conditioning

aka instrumental conditioning, the behavior is controlled by the consequences (think of punishment (decrease behavior) and reinforcement (increase behavior), and positive (adding something) and negative (taking away something)

Information processing

at the very heart of cognitive psychology. is like a computer (george a miller's idea). The computer and human stores info, changes it, processes it, etc.

Magical number seven

by George A. Miller, the major number seven, plus or minus two: some limits to our capacity for processing information

classical conditioning

entails the learning of new behavior through association where two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response. There are four basic components of a classical conditioning process (unconditioned stimuli, conditioned stimuli, unconditioned response, and conditioned response).

Experimental research tradition

experimental researchers conducted studies to investigate human behavior. Most of these studies were quasi experiments, lab experiments, etc.

Bruner

has been a pivotal figure in modern cognitive psychology. His interests have been in cognitive development, "new look" studies in perception, educational reform, and social opinion formation and change. He helped found the Center for Cognitive Studies at Harvard university in 1960. APA Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award, 1962; APA President 1965

verbal behavior

is a 1957 book by psychologist B. F. Skinner that inspects human behavior, describing what is traditionally called linguistics. is almost entirely theoretical, involving little experimental research in the work itself. It was an outgrowth of a series of lectures first presented at the University of Minnesota in the early 1940s and developed further in his summer lectures at Columbia and William James lectures at Harvard in the decade before the book's publication. A growing body of research and applications based on this has occurred since its original publication, particularly in the past decade.

clinical research tradition

it Began with Freud dominating psychology with psychoanalysis and ends with Watson dominating psychology with behaviorism.

imitation

miller and dollard claimed that learning occurs through this, which is then modified by introducing consequences and outcomes. this eventually becomes modeling for bandura

Structuralism

the school of psychology founded by Titchener, the goal of which was to describe the structure of the mind

Hollingworth

one of the first psychologists to bring psychology into the advertising world, as well as a pioneer in applied psychology. Viewed himself as a systematic psychologist but remembered for his applied studies, including experiments in the effects of caffeine, used by Coca-Cola to defend against a federal lawsuit in 1939, and for studies in shell shock in World War I soldiers. APA president, 1927. -Did research on caffeine—"the influence of caffeine on mental and motor efficiency" -Early pioneer of Psychology and business -received his doctorate under Cattell

Titchener

promoted his interpretation of Wundtian experimental psychology, made structuralism, in the US. To him, psychology was the systematic analysis of mental experience through introspection.

The Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

proposed by Dollard, Miller, Mower, and Sears (1939). Frustration, which is defined as "the state that emerges when circumstances interfere with a goal response," often leads to aggression.

Cognitive therapy (CT)

psychotherapy developed by American psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck. CT is one of the therapeutic approaches within the larger group of cognitive behavioral therapies (CBT) and was first expounded by Beck in the 1960s.

Existentialism

stressed the meaning of human existence, freedom of choice, and the uniqueness of each individual. For them, the important aspects of human are their personal, subjective interpretation of life, choices they make. Soren Kierkegaard. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche Lou Andrea Salome

Radical behaviorism

the version of behaviorism that claims only directly observable events, such as stimuli and responses, should constitute the subject matter of psychology. Explanations of behavior in terms of unobserved mental events can be, and should be, avoided.