Psychology 100B Chapter 5

Hussein is concerned because he cannot remember event from before he was about 4 years old. What is the most likely cause for this infantile amnesia?

- His maturing cortex increased his long term storage after age 4 - His memories were organized differently after he turned 3 or 4 - His maturing cortex allowed him to gain a sense of self he didn't have before he was 4

A researcher secretly puts a dab of rouge on a child's nose before placing him in front of a mirror. A child who recognizes himself in the mirror will begin to touch his own nose when he sees the red spot. The self recognition begins at approximately what age?

15 to 18 months

Schema

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

Autism

A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind

An infant is mostly to be at risk for mental retardation if her mother is

A heavy drinker or alcoholic

Cross-sectional Study

A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

Shelley's brother hid her favourite stuffed bear in the other cabinet after Shelley had originally put the bear in her own toy chest. When she returns she is able to find the bear in the other cabinet where her brother had put it. This illustrates Shelly's development of which of the following?

A theory of mind

Accommodation

Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

Teratogens

Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Cognition

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Attachment

An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

Critical Period

An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

When a child uses their new experience in terms of their existing schema, this is known as:

Assimilation

Luca's parents set firm rules but are responsive to the needs of Luca. They give him a chance to explain himself and also explain they position on why they cannot allow him to stay out past midnight, etc. Which of the major categories of parenting styles described in the text do Luca's parents display?

Authoritative

Maturation

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behaviour, relatively uninfluenced by experience

David is 13 years old and is telling his mother that she should not drive too fast and make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates which kind of moral reasoning?

Conventional

The Nation Institute of Mental Health is conducting a study on older adults who are 50-75 years of age on memory and response time in relation to timed tasks. They are brining in all age groups at once to compare the differences. What kind of study is this?

Cross-sectional

Habituation

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

Improved judgement, impulse control, and the ability to plan for the future develops during the teens and early twenties, largely as a result of:

Development of the frontal lobe of the brain

Javier is 20 years old and still very much dependent on his parents. They are paying for his college tuition as well as his living expenses. He spends his school holidays at home with them. He is in the phase of life the text labels as:

Emerging adulthood

Compared to younger people, older people are more likely to:

Experience greater contentment

Due to complication from diabetes, Molly's pregnancy had to be terminated during the third month in order to save her life. What stage of prenatal development did she have the termination?

Fetus

Erik Erikson proposed that at this stage of life, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or else they may feel a lack or purpose.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Egocentrism

In Piaget's theory, the pre operational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

Preoperational Stage

In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6/7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

Sensorimotor Stage

In Piaget's theory, the stage (from to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

Concrete Operational Stage

In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from 6/7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

Formal Operational Stage

In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning at age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Aging results in a gradual decline in female fertility. As an example, for women _____, a single act of intercourse is half as likely to produce a pregnancy as it would for a woman 19 to 26 years old.

In their 30s

Assimilation

Interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas

Early maturation in boys tends to produce boys who are:

More self assured, popular, and independent

5 year old Ling is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely due to:

Neural networks sprouting in her frontal lobes

Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness and cardiac output begin to decline in the late 20s. Research has shown that these processes of aging can be haltered or reversed by:

Nothing can halt the decline associated with aging

A 65 year old retina receives only about _____ as much light as its 20 year old counterpart

One-third

Fluid Intelligence

Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

Crystallized Intelligence

Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

Identity

Our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

Self Concept

Our understanding and evaluation of who we are

Theory of Mind

People's ideas about their own and others' mental states about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial mis proportions

During this stage of Piaget's cognitive development, children are able to represent things with words and images and use intuitive rathe than logical reasoning.

Preoperational

Longitudinal Study

Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

Social Identity

The "we" aspect of our self concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships

Object Permanence

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

You just found out that your sister conceived about seven days ago. You rush to find a book on pregnancy so that you can learn more about it. What will the book say is happening around the seventh day of pregnancy?

The cells of the zygote begin to differentiate

Social Clock

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as married, parenthood, and retirement

Fetus

The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

Embryo

The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization throughout the second month

Stranger Anxiety

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning about 8 months of age

Zygote

The fertilized egg; it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

Conversation

The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of the concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

Imprinting

The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life