Psychology 100B Chapter 5
Hussein is concerned because he cannot remember event from before he was about 4 years old. What is the most likely cause for this infantile amnesia?
- His maturing cortex increased his long term storage after age 4 - His memories were organized differently after he turned 3 or 4 - His maturing cortex allowed him to gain a sense of self he didn't have before he was 4
A researcher secretly puts a dab of rouge on a child's nose before placing him in front of a mirror. A child who recognizes himself in the mirror will begin to touch his own nose when he sees the red spot. The self recognition begins at approximately what age?
15 to 18 months
Schema
A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
Autism
A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind
An infant is mostly to be at risk for mental retardation if her mother is
A heavy drinker or alcoholic
Cross-sectional Study
A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
Shelley's brother hid her favourite stuffed bear in the other cabinet after Shelley had originally put the bear in her own toy chest. When she returns she is able to find the bear in the other cabinet where her brother had put it. This illustrates Shelly's development of which of the following?
A theory of mind
Accommodation
Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
Teratogens
Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Cognition
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Attachment
An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
Critical Period
An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
When a child uses their new experience in terms of their existing schema, this is known as:
Assimilation
Luca's parents set firm rules but are responsive to the needs of Luca. They give him a chance to explain himself and also explain they position on why they cannot allow him to stay out past midnight, etc. Which of the major categories of parenting styles described in the text do Luca's parents display?
Authoritative
Maturation
Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behaviour, relatively uninfluenced by experience
David is 13 years old and is telling his mother that she should not drive too fast and make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates which kind of moral reasoning?
Conventional
The Nation Institute of Mental Health is conducting a study on older adults who are 50-75 years of age on memory and response time in relation to timed tasks. They are brining in all age groups at once to compare the differences. What kind of study is this?
Cross-sectional
Habituation
Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner
Improved judgement, impulse control, and the ability to plan for the future develops during the teens and early twenties, largely as a result of:
Development of the frontal lobe of the brain
Javier is 20 years old and still very much dependent on his parents. They are paying for his college tuition as well as his living expenses. He spends his school holidays at home with them. He is in the phase of life the text labels as:
Emerging adulthood
Compared to younger people, older people are more likely to:
Experience greater contentment
Due to complication from diabetes, Molly's pregnancy had to be terminated during the third month in order to save her life. What stage of prenatal development did she have the termination?
Fetus
Erik Erikson proposed that at this stage of life, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or else they may feel a lack or purpose.
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Egocentrism
In Piaget's theory, the pre operational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
Preoperational Stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6/7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
Sensorimotor Stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage (from to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
Concrete Operational Stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from 6/7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
Formal Operational Stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning at age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
Aging results in a gradual decline in female fertility. As an example, for women _____, a single act of intercourse is half as likely to produce a pregnancy as it would for a woman 19 to 26 years old.
In their 30s
Assimilation
Interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas
Early maturation in boys tends to produce boys who are:
More self assured, popular, and independent
5 year old Ling is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely due to:
Neural networks sprouting in her frontal lobes
Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness and cardiac output begin to decline in the late 20s. Research has shown that these processes of aging can be haltered or reversed by:
Nothing can halt the decline associated with aging
A 65 year old retina receives only about _____ as much light as its 20 year old counterpart
One-third
Fluid Intelligence
Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
Crystallized Intelligence
Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
Identity
Our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
Self Concept
Our understanding and evaluation of who we are
Theory of Mind
People's ideas about their own and others' mental states about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial mis proportions
During this stage of Piaget's cognitive development, children are able to represent things with words and images and use intuitive rathe than logical reasoning.
Preoperational
Longitudinal Study
Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period
Social Identity
The "we" aspect of our self concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships
Object Permanence
The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
You just found out that your sister conceived about seven days ago. You rush to find a book on pregnancy so that you can learn more about it. What will the book say is happening around the seventh day of pregnancy?
The cells of the zygote begin to differentiate
Social Clock
The culturally preferred timing of social events such as married, parenthood, and retirement
Fetus
The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
Embryo
The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization throughout the second month
Stranger Anxiety
The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning about 8 months of age
Zygote
The fertilized egg; it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
Conversation
The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of the concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
Imprinting
The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life