Psychology 101

Which of the following must be included in all informed consent documents?

- Notice that participants can terminate at any time - Basic outlines of the study - Notice of the risks involved - Assurance that participation is voluntary

Which of the following are key elements of an experiment?

- Random assignment - An independent variable - A hypothesis - A dependent variable

Put the elements of an experiment in the proper order from first to last.

1. Identify participants 2. Randomly assign participants to a condition 3. Manipulate the independent variable 4. Measure the dependent varibale 5. Compare the results of the two groups

What is a placebo?

A fake treatment that doesn't, in theory, actually do anything

Which of the following is an example of correlational research?

A study in which the researcher looks for a relationship between people's neighborhood demographics and their level of prejudice.

What type of research methodology utilizes census data or previous collections of data?

Archival research

In an experiment examining the effect of leptin on the hunger of rats, rats in the _______ group are given leptin shots and rats in the ______ group are given a shot of an inactive substance such as saline.

Blank 1: experimental or treatment Blank 2: control or placebo

What term describes an in-depth intensive investigation of an individual or small group of people?

Case study

Susan is going to conduct archival research for a study. Which of the following would be a source of her information?

Census data

In an experiment, which variable is measured by the experimenter?

Dependent

Which type of research involves manipulating one variable in order to see how it affects another variable?

Experiment

Which of the following describes the change that experimenters deliberately produce in one variable?

Experimental manipulation

Which of these research methods allows the researcher to determine cause and effect?

Experimental research

An experimental manipulation should be viewed by itself, in insolation.

False

True or False. There is only one acceptable method for conducting scientific research.

False

True or false: Deception in psychological research is not acceptable.

False

True or false: Naturalistic observation utilizes existing data, such as written records.

False

are predictions that can be tested.

Hypotheses

predictions that can be tested.

Hypotheses

In an experiment, which variable is manipulated by the experimenter?

Independent

_____ minimizes the risk of harm by telling research participants what to expect before they participate in research.

Informed consent

Why is random so important for determining cause and effect?

It allows the researcher to be more confident that the outcomes are due to the independent variable, not other participant characteristics.

What type of research methodology involves watching and documenting people's behavior, without changing the situation?

Naturalistic observation

_____ research involves having people answer questions about their thoughts, feelings and/or behavior.

Survey

broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest.

Theories or Theory

Which of the following is true of hypotheses?

They can be tested.

Researchers who work with nonhuman animals must follow which of the following guidelines?

They must make all efforts to minimize discomfort, illness, and pain. They must promote the psychological well-being of some species of research animals.

What is the purpose of using deception in psychological research?

To prevent participants from being influenced by what they think the purpose of the study is

In psychological research, procedures that subject nonhuman animals to distress are

allowed only when an alternative procedure is unavailable and the research is justified by its prospective value.

Mary decided to measure intelligence in a group of children. She chose to do this using a specific IQ test. She was choosing

an operational definition for intelligence.

Experimental ____ refers to factors that distort how the independent variable affects the dependent variable in an experiment.

bias

Experimental ______ refers to factors that distort how the independent variable affects the dependent variable in an experiment.

bias

A(n)_________ study is an in-depth investigation of an individual or small group of people.

case

Before taking part in a psychology study, participants must sign a document that gives them informed ______ and indicates they they aware of what their participation will entail.

consent or consent form

The strength and direction of the relationship between two variables can be represented by a mathematical statistic known as a ______, which can range from +1.0 to −1.0.

correlation

In an experiment, ______ variable is expected to change as a result of the experimental manipulation.

dependent or dependant

Experimental manipulation is used to

detect relationships between different variables.

The first step in designing an experiment is to

develop one or more hypotheses to test.

Researchers rule out the possibility that something other than the experimental manipulation produced the results observed in the experiment by

employing experimental and control groups in an experiment.

Unlike experimental research, correlational research cannot

establish cause and effect.

Unlike correlational research, _______ research can determine causal relationships.

experimental

Experimenter and participant expectations are two types of ____ bias.

experimental or experiemental

In an experiment, the _____ group is manipulated, while the ____ group is not.

experimental; control

A theory is a

framework to explain relationships between different facts or principles.

A psychologist designed an experiment to determine the effect of positive and negative emotion on health. In this experiment, emotion is a(n) _______ variable, and health is a(n) ________ variable.

independent and dependent

In an experiment, the ______ variable is manipulated by the experimenter.

independent or independant

Random assignment reduces the odds that something other than the _____ is responsible for differences between the treatment and control groups.

independent variable

In an experiment, the independent variable is ____, whereas the dependent variable is _____.

manipulated, measured

Experiments involve _____ one variable and observing the effect on another variable.

manipulating

When a researcher wants to correlate tension with depression, she develops tests that measure these two emotional states. The tests are her _________ of the variables she is interested in.

operational definitions

Random assignment is a procedure in which ____ are assigned to either the treatment or control group on the basis of chance.

participants

The control group in a study looking at the effects of a drug on behavior would probably be administered ____ a to make them think they were getting the drug.

placebo or treatment

A procedure in which participants are assigned to different experimental groups on the basis of chance is called ___________ assignment.

random

You are surprised at the outcome of an experiment that comes out very differently than you had anticipated. You should probably _____ the study to see if you get the same result the second time.

replicate

Research that is repeated, sometimes using other procedures, settings, and groups of participants to increase confidence in prior findings is called

replicated research.

Researchers use both experimental and control groups in experiments to

rule out the possibility that something else caused the observed changes.

The process of systematically acquiring knowledge and understanding through the use of theories and testing hypotheses is called the

scientific method

If someone is using theories to develop hypotheses and then testing those hypotheses, that person is using the

scientific method.

In ______ research, a sample of people complete questionnaires about their thoughts, feelings, and/or behavior.

survey

The manipulation implemented by the experimenter is called

the treatment

Psychological experimental research compares the responses of one group that receives a ________________ (the manipulation implemented by an experimenter) to the responses of another group that does not receive it.

treatment

Research is utilized to

understand the degree to which hypotheses are accurate.

Behaviors, events or other characteristics that can change or vary in a study are called

variables

Behaviors, events, or characteristics that can change are referred to as

variables.