Psychology 101 Developmental Psychology ch. 5

social identity

'we' aspect of self-concept; part of our answer to 'who am i?' that comes from our group memberships

developmental psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

stroke a newborn's cheek and the infant will root for a nipple. This illustrates

a reflex

intimacy

ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

preoperational stage

2 to 6 or 7 years old child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

Embryo (age?)

2 weeks through 8 weeks

accommodation

adapting our current understandings to incorporate new information

teratogens

agents that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

effect of PERMISSIVE parenting on children

aggressive and immature

assimilation

application of existing mental patterns to new situations

termporal lobe

auditory areas, receiving info from opposite ear

concrete operational stage

6 or 7 to 11 years old children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about conrete events

fetus (age?)

9 weeks to birth

Children with _____ have difficulty understanding others' emotions and perspectives

autism

object permanence

awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

formal operational stage

beginning at age 12 people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

sensorimotor stage

birth to 2 years old infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

Primary sex characteristics

body structures that make sexual reproduction possible

imprinting

certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.

Zygote (age?)

conception to 2 weeks

_____ is the leading cause for mental retardation

FAS

Authoritative Parenting

Parents are both demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules and enforcing thme, but they also explain the reasons for rules. Encourage open discussion and allow some exceptions to rules

children acquire the mental operations necessary to understand conservation during the ____ stage

concrete operational

developmental researchers who emphasize learning and experience tend to believe in _____; those who emphasize biological maturation tend to believe in ___

continuity; stages

social clock

culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

embryo

developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

during the preoperational stage, a young child's thinking is

egocentric

Body organs first begin to form and function during the period of the ______; within 6 months, during the period of the ____, the organs are sufficiently functional to allow a chance of survival.

embryo; fetus

some developmental psychologists now refer to the period from age 18 to the mid twenties and beyond as

emerging adulthood

attachments

emotional tie with another person; shown in children seeking closeness to caregiver and distress on separation

accommodation

existing ideas are changed for new info or experiences

stranger anxiety

fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by 8 months

menarche

first menstrual period

the primary task during adolescence is

forging an identity

according to Piaget, the ability to think logivally about abstractions indicates

formal operational thought

between ages 3 and 6 the human brain experiences the greatest growth in the ____ lobes, which we use for rational planning, and which continue developing at least into adolescence

frontal

freud defined the healthy adult as one who is able to love and work. Erikson agreed, observing that the adult struggles to attain intimacy and

generativity

maturation

growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

contrary to what many people assume, people of all ages report similar levels of _____

happiness

teratogens are chemicals that pass through the placenta's screen and may harm an embryo or fetus. What is a teratogen?

heroin, alcohol, nicotine

effect of AUTHORITATIVE parenting on children

high self-esteem, self-reliance, and social competence

infants prefer looking at ____ faces and hearing ____ voices

human; human

assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

effect of AUTHORITARIAN parenting on children

less social, lower self-esteem

frontal lobe

make judgement and planning

cognition

mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Corpus Callosum

neutral fibers connecting the 2 brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

Secondary sex characteristics

nonreproductive sexual characteristics.

cerebellum

nonverbal learning, processing sensory input, and coordinating movement output and balance

Essential components of brain growth and development

nutrition and experience

critical period

optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

fluid intelligence

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

crystallized intelligence

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

Authoritarian parenting

parents impose rules and expect obedience

Permissive Parenting

parents submit to their children's desires

theory of mind

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

emerging childhood

period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood

Puberty

period of sexual maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

FAS

physical cognitive abnormalities in children cause by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include facial misproportions

egocentrism

preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

conservation

properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

Adolescence is marked by the onset of

puberty

By age 65 a person would be most likely to experience a cognitive decline in the ability to

recall and list all the important terms and concepts in a chapter

primary sex characteristics relate to ____; secondary sex characteristics refer to _____

reproductive organs; nonreproductive traits

according to Kohlberg, preconventional morality focuses on _____; conventional morality is more concerned with _____.

self-interest; upholding laws and social rules

basic trust

sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

What are the cognitive stages in order?

sensorimotor stage preoperational stage concrete operational stage formal operations stage

critical period

shortly after birth; organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

limbic system

slam doors, yelling, turn up headphones

Symptoms of FAS

small, misproportioned head, Small head, epicanthal folds, flat midface, smooth philtrum, low nasal bridge, small eye openings, short nose, thin upper lip, underdeveloped jaw

although development is lifelong, there is stability of personality over time. For example, temperament tends to remain _____ throughout life

stable

faced with a new babysitter, an 8 month old child often shows distress, a behavior referred to as

stranger anxiety

from the very first weeks of life, infants differ in their characteristic emotional reactions, with some infants being intense and anxious, while others are easygoing and relaxed. These differences are usually explained as differences in

temperament

identity

the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

in a series of experiments, the Harlows found that monkeys raised with artificial mothers tended, when afraid, to cling to

the cloth mother

fetus

the deceloping human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

zygote

the fertilized egg;it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

an example of motorskill development

the sequence, but not the timing, is universal

menopause

time of natural discontinuation of menstruation; biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

Adolescencce

transition period from childhood to adulthood....puberty to independence

maturation, the orderly sequence of biological growth, explains why most children have begun_____ by 12 months

walking