Psychology 101 Developmental Psychology ch. 5
social identity
'we' aspect of self-concept; part of our answer to 'who am i?' that comes from our group memberships
developmental psychology
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
stroke a newborn's cheek and the infant will root for a nipple. This illustrates
a reflex
intimacy
ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood
preoperational stage
2 to 6 or 7 years old child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
Embryo (age?)
2 weeks through 8 weeks
accommodation
adapting our current understandings to incorporate new information
teratogens
agents that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
effect of PERMISSIVE parenting on children
aggressive and immature
assimilation
application of existing mental patterns to new situations
termporal lobe
auditory areas, receiving info from opposite ear
concrete operational stage
6 or 7 to 11 years old children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about conrete events
fetus (age?)
9 weeks to birth
Children with _____ have difficulty understanding others' emotions and perspectives
autism
object permanence
awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
formal operational stage
beginning at age 12 people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
sensorimotor stage
birth to 2 years old infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
Primary sex characteristics
body structures that make sexual reproduction possible
imprinting
certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.
Zygote (age?)
conception to 2 weeks
_____ is the leading cause for mental retardation
FAS
Authoritative Parenting
Parents are both demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules and enforcing thme, but they also explain the reasons for rules. Encourage open discussion and allow some exceptions to rules
children acquire the mental operations necessary to understand conservation during the ____ stage
concrete operational
developmental researchers who emphasize learning and experience tend to believe in _____; those who emphasize biological maturation tend to believe in ___
continuity; stages
social clock
culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
embryo
developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
during the preoperational stage, a young child's thinking is
egocentric
Body organs first begin to form and function during the period of the ______; within 6 months, during the period of the ____, the organs are sufficiently functional to allow a chance of survival.
embryo; fetus
some developmental psychologists now refer to the period from age 18 to the mid twenties and beyond as
emerging adulthood
attachments
emotional tie with another person; shown in children seeking closeness to caregiver and distress on separation
accommodation
existing ideas are changed for new info or experiences
stranger anxiety
fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by 8 months
menarche
first menstrual period
the primary task during adolescence is
forging an identity
according to Piaget, the ability to think logivally about abstractions indicates
formal operational thought
between ages 3 and 6 the human brain experiences the greatest growth in the ____ lobes, which we use for rational planning, and which continue developing at least into adolescence
frontal
freud defined the healthy adult as one who is able to love and work. Erikson agreed, observing that the adult struggles to attain intimacy and
generativity
maturation
growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.
contrary to what many people assume, people of all ages report similar levels of _____
happiness
teratogens are chemicals that pass through the placenta's screen and may harm an embryo or fetus. What is a teratogen?
heroin, alcohol, nicotine
effect of AUTHORITATIVE parenting on children
high self-esteem, self-reliance, and social competence
infants prefer looking at ____ faces and hearing ____ voices
human; human
assimilation
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
effect of AUTHORITARIAN parenting on children
less social, lower self-esteem
frontal lobe
make judgement and planning
cognition
mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Corpus Callosum
neutral fibers connecting the 2 brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
Secondary sex characteristics
nonreproductive sexual characteristics.
cerebellum
nonverbal learning, processing sensory input, and coordinating movement output and balance
Essential components of brain growth and development
nutrition and experience
critical period
optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
fluid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
crystallized intelligence
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
Authoritarian parenting
parents impose rules and expect obedience
Permissive Parenting
parents submit to their children's desires
theory of mind
people's ideas about their own and others' mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict
emerging childhood
period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood
Puberty
period of sexual maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
FAS
physical cognitive abnormalities in children cause by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include facial misproportions
egocentrism
preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
conservation
properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
Adolescence is marked by the onset of
puberty
By age 65 a person would be most likely to experience a cognitive decline in the ability to
recall and list all the important terms and concepts in a chapter
primary sex characteristics relate to ____; secondary sex characteristics refer to _____
reproductive organs; nonreproductive traits
according to Kohlberg, preconventional morality focuses on _____; conventional morality is more concerned with _____.
self-interest; upholding laws and social rules
basic trust
sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
What are the cognitive stages in order?
sensorimotor stage preoperational stage concrete operational stage formal operations stage
critical period
shortly after birth; organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
limbic system
slam doors, yelling, turn up headphones
Symptoms of FAS
small, misproportioned head, Small head, epicanthal folds, flat midface, smooth philtrum, low nasal bridge, small eye openings, short nose, thin upper lip, underdeveloped jaw
although development is lifelong, there is stability of personality over time. For example, temperament tends to remain _____ throughout life
stable
faced with a new babysitter, an 8 month old child often shows distress, a behavior referred to as
stranger anxiety
from the very first weeks of life, infants differ in their characteristic emotional reactions, with some infants being intense and anxious, while others are easygoing and relaxed. These differences are usually explained as differences in
temperament
identity
the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
in a series of experiments, the Harlows found that monkeys raised with artificial mothers tended, when afraid, to cling to
the cloth mother
fetus
the deceloping human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
zygote
the fertilized egg;it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
an example of motorskill development
the sequence, but not the timing, is universal
menopause
time of natural discontinuation of menstruation; biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
Adolescencce
transition period from childhood to adulthood....puberty to independence
maturation, the orderly sequence of biological growth, explains why most children have begun_____ by 12 months
walking