Psychology 133 Exam 3 Review
The biological sex of an infant with two sex chromosomes is determined by the
23rd chromosome, contributed by the father
If a person experiences an unchanging sexual interest, arousal, or behavior associated with an object, type of person, or situation not usually associated with sex, then he or she is most likely experiencing
A paraphilia
Drive
A psychological state of arousal that motivates to satisfy a need
Thought suppression
Act of deliberately trying to get rid of unwanted thoughts
James was born with a penis but during puberty began to grow breasts. After various medical tests, a doctor tells James that he has XXY sex chromosomes. Based on this you know that James is most likely experiencing
Atypical development due to his intersexuality
Maintence rehearsal
Basic repetition of information; shallow encoding
Primary effect
Better memory for things at the beginning of a list
Recency effect
Better memory for things at the end of a list
Keith is an adolescent male who has never had sex with anyone. Keith is emotionally and romantically attracted to females and wants to date a female friend from school. Keith is sexually attracted to males and becomes sexually aroused when he is near certain male friends he finds attractive. Based on this, Keith's sexual orientation is most likely
Bisexual
Secondary emotions
Blends of primary emotions (remorse, guilt, shame, anticipation)
The string of 16-digits 1776149217872014 is difficult to remember. If a person breaks them up into four groups of four digits (1776, 1492, 1787, and 2014), these numbers are easier to remember, due to the effect of
Chucking
False memories
Confuse a mental image for a real event
Carson tries to convince his instructor to give the final exam in the same room where the class is held because he learned that it would improve his chances of getting a better grade. Which memory concept is Carson using?
Context-dependent memory
Memory persistence
Continual recurrente of unwanted memories
Insulin
Controls glucose level
Encoding memory
Convert information into storable units
Leptin
Decrease eating behavior
Japanese students were shown film clips designed to provoke strong emotions. When Toko watched the clip with other people present, she showed little outward emotion. When Toko watched the clips alone, she showed the same strong emotions observed in American college students. The difference in what Toko considers to be acceptable emotional expression shows the influence of
Display rules
Liora is reading her textbook. As her eyes scan the page, each visual image is retained for less than a second in her
Sensory storage
Primary emotions
Share across cultures & associated with specific physical states
Recently, Miriam's violin instructor tells her that she has to practice three hours a day for a competition. Although Miriam usually practices more than three hours, she suddenly finds that she enjoys playing a lot less. Self-determination theory suggests that Miriam's sudden loss of interest happened because
She no longer feels that she is choosing to practice
Memory bias
Memories become consistent with our current beliefs or attitudes
Location of memory
Memory does not 'live' in one part of the brain
When he misses lunch, August knows he is experiencing a state of deficiency. Pretty soon, he starts to feel hungry and he goes to a deli to eat. August was motivated to eat because he experienced the psychological state called a(n) ________, which will reduce his state of deficiency.
Drive
Rebound effect
Emergence of symptoms that were absent or controlled while taking medication but appear when the medication is discontinued or reduced in dosage
Incentives
External objects/goals that motivates behavior
Self-determination theory
Extrinsic awards reduce intrinsic value
Shazia describes a made-up story to Ronald in vivid detail about a time that they got into serious trouble as young children. Later on, Ronald remembers the event even though it never actually happened. Ronald is most likely experiencing
False memory
Filter theory
Filter out unwanted information
Extrinsic
Focus on external goals (money, grades, career, raise, exams)
Intrinsic
Focus on internal goals (pride, interest, curiosity)
According to the American Psychiatric Association, which of the following is a recognized psychological disorder?
Having gender dysphoria
Janelle knows that motivational states are directive, meaning that they
Help guide behaviors that satisfy our needs
Memory distortion
Human memory is flawed
Absentmindedness
Inattentive or shallow encoding -Major cause: failing to pay attention
Gherlin
Increase eating behavior
In the musical The King and I, the lead character sings about whistling when she feels afraid to hide her fear, which eventually makes her not feel afraid. The idea that acting like you are not afraid keeps you from feeling afraid is similar to which theory of emotion?
James-Lange
Pluto the dog is hit by a car while chasing a squirrel. Afterward, he starts losing weight and does not seem interested in eating his food. Pluto is most likely having problems with the part of the brain that processes the hormone ________, which should indicate when to stop eating.
Leptin
Elaborative rehearsal
Linking new information to prior experience/knowledge; deeper encoding
Anterograde amnesia
Lose ability to form new memories
Retrograde amnesia
Lose access to old memory
Short-term storage
Maintains information for immediate us -Duration: indefinite while manipulating information -Capacity: 7 items plus or minus 2
Nicole is preparing a detailed report about why males tend to be more aggressive than females. If her report is based on recent findings, which of the following should NOT be included in it?
Males have an area of the prefrontal cortex that is larger than that area in females
State-dependent memory
Memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed
Suggestibility
Misleading information can affect memory
Misattribution
Misremember the time, place, person, or circumstances
Elaborative rehearsal is a more effective memory strategy than maintenance rehearsal because the information is processed
More deeply
Pleasure principle
Motivates people to seek pleasure and avoid pain
Achievement motivation
Need/desire to attain a certain standard of excellence
Retroactive interference
New memories interfere with old memories
Proactive interference
Old memories interfere with new memories
Chunking
Organize for easy remembering -2673450956 (10 numbers) -267 345 0956 (3 pairs)
Arousal
Physiological activation or increased autonomic responses
Self-perception theory
Rarely aware of our specific motives
Retrieval memory
Remembering stored information
Prospective memory
Remembering to do something at some future time
Rumination
Repetitively thinking about the causes, factors, and consequences of ones negative emotional experience
Storage memory
Retention of encoded information
Chris is looking for his friend in a crowd of people at a concert. As he scans the crowd, he often blinks but still retains a brief visual image of many of the faces in the crowd for a very brief time. Chris is able to maintain this visual information due to the function of his
Sensory storage
Common beliefs about people of particular genders based on many people's similar gender schemas are called gender
Stereotypes
After reading your textbook, you are able to maintain the bold, key words in coded representations in
Storage
Long-term storage
Stores information for re-access and later use -Duration and capacity: probably unlimited
Context-dependent memory
The failure to recall information without memory cues
On his way to buy a snack, Jed sees an ad that simply shows one juicy hamburger. Rather than getting ice cream as he had planned, Jed buys french fries instead. According to the spreading activation model, the hamburger most likely made Jed want french fries because
The hamburger activated the node for french fries
Stewart desperately wants a job in computers. During his interview, he is aggressive about his thoughts and ideas. A motivation theorist who believes in extrinsic motivation would say that Stewart's behavior in the interview is most likely motivated by
The incentive of wanting to earn a high salary
Jenna plans to be an engineer. However, she loves and gets a lot of enjoyment from taking dance classes and makes time for them even if it means that she must skip a meal or not get much sleep. Jenna's behavior is best explained by
The pleasure principle
Cynthia's psychology professor asks the class not to think about purple unicorns. Though Cynthia has never once before thought about a purple unicorn, she finds that she cannot stop thinking about them. Cynthia is experiencing ________ as a result of her attempts at ________.
The rebound effect; thought suppression
Addie told Callum her top 10 favorite movies. When he tries to recall the list later on, he can only remember the last two movies Addie mentioned. The fact that Callum only remembers the last two movies is most likely due to
The recency effect
Xue Lan is preparing a class presentation on the variables that influence sexual desire. Xue Lan's presentation should correctly mention that
There are cultural differences in sexual behavior
Mustafa and Elian, a gay male couple, are adopting an infant son. Their families are concerned about how the couple might influence the sexual orientation of their son, so they consult a psychologist. The psychologist correctly advises the family that, according to research,
There is little or no evidence to suggest that parents affect the sexual orientation of their children
Ophelia believes that as a woman her role is to stay home and care for children while her husband works. Ophelia could have learned this gender role in all of the following ways EXCEPT by
Traveling widely to many nontraditional cultures
Paraphilia
Unchanging sexual interest, arousal, or behavior associated with an object, type of person, or situation not usually associated with sex
Beth's entire family has a high achievement motivation. Which of the following is Beth NOT likely to observe in her family members?
Unrealistically high career goals
Sensory storage
Very briefly holds sensory information -Duration: up to a few seconds depending on sense -Capacity: vast because the amount of sensory information
Flashbulb memories
Vivid memories Usually surprising, consequential, and/or emotional arousing
Blocking
When words are similar in sound or meaning
Filter theory helps explain all of the following memory phenomena EXCEPT
Why we tend to process personally irrelevant information
Egg
X chromosome
Sperm
X or Y chromosome