Psychology 133 Exam 3 Review

The biological sex of an infant with two sex chromosomes is determined by the

23rd chromosome, contributed by the father

If a person experiences an unchanging sexual interest, arousal, or behavior associated with an object, type of person, or situation not usually associated with sex, then he or she is most likely experiencing

A paraphilia

Drive

A psychological state of arousal that motivates to satisfy a need

Thought suppression

Act of deliberately trying to get rid of unwanted thoughts

James was born with a penis but during puberty began to grow breasts. After various medical tests, a doctor tells James that he has XXY sex chromosomes. Based on this you know that James is most likely experiencing

Atypical development due to his intersexuality

Maintence rehearsal

Basic repetition of information; shallow encoding

Primary effect

Better memory for things at the beginning of a list

Recency effect

Better memory for things at the end of a list

Keith is an adolescent male who has never had sex with anyone. Keith is emotionally and romantically attracted to females and wants to date a female friend from school. Keith is sexually attracted to males and becomes sexually aroused when he is near certain male friends he finds attractive. Based on this, Keith's sexual orientation is most likely

Bisexual

Secondary emotions

Blends of primary emotions (remorse, guilt, shame, anticipation)

The string of 16-digits 1776149217872014 is difficult to remember. If a person breaks them up into four groups of four digits (1776, 1492, 1787, and 2014), these numbers are easier to remember, due to the effect of

Chucking

False memories

Confuse a mental image for a real event

Carson tries to convince his instructor to give the final exam in the same room where the class is held because he learned that it would improve his chances of getting a better grade. Which memory concept is Carson using?

Context-dependent memory

Memory persistence

Continual recurrente of unwanted memories

Insulin

Controls glucose level

Encoding memory

Convert information into storable units

Leptin

Decrease eating behavior

Japanese students were shown film clips designed to provoke strong emotions. When Toko watched the clip with other people present, she showed little outward emotion. When Toko watched the clips alone, she showed the same strong emotions observed in American college students. The difference in what Toko considers to be acceptable emotional expression shows the influence of

Display rules

Liora is reading her textbook. As her eyes scan the page, each visual image is retained for less than a second in her

Sensory storage

Primary emotions

Share across cultures & associated with specific physical states

Recently, Miriam's violin instructor tells her that she has to practice three hours a day for a competition. Although Miriam usually practices more than three hours, she suddenly finds that she enjoys playing a lot less. Self-determination theory suggests that Miriam's sudden loss of interest happened because

She no longer feels that she is choosing to practice

Memory bias

Memories become consistent with our current beliefs or attitudes

Location of memory

Memory does not 'live' in one part of the brain

When he misses lunch, August knows he is experiencing a state of deficiency. Pretty soon, he starts to feel hungry and he goes to a deli to eat. August was motivated to eat because he experienced the psychological state called a(n) ________, which will reduce his state of deficiency.

Drive

Rebound effect

Emergence of symptoms that were absent or controlled while taking medication but appear when the medication is discontinued or reduced in dosage

Incentives

External objects/goals that motivates behavior

Self-determination theory

Extrinsic awards reduce intrinsic value

Shazia describes a made-up story to Ronald in vivid detail about a time that they got into serious trouble as young children. Later on, Ronald remembers the event even though it never actually happened. Ronald is most likely experiencing

False memory

Filter theory

Filter out unwanted information

Extrinsic

Focus on external goals (money, grades, career, raise, exams)

Intrinsic

Focus on internal goals (pride, interest, curiosity)

According to the American Psychiatric Association, which of the following is a recognized psychological disorder?

Having gender dysphoria

Janelle knows that motivational states are directive, meaning that they

Help guide behaviors that satisfy our needs

Memory distortion

Human memory is flawed

Absentmindedness

Inattentive or shallow encoding -Major cause: failing to pay attention

Gherlin

Increase eating behavior

In the musical The King and I, the lead character sings about whistling when she feels afraid to hide her fear, which eventually makes her not feel afraid. The idea that acting like you are not afraid keeps you from feeling afraid is similar to which theory of emotion?

James-Lange

Pluto the dog is hit by a car while chasing a squirrel. Afterward, he starts losing weight and does not seem interested in eating his food. Pluto is most likely having problems with the part of the brain that processes the hormone ________, which should indicate when to stop eating.

Leptin

Elaborative rehearsal

Linking new information to prior experience/knowledge; deeper encoding

Anterograde amnesia

Lose ability to form new memories

Retrograde amnesia

Lose access to old memory

Short-term storage

Maintains information for immediate us -Duration: indefinite while manipulating information -Capacity: 7 items plus or minus 2

Nicole is preparing a detailed report about why males tend to be more aggressive than females. If her report is based on recent findings, which of the following should NOT be included in it?

Males have an area of the prefrontal cortex that is larger than that area in females

State-dependent memory

Memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed

Suggestibility

Misleading information can affect memory

Misattribution

Misremember the time, place, person, or circumstances

Elaborative rehearsal is a more effective memory strategy than maintenance rehearsal because the information is processed

More deeply

Pleasure principle

Motivates people to seek pleasure and avoid pain

Achievement motivation

Need/desire to attain a certain standard of excellence

Retroactive interference

New memories interfere with old memories

Proactive interference

Old memories interfere with new memories

Chunking

Organize for easy remembering -2673450956 (10 numbers) -267 345 0956 (3 pairs)

Arousal

Physiological activation or increased autonomic responses

Self-perception theory

Rarely aware of our specific motives

Retrieval memory

Remembering stored information

Prospective memory

Remembering to do something at some future time

Rumination

Repetitively thinking about the causes, factors, and consequences of ones negative emotional experience

Storage memory

Retention of encoded information

Chris is looking for his friend in a crowd of people at a concert. As he scans the crowd, he often blinks but still retains a brief visual image of many of the faces in the crowd for a very brief time. Chris is able to maintain this visual information due to the function of his

Sensory storage

Common beliefs about people of particular genders based on many people's similar gender schemas are called gender

Stereotypes

After reading your textbook, you are able to maintain the bold, key words in coded representations in

Storage

Long-term storage

Stores information for re-access and later use -Duration and capacity: probably unlimited

Context-dependent memory

The failure to recall information without memory cues

On his way to buy a snack, Jed sees an ad that simply shows one juicy hamburger. Rather than getting ice cream as he had planned, Jed buys french fries instead. According to the spreading activation model, the hamburger most likely made Jed want french fries because

The hamburger activated the node for french fries

Stewart desperately wants a job in computers. During his interview, he is aggressive about his thoughts and ideas. A motivation theorist who believes in extrinsic motivation would say that Stewart's behavior in the interview is most likely motivated by

The incentive of wanting to earn a high salary

Jenna plans to be an engineer. However, she loves and gets a lot of enjoyment from taking dance classes and makes time for them even if it means that she must skip a meal or not get much sleep. Jenna's behavior is best explained by

The pleasure principle

Cynthia's psychology professor asks the class not to think about purple unicorns. Though Cynthia has never once before thought about a purple unicorn, she finds that she cannot stop thinking about them. Cynthia is experiencing ________ as a result of her attempts at ________.

The rebound effect; thought suppression

Addie told Callum her top 10 favorite movies. When he tries to recall the list later on, he can only remember the last two movies Addie mentioned. The fact that Callum only remembers the last two movies is most likely due to

The recency effect

Xue Lan is preparing a class presentation on the variables that influence sexual desire. Xue Lan's presentation should correctly mention that

There are cultural differences in sexual behavior

Mustafa and Elian, a gay male couple, are adopting an infant son. Their families are concerned about how the couple might influence the sexual orientation of their son, so they consult a psychologist. The psychologist correctly advises the family that, according to research,

There is little or no evidence to suggest that parents affect the sexual orientation of their children

Ophelia believes that as a woman her role is to stay home and care for children while her husband works. Ophelia could have learned this gender role in all of the following ways EXCEPT by

Traveling widely to many nontraditional cultures

Paraphilia

Unchanging sexual interest, arousal, or behavior associated with an object, type of person, or situation not usually associated with sex

Beth's entire family has a high achievement motivation. Which of the following is Beth NOT likely to observe in her family members?

Unrealistically high career goals

Sensory storage

Very briefly holds sensory information -Duration: up to a few seconds depending on sense -Capacity: vast because the amount of sensory information

Flashbulb memories

Vivid memories Usually surprising, consequential, and/or emotional arousing

Blocking

When words are similar in sound or meaning

Filter theory helps explain all of the following memory phenomena EXCEPT

Why we tend to process personally irrelevant information

Egg

X chromosome

Sperm

X or Y chromosome