Psychology 200 Mid-Term

Which of the following pituitary hormones regulates the adrenal cortex?

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone

Which of the following scenarios illustrates subliminal stimulation?

In an experiment, an audio track was played at such a low volume that the participants were not aware of it.

Which of the following is true about maintenance rehearsal?

It involves mentally repeating a list or saying the information to oneself.

In short-term memory, an image tends to fade after _____ if it is not repeated or rehearsed.

10 to 12 seconds

Phoebe recently suffered a major fall in which she sustained brain injuries. Since then, she has had immense difficulty in communicating with others. She appears to understand what others tell her, but her responses are slow and laborious. Her sentences are always incomplete, with important grammatical words missing. Which of the following conditions best reflects Phoebe's case?

Broca's aphasia

_________is defined as a way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence.

Critical thinking

Which of the following statements is true of depth perception?

Distant objects stimulate smaller areas on the retina than nearby ones.

. _____ are memories of events that happen to a person or that take place in the person's presence.

Episodic memories

Identify the neoanalyst among the following.

Erik Erickson

Modern hypnosis evolves from the ideas of _____.

Franz Mesmer

_____ is an altered state of consciousness in which people are highly suggestible and behave as though they are in a trance.

Hypnosis

. __________is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience.

Intelligence

Which of the following statements is true of the absolute threshold?

It is determined by exposing individuals to progressively stronger stimuli until the minimum stimuli the person can detect is found.

Which of the following is true about anterograde amnesia?

It is the failure to remember the events that occurred after a physical trauma.

Which of the following best defines the term preconscious?

It refers to material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention.

_____ refers to a sleep attack in which a person falls asleep suddenly and irresistibly.

Narcolepsy

__________are specialized cells of the nervous system that receive and transmit messages.

Neurons

17. Which of the following statements is true of the third memory process—retrieval?

Retrieval of information requires knowledge of the proper cues.

Which of the following is a difference between sleep terrors and nightmares?

Sleep terrors usually occur during the first two sleep cycles of the night, whereas nightmares are more likely to occur toward morning.

In the context of sound, which of the following is true?

The greater the number of cycles per second (Hz), the higher the pitch of the sound.

__________tells us whether we are falling and provides cues to whether our body is changing speed.

The vestibular sense

Which of the following statements is true of concepts?

They can represent visions of things that never were measured.

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of biologically oriented psychologists?

They study the role of heredity in behavior and mental processes such as psychological disorders, criminal behavior, and thinking.

In the context of the eye, changes in thickness of the lens permit:

a clear image of an object to be projected onto the retina.

Every time a neuron fires, it transmits an impulse of the same strength. This occurrence is known as the__________.

all-or-none principle

The axon bundle that transmits neural impulses from the organ of Corti to the brain is known as the__________.

auditory nerve

. Psychologists with a(n) _____ perspective primarily venture into the realm of mental processes such as sensation and perception, memory, intelligence, language, thought, and problem solving to understand human nature.

cognitive

When Claire was baking an apple pie, the odor of the pie triggered some memories of her childhood. She remembered playing with her brother in the living room while her mother baked apple pies. Her memory is an example of a(n) _____.

context-dependent memory

An association among variables is known as__________.

correlation

The measured results, or outcomes, in an experiment are called__________.

dependent variables

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to _____.

determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory

The knowledge of one's own thoughts, feelings, and memories without the use of sensory organs is known as _____.

direct inner awareness

. In memory theory, the term__________means to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information.

displace

The _____ is an assumed electrical circuit that corresponds to a memory trace.

engram

According to psycholinguistic theory, _____.

environmental influences affect language acquisition

. Bethany taught her dog to jump every time she raises her right hand. Later, the dog started jumping even if she raised her left hand. In this scenario, the dog's action of jumping as a response to a similar stimulus is due to a tendency called _____.

generalization

In the context of memory and forgetting, one of the cognitive explanations for infantile amnesia states that:

infants do not make reliable use of language to symbolize or classify events.

Which of the following statements is true of alcohol?

it dilates blood vessels

In the terminology of observational learning, a person who engages in a response that is imitated is a__________.

model

Larry, a 26-year-old man, often falls asleep suddenly. During these sleep attacks, he falls asleep for around 15 minutes and wakes up feeling refreshed. He also hallucinates that a person is sitting on his chest. In this scenario, Larry is likely suffering from__________.

narcolepsy

Heredity defines one's _____, which is based on biological structures and processes.

nature

Ned is feeling stressed because of his workload in office. He is also experiencing insomnia with rapid weight loss. Ned's condition is an example of a__________correlation.

negative

18. The retina consists of cells called _____ that are sensitive to light.

photoreceptors

In a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is provided after a _____.

random amount of time has passed

The series of eye fixations that we perceive as visual sensations seem continuous, or stream like, because of _____.

sensory memory

Since 15 percent of a university comprises Asian-American students, a sample for a study was chosen in such way that it, too, consisted of 15 percent Asian-Americans. This kind of sample would be an example of a__________.

stratified sample

Visual stimuli can be flashed too briefly, below our absolute threshold for conscious perception, to enable us to process them. This is an example of__________.

subliminal stimulation

If the__________is damaged, a person can form visual memories but not verbal memories.

thalamus

Which of the following structures of the limbic system is connected with vigilance?

the amygdala

Which of the following is a goal of psychology?

To explain behavior and mental processes

In _____, a person cannot move during the transition from consciousness to sleep, and hallucinations occur.

sleep paralysis

A number of people with severe cases of epilepsy have split-brain operations in which much of__________is severed.

the corpus callosum

Lisa is a fabric specialist. Recently, she was invited to an exhibition of Persian silks. Being an expert on fabrics, Lisa continuously moved her hand along the surfaces of different pieces of fabric to get the feel of them. This action is referred to as _____.

active touching

Paula taught her dog to lie down every time she rang a hand bell. However, the dog began to apply this command even to the sound of a doorbell. In this scenario, the dog's action of lying down as a response to a similar stimulus is due to a tendency called__________.

generalization

Which of the following statements is true of problem solving?

Algorithms invariably lead to solutions if they are used properly.

__________is the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli.

Echoic memory

. After a single presentation, Megan can recall her friend's long-distance telephone number and five-digit extension even though the sequence contains 15 digits. One reason for her ease of recall is that she split the digits into smaller groups of three each. This process is called _____.

chunking

The colors across from one another on the color wheel are labeled__________.

complementary colors

Messages from the brain or spinal cord are transmitted to muscles or glands through _____.

motor neurons

Implicit memories involve methods and skills, cognitive and physical, and are also referred to as _____.

procedural memories

According to the law of__________, there is a perceptual tendency to group together objects that are near one another.

proximity

Which of the following causes Down syndrome?

The presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair

Ryan is telling his grandchildren stories about growing up in another country. He describes his school and memories about his childhood friends. In this scenario, Ryan's ability to communicate his experiences about different times and places illustrates the quality of language known as _____.

displacement

. According to__________, language acquisition involves the interaction of environmental influences and the inborn tendency to acquire language.

psycholinguistic theory

Amy and George were practicing a song for a cultural program. Their music teacher insisted that Amy sing the verses in a high pitch. Which of the following could be a reason for the music teacher's decision to select Amy for the high pitch sounds and not George?

A woman's vocal cords are usually shorter and vibrate at a greater frequency.

Which of the following is true about elaborative rehearsal?

It involves extending the semantic meaning of the letters that need to be remembered.

John recently suffered a blow to his head. Since then, he finds it difficult to comprehend what others say to him. He also finds it difficult to express his thoughts and cannot seem to find the right words to say while speaking. However, he can speak freely with proper syntax. In this scenario, John is most likely suffering from _____.

Wernicke's aphasia

In the context of classical conditioning, a learned reaction to a learned stimulus is known as a(n)__________.

conditioned response

Which of the following characterizes rapid eye movement (REM) sleep?

A level of arousal similar to that of a person's waking state

Which of the following statements is true of prelinguistic vocalizations?

Babies' babbling frequently combines consonants and vowels.

Which of the following statements is true of dreams?

Freud argued that dreams express impulses we would censor during the day.

Which of the following techniques relies on subtle shifts in blood flow to create a brain scan?

Magnetic resonance imaging

__________is the agent that creates physiological dependence on tobacco products.

Nicotine

__________is the activation of specific associations in memory, often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort to access the memory.

Priming

In the context of prospective memory, which of the following scenarios depict event-based tasks?

Rochelle feeds her cat every morning before leaving for work and cleans its litter box after getting back from work.

_________is the view that the perception of sensory stimuli involves the interaction of physical, biological, and psychological factors.

Signal-detection theory

In the context of Long-term memory, which of the following statements is true of flashbulb memory?

Stimuli that stand out are preserved in detail in a person's long-term memory.

Identify a true statement about environmental influences on intelligence.

Studies support the view that children's early environment is linked to academic achievement.

Naomi is afraid of dogs. While she is feeling relaxed, her therapist shows her a dog from a distance. The therapist gradually brings the dog closer until Naomi's fear is completely extinguished. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to extinguish Naomi's fear of dogs?

Systematic desensitization

Amy accidentally hit her elbow against the edge of a wall. Amy's mother rushed to her and rubbed the affected elbow. Amy's pain subsided. Which theory would best explain this incident?

The gate theory

12. A(n)__________is a stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information.

chunk

With a _____, an organism's response rate falls off after each reinforcement and then picks up again as the time when reinforcement will occur approaches.

fixed-interval schedule

Caroline is a psychologist who studies how stress induces ailments such as heart problems and headaches. Some of her clients are smokers, and she is helping them quit smoking. She also suggests lifestyle changes to her clients to help them reduce and cope with stress. Caroline can best be described as a(n) _____.

health psychologist

A(n) _____ is a system of symbols along with rules that are used to manipulate the symbols.

language

According to Louis Thurstone,__________are the eight specific factors that make up intelligence.

primary mental abilities

. Children's__________become refined after they are shown positive and negative instances and given explanations.

prototypes

. Sarah was required to learn a list of 20 numbers in order. Initially, she took 15 repetitions to learn the list. After five days, she had forgotten the list of numbers and had to re-learn it. This time, she only took eight tries to re-learn the numbers. The difference between the number of repetitions she originally took to learn the numbers and the number of repetitions she took to re-learn the numbers is known as _____.

savings

Shannon is observing a painting. She perceives one object in the painting as a two-dimensional circle and another object as a three-dimensional sphere. Which of the following monocular cues can account for this effect?

shadowing

Hailey is taking dance lessons. Each time she makes a progressive move, her dance instructor commends her. In this scenario, Hailey's instructor is training her by _____.

shaping

. Carl is teaching his dogs to jump through a hoop. At the onset of training, Carl gives the dogs treats for each movement toward the hoop. Then, he only gives them treats when they near the hoop. Later, he waits until they jump through the hoop before giving them treats. In this scenario, Carl reinforces _____ of the goal.

successive approximations

The pain message is relayed from the spinal cord to the__________and then projected to the cerebral cortex, making us aware of the location and intensity of the damage.

thalamus

Andy is a professional skydiver. During his freefall, he is able to automatically sense his body's position in relation to the earth's gravity without really having to look around him. This allows him to adjust his position appropriately during his fall to regulate his momentum. The sense that is illustrated in this scenario is the _____.

vestibular sense

The part of the electromagnetic spectrum that stimulates the eye and produces visual sensations is known as _____.

visible light

. __________is a neurotransmitter that controls muscle contractions.

Acetylcholine

Asha has a fear of darkness. To extinguish this fear, she is placed in a dark room ensuring that she suffers no harm in the process. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to reduce Asha's fear of the dark?

Flooding

__________is the type of sensory adaptation in which we become less sensitive to constant stimuli.

Negative adaptation

What is the purpose of a split-brain operation?

To confine epileptic seizures to one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex

In which of the following conditions do receptors for warmth fire?

When skin temperature increases

Vibrations in the fluids within the chambers of the inner ear press against the__________.

basilar membrane

In psychodynamic theory, the term _____ is descriptive of ideas and feelings that are not available to awareness.

unconscious