Psychology
A good theory produces testable predictions, called
Hypotheses
*Dr. Santaniello conducts basic research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) ________ psychologist.
developmental
Just one week after conception, the cells of the zygote begin to ___________. In other words, the cells begin to specialize in structure and function.
differentiate
*Studying people of all races and cultures is most helpful for
discerning human similarities and differences
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
disorder characterized by difficulties in socialization, communication, and behavioral deficits - 1 in 70 children
the idea that various brain areas have particular functions is called
localization of function
occipital lobe
visual processing
A positron emission tomography (PET) scan depicts brain activity by detecting:
where a radioactive form of glucose goes during a given task.
brainstem
where most nerves connected to the brain link with the opposite side of the body - oldest evolutionary history
Nature vs.Nurture
whether a person's development is predisposed in his DNA, or a majority of it is influenced by this life experiences and his environment.
The conclusion of many researchers regarding the stability versus change developmental issue is that:
while some characteristics are stable, both stability and change are part of development.
Men report that their most intimate and nurturing friendships tend to be:
with women
neural networks
work groups that the brain's neurons cluster into
compared to men, women have a _________ risk for eating disorder
10 times greater
3 methods of moral disengagement
1) moral justification 2)
Paiget's Stages of Cognitive Development
1) sensorimotor 2) preoperational 3)concrete operational 4) formal operational
average rate of sperm production
1000 sperm per second
brain becomes fully mature
22-25 years of age
Approximately _____ percent of infants are securely attached to a parent.
60
In 1890, the average interval between a woman's first menstrual period and marriage, which typically marked a transition to adulthood, was about _____ years.
7
experimental design
A design in which researchers manipulate an independent variable and measure a dependent variable to determine a cause-and-effect relationship
Behaviorism
A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior -Watson and Skinner
EEG (electroencephalogram)
An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
Euphemism
An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant
*Information is most quickly transmitted from one cerebral hemisphere to the other by the
corpus callosum
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers that transmit information from one neuron to another
somatic nervous system
Division of the PNS that controls the body's skeletal muscles.
Tina has trouble sleeping. She wakes up around the same time each night feeling like she cannot breathe. Her physician suspects she may have sleep apnea, a sleep disorder. Which neuroimaging technique is her physician likely to use to determine if Tina has a sleep disorder?
EEG
The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by _____ theory.
Erik Erikson
The _____ bias is also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.
Hindsight
Terrance is a right-handed, 25-year-old homosexual man. Although he is happy with who he is, he wonders why he is homosexual and his two older brothers are not. Which of the following might be a partial explanation?
In his fourth month in utero, he was exposed to hormone levels typically experienced by female fetuses.
independent vs dependent variable
Independent variable: causes or influences the dependent variable. Dependent variable: hypothesized to depend on or be caused by the independent variable. EXAMPLE: In a study of how different doses of a drug affect the severity of symptoms, a researcher could compare the frequency and intensity of symptoms when different doses are administered. Here the independent variable is the dose and the dependent variable is the frequency/intensity of symptoms.
*On a series of coin tosses, Oleg has correctly predicted heads or tails seven times in a row. In this instance, we can reasonably conclude that Oleg's predictive accuracy
Is a random and coincidental occurrence
Brenda has been asked to give a brief lecture on neurons and the action potential to a group of high school students. Which of the following would she likely use as a model to describe the chemistry-to-electricity process of the action potential?
It is similar to the way batteries generate electricity.
Dr. Penn is a clinical psychologist studying the onset of psychological disorders, such as schizophrenia. Dr. Penn is MOST likely to use which neuroimaging technique to get a glimpse of his subjects' brains?
MRI
John was injured in a car accident after which he lost consciousness for 10 minutes. He sustained numerous injuries and, most importantly, had a large, open wound on his head. When he arrived at the emergency room, the attending physician immediately ordered which neuroimaging technique to rule out any soft-tissue damage to the brain?
MRI
The physician _____ claimed that bumps on the skull were correlated with intelligence and personality traits.
franz gall
Dr. Khan is studying love and attraction. She is particularly interested in which parts of the brain are active when people view images of their partner versus a stranger or friend. Which neuroimaging technique is Dr. Khan likely to use?
PET
From studies of hundreds of adoptive families, what is the stunning finding that covers everyone except identical twins?
People who grow up together, biologically related or not, do not resemble one another in personality.
The main difference between Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories of development is that:
Piaget stressed the child's independent discoveries, whereas Vygotsky stressed that supportive interactions with parents and others played a key role in cognitive development.
Psychiatrist vs. Psychologist
Psychologists focus on using therapy to help their patients where as psychiatrists take a more medical approach to helping their patients ie. prescribing medication
Science of psychology organized into two thoughts
Structuralism and Functionalism
sensory neurons
neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors *to the brain* and spinal cord
motor neurons
neurons that carry outgoing information *from the brain* and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
Dehumanization
The deprivation of human qualities, rights, or understanding.
dependent variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
Group Decision Making
The process of making regular business decisions through groups set up within the firm. so no one feels responsible
Which of the following statements BEST represents contemporary thinking on the nature-nurture issue?
The relationship between genetics and environment is interactive; each influences the other.
Hippocampus
The sea-horse shaped part of the limbic system involved in forming and retrieving memories.
Cognitive Psychology
The study of how people think, learn, and remember.
First psychology lab by who?
Wilhelm Wundt
Schema
a concept or mental hold in to which we pour our experiences
survey
a descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group
biological psychology
a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior
clinical psychology
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
cofounding variable
a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment
reticular formation
a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal
action potential
a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
adrenal glands
a pair of endocrine glands that help arouse the body in times of stress.
cross-sectional studies
a research method that compares participants in different groups at the same time
random sample
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.
*"The rat is always right"
a way of saying that if animals' (or people's) behavior doesn't meet our expectations, then it's our ideas that need to change.
*A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron
action potential
accommodation
adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. making distinctions between schemas
Teratogens
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Manipulation of the experiment means that:
all variables are controlled for, except the one being tested.
*one study has found math anxiety to be associated with hyperactivity in the right
amygdala
A person who has difficulty recognizing emotional responses in others following a head injury most likely suffered damage to the _____ in the limbic system. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished. Your answer:
amygdala
In 1939, Heinrich Klüver and Paul Bucy surgically lesioned this part of the brain, which eliminated defensive responses in various mammal species.
amygdala
double-blind procedure
an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.
case study
an in-depth study of individuals or groups
case study
an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
critical period
an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
Temperament and emotionality studies have demonstrated that these characteristics:
are very stable over time
Chandra's father demands total obedience from his children. When he speaks, he expects his children to listen. There is no discussion and no arguing. He has zero tolerance for breaking the rules he has set forth. Chandra's father has which type of parenting style?
authoritarian
In terms of the heartbeat, digestion, and glandular functioning, the body is a fairly well-oiled machine that works even when it is asleep. This is possible because of the _____ nervous system.
automatic
Shelby just finished eating lunch. Her _____ nervous system is responsible for the digestion of her food.
auttonomic
pre-operational
before 6-7, too young to perform mental operations
* A focus on how we learn observable responses is most relevant to the ____________ perspective.
behavioral
*Observing and recording people's behavior as they are conditioned was of most central interest to
behaviorism
Sensorimotor
birth - 2 years, senses and actions, live in present, out of sight out of mind
Central Nervous System (CNS)
brain and spinal cord
correlation does not prove
causation, it suggests a possible cause and effect relationship
Joan is concerned because she often feels like she is going to fall over when she is walking. When she visits the doctor she is diagnosed with a tumor in the:
cerebellum
Researchers have discovered that damage to part of the _____ in rats results in vertigo.
cerebellum
Authoritarian
coercive, parents impose rules and expect obedience
*Which perspective is most concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences?
cognitive
Five-year-old Lance complained to his mom that the pizza was not big enough. When she cut the pizza into smaller slices, Lance was happy because he now thought that there was more pizza. Lance lacks the concept of:
conservation
right hemisphere
controls the left side of the body; creative, intuitive, spacial
left hemisphere
controls the right side of the body; analytical, language, math
* Jennifer and Nate are seeing Dr. Becker for their marital issues. Neither one of them has a psychological disorder, but they are interested in strengthening their relationship. Dr. Becker is most likely a _________________ psychologist.
counseling
scientific attitude
curiosity, skepticism, humility
Habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.
Freudian Psychology
emphasized the ways our unconscious thought processes and our emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior
Hormones are secreted into the blood by the _____ system.
endocrine
Empirical Approach
evidence-based method that draws on observation and experimentation
sexual response cycle
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
placebo effect
experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.
Theory
explains behaviors or events by offering ideas that organize what we have observed
Functionalism
explored how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
When adolescents achieve the intellectual summit that Jean Piaget called _____, they apply their new abstract reasoning tools to the world around them.
formal operations
Dr. Snell studies the part of the brain that is active when people are lying. She asks half of her participants to tell the truth about an event from their childhoods and half to tell a lie about an event from their childhoods. Which brain imaging technique should she use to detect brain areas that are active when the participants are lying?
fMRI
Kevin is participating in a study in which he is placed inside a tube-shaped machine and then asked to look at photographs of people making various facial expressions. The experimenters explain that they are looking at areas of his brain that show increased blood flow, which would indicate higher levels of activity when he looks at the photographs. The device the researchers are utilizing is a(n):
fMRI
According to researcher Qazi Rahman (2015), "gay men appear, on average, more _____ in brain pattern responses and lesbian women are somewhat more _____."
female typical; male typical
Zygote
fertilized egg
The shared human genetic profile is called the:
genome
Myelin producing cells
glial cells
These chemical messengers are mostly manufactured by the endocrine glands, and they can influence our interest in sex, food, and aggression.
hormones
his famous experiment involving raising monkeys with two artificial mothers was conducted by:
harry and Margaret Harlow
3 roadblocks to critical thinking
hindsight bias, overconfidence and perceiving random patterns
humanistic psychology
historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth - rogers and maslow
*the secretion of the pituitary gland are most directly regulated by the
hypothalamus
Reward centers have been discovered in specific regions of the _____, which is located in the limbic system.
hypothalamus
formal operational
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
concrete operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
Gender
in psychology, socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female
sex
in psychology, the biological influenced characteristics by which people define male and femake
The experimental factor that is manipulated and these manipulations may affect the outcome factor that is the _____ variable.
independent
Synapse
information processing in the body involves neurons commincating with each other at their
*political research participants are told enough about an upcoming study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate. This illustrates the practice of seeking
informed consent
The largest number of neurons within the brain and spinal cord are responsible for the central nervous system's complex internal communications and intervene between inputs and outputs. These are the _____. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished.
interneurons
which neuron would we be least likely to worry about if we lost 100,000 of them
interneurons
Assimilation
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
According to Erik Erikson, at what stage of life do people struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for romantic lov
intimacy versus isolation
If you were to compare the endocrine system and the body's electrochemical information system in terms of speed, you might call the former a ________________ and the latter a text message.
letter in the mail
Dr. Juan is conducting a study of military veterans from the Vietnam and Gulf wars, in which he plans to evaluate them every year for 10 years to find out if those with PTSD have a more pronounced decline in mental abilities and overall memory over the 10 years. This is a(n) _____________ study.
longitudinal
Depressed mood states are linked to _____ levels of serotonin and _____ levels of norepinephrine.
low low
fMRI
measuring both structure and function of brain
A police officer is fatally wounded. He is shot in the head and immediately stops breathing. It is MOST likely that the bullet pierced his:
medulla
Menustration begins
menarche
In debating the origins of knowledge, Plato and Aristotle disagreed about the relative importance of:
nature vs nurture
Neurons
nerve cells - basic building block of nervous system
Bundles of axons that connect the peripheral nervous system to the brain and spinal cord are called
nerves
limbic system
neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus
a chemical messenger that is both a neurotransmitter and a hormone
norepinephrine
naturalistic observation
observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
*what regions of the cerebral cortex lie at the back of the head and receive information
occipital lobes
A statement describing the exact procedures for measuring an anticipated experimental outcome is known as a(n)
operational definition
Serena, a girl, and Stanley, a boy, developed from separate fertilized eggs but share a birth date and a biological mother. They are:
opposite sex fraternal twins.
Estrogen and progesterone are simultaneously produced by which glands
ovaries
a hormone commonly referred to as the "cuddle" hormone
oxytocin
theory of mind
people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.
part of the nervous system that regulates the level of sugar in the blood
panreas
*After discovering that the shadows outside his window were only the trees in the yard, Ralph's blood pressure decreased and his heartbeat slowed. These physical reactions were most directly regulated by his
parasympathetic nervous system
authoritative
parents are confrontive. They are both demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules, but, especially with older children, they encourage open discussion and allow exceptions.
negligent
parents are uninvolved
permissive
parents submit to their children's desires. they make few demands and use little punishment
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions
a gland commonly referred to as the "master gland" - located in the brain
pituitary gland
refers to the brain's ability to change by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.
plasticity
The brain's ability to change function and structure is referred to as:
plasticity.
The successful functioning of children who have had an entire cerebral hemisphere surgically removed best illustrates the significance of:
plasticity.
To obtain a scan using this technique, a patient is injected with (or ingests) a low and harmless dose of a short-lived radioactive glucose.
positron emission tomography (PET)
*The scientific attitude involves an open-minded humility because it involves a willingness to
recognize political beliefs that contradict their own
Henry is 58 years old, and he is worried about age-related loss of both memory and cognitive abilities. He asks you what he can do to minimize any declines. You give him all of the following suggestions EXCEPT:
reduce your activity level.
diffusion of responsibility
reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others
prospective memory
remembering to do things in the future
correlation design
research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associated
longitudinal study
research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period
*the selective permeability of a neural membrane enables the development of a
resting potential
*The SQ3R study method emphasizes the importance of
retrieving information
egocentric
self-centered
*Information is carried from the body's tissue and sensory receptors to central nervous system by
sensory neurons
gender roles
sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as male or female
Our enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex, the other sex, or both sexes, is called our:
sexual orientation.
When is menopause usually experienced for women?
shortly after age 50
Questions such as "What do you mean?" and "How do you know?" reflect what part of scientific attitude?
skepticism
Compared to messages delivered by the nervous system, messages delivered by the endocrine system are:
slower to arrive and longer lasting.
When Marissa imitates her mother, carefully wrapping and setting out presents for the holiday celebration, she is praised and given holiday cookies. Marissa's learning of gender-linked behaviors is best explained by:
social learning theory.
*Our reflexes such as pulling your hand away from a flame, are governed by the ____, while basic functions of motor skills and respiration are governed by the
spinal chord, hindbrain
gial cells
support, nourish, and protect neurons
The textbook describes a study method incorporating five steps
survey, question, read, retrieve and review
A medical equipment company is thinking of expanding by developing lie detection machines that measure perspiration, cardiovascular, and respiration changes. Their research should focus on the _____ nervous system.
sympathetic
Santiago Ramón y Cajal referred to these as "protoplasmic kisses."
synaptic gaps
MEG (magnetoencephalography)
technique that measures brain activity by detecting tiny magnetic fields generated by the brain
Each cerebral hemisphere can be roughly divided into four pairs of lobes. Which lobes process auditory information?
temporal lobes
*a hypothesis is a(n)
testable prediction that gives direction to research
Cerebellum
the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem;
object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
Medulla
the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing
nervous system
the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems
Thalamus
the brain's sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
fetus
the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
embryo
the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
parasympathetic nervous system
the division of the ANS that calms the body, conserving its energy
sympathetic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
*the part of the cerebral cortex that deals with abstract thinking, planning, executive control, and judgment—the qualities that make us most human
the frontal lobe
sanitizing comparisons
the harm you save is much greater than the cost
cognitive neuroscience
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)
autonomic nervous system
the part of the PNS that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs
* the conductor, or "master gland," of the hormone-producing system
the pituitary gland
conservation
the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
*Psychology
the science of behavior and mental processes
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body (most broad/inclusive)
social learning theory
the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
* Compared with the structuralists, early behaviorists were much LESS likely to focus on the study of:
thinking
critical thinking
thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.
lesion
tissue destruction
*the somatosensory cortex is most critical for our sense of
touch
pariteal lobe
touch
an individual whose assigned sex at birth does not correspond with their gender identity
transgender
Amygdala
two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.
Structionalism
uses introspection to reveal function of human mind
moral justification
using ends to justify means - stripping morality from activity