Psychology

A good theory produces testable predictions, called

Hypotheses

*Dr. Santaniello conducts basic research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) ________ psychologist.

developmental

Just one week after conception, the cells of the zygote begin to ___________. In other words, the cells begin to specialize in structure and function.

differentiate

*Studying people of all races and cultures is most helpful for

discerning human similarities and differences

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

disorder characterized by difficulties in socialization, communication, and behavioral deficits - 1 in 70 children

the idea that various brain areas have particular functions is called

localization of function

occipital lobe

visual processing

A positron emission tomography (PET) scan depicts brain activity by detecting:

where a radioactive form of glucose goes during a given task.

brainstem

where most nerves connected to the brain link with the opposite side of the body - oldest evolutionary history

Nature vs.Nurture

whether a person's development is predisposed in his DNA, or a majority of it is influenced by this life experiences and his environment.

The conclusion of many researchers regarding the stability versus change developmental issue is that:

while some characteristics are stable, both stability and change are part of development.

Men report that their most intimate and nurturing friendships tend to be:

with women

neural networks

work groups that the brain's neurons cluster into

compared to men, women have a _________ risk for eating disorder

10 times greater

3 methods of moral disengagement

1) moral justification 2)

Paiget's Stages of Cognitive Development

1) sensorimotor 2) preoperational 3)concrete operational 4) formal operational

average rate of sperm production

1000 sperm per second

brain becomes fully mature

22-25 years of age

Approximately _____ percent of infants are securely attached to a parent.

60

In 1890, the average interval between a woman's first menstrual period and marriage, which typically marked a transition to adulthood, was about _____ years.

7

experimental design

A design in which researchers manipulate an independent variable and measure a dependent variable to determine a cause-and-effect relationship

Behaviorism

A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior -Watson and Skinner

EEG (electroencephalogram)

An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

Euphemism

An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant

*Information is most quickly transmitted from one cerebral hemisphere to the other by the

corpus callosum

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that transmit information from one neuron to another

somatic nervous system

Division of the PNS that controls the body's skeletal muscles.

Tina has trouble sleeping. She wakes up around the same time each night feeling like she cannot breathe. Her physician suspects she may have sleep apnea, a sleep disorder. Which neuroimaging technique is her physician likely to use to determine if Tina has a sleep disorder?

EEG

The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by _____ theory.

Erik Erikson

The _____ bias is also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.

Hindsight

Terrance is a right-handed, 25-year-old homosexual man. Although he is happy with who he is, he wonders why he is homosexual and his two older brothers are not. Which of the following might be a partial explanation?

In his fourth month in utero, he was exposed to hormone levels typically experienced by female fetuses.

independent vs dependent variable

Independent variable: causes or influences the dependent variable. Dependent variable: hypothesized to depend on or be caused by the independent variable. EXAMPLE: In a study of how different doses of a drug affect the severity of symptoms, a researcher could compare the frequency and intensity of symptoms when different doses are administered. Here the independent variable is the dose and the dependent variable is the frequency/intensity of symptoms.

*On a series of coin tosses, Oleg has correctly predicted heads or tails seven times in a row. In this instance, we can reasonably conclude that Oleg's predictive accuracy

Is a random and coincidental occurrence

Brenda has been asked to give a brief lecture on neurons and the action potential to a group of high school students. Which of the following would she likely use as a model to describe the chemistry-to-electricity process of the action potential?

It is similar to the way batteries generate electricity.

Dr. Penn is a clinical psychologist studying the onset of psychological disorders, such as schizophrenia. Dr. Penn is MOST likely to use which neuroimaging technique to get a glimpse of his subjects' brains?

MRI

John was injured in a car accident after which he lost consciousness for 10 minutes. He sustained numerous injuries and, most importantly, had a large, open wound on his head. When he arrived at the emergency room, the attending physician immediately ordered which neuroimaging technique to rule out any soft-tissue damage to the brain?

MRI

The physician _____ claimed that bumps on the skull were correlated with intelligence and personality traits.

franz gall

Dr. Khan is studying love and attraction. She is particularly interested in which parts of the brain are active when people view images of their partner versus a stranger or friend. Which neuroimaging technique is Dr. Khan likely to use?

PET

From studies of hundreds of adoptive families, what is the stunning finding that covers everyone except identical twins?

People who grow up together, biologically related or not, do not resemble one another in personality.

The main difference between Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories of development is that:

Piaget stressed the child's independent discoveries, whereas Vygotsky stressed that supportive interactions with parents and others played a key role in cognitive development.

Psychiatrist vs. Psychologist

Psychologists focus on using therapy to help their patients where as psychiatrists take a more medical approach to helping their patients ie. prescribing medication

Science of psychology organized into two thoughts

Structuralism and Functionalism

sensory neurons

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors *to the brain* and spinal cord

motor neurons

neurons that carry outgoing information *from the brain* and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

Dehumanization

The deprivation of human qualities, rights, or understanding.

dependent variable

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

Group Decision Making

The process of making regular business decisions through groups set up within the firm. so no one feels responsible

Which of the following statements BEST represents contemporary thinking on the nature-nurture issue?

The relationship between genetics and environment is interactive; each influences the other.

Hippocampus

The sea-horse shaped part of the limbic system involved in forming and retrieving memories.

Cognitive Psychology

The study of how people think, learn, and remember.

First psychology lab by who?

Wilhelm Wundt

Schema

a concept or mental hold in to which we pour our experiences

survey

a descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

biological psychology

a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior

clinical psychology

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

cofounding variable

a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

reticular formation

a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal

action potential

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

adrenal glands

a pair of endocrine glands that help arouse the body in times of stress.

cross-sectional studies

a research method that compares participants in different groups at the same time

random sample

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.

*"The rat is always right"

a way of saying that if animals' (or people's) behavior doesn't meet our expectations, then it's our ideas that need to change.

*A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron

action potential

accommodation

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. making distinctions between schemas

Teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Manipulation of the experiment means that:

all variables are controlled for, except the one being tested.

*one study has found math anxiety to be associated with hyperactivity in the right

amygdala

A person who has difficulty recognizing emotional responses in others following a head injury most likely suffered damage to the _____ in the limbic system. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished. Your answer:

amygdala

In 1939, Heinrich Klüver and Paul Bucy surgically lesioned this part of the brain, which eliminated defensive responses in various mammal species.

amygdala

double-blind procedure

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.

case study

an in-depth study of individuals or groups

case study

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

critical period

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

Temperament and emotionality studies have demonstrated that these characteristics:

are very stable over time

Chandra's father demands total obedience from his children. When he speaks, he expects his children to listen. There is no discussion and no arguing. He has zero tolerance for breaking the rules he has set forth. Chandra's father has which type of parenting style?

authoritarian

In terms of the heartbeat, digestion, and glandular functioning, the body is a fairly well-oiled machine that works even when it is asleep. This is possible because of the _____ nervous system.

automatic

Shelby just finished eating lunch. Her _____ nervous system is responsible for the digestion of her food.

auttonomic

pre-operational

before 6-7, too young to perform mental operations

* A focus on how we learn observable responses is most relevant to the ____________ perspective.

behavioral

*Observing and recording people's behavior as they are conditioned was of most central interest to

behaviorism

Sensorimotor

birth - 2 years, senses and actions, live in present, out of sight out of mind

Central Nervous System (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

correlation does not prove

causation, it suggests a possible cause and effect relationship

Joan is concerned because she often feels like she is going to fall over when she is walking. When she visits the doctor she is diagnosed with a tumor in the:

cerebellum

Researchers have discovered that damage to part of the _____ in rats results in vertigo.

cerebellum

Authoritarian

coercive, parents impose rules and expect obedience

*Which perspective is most concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences?

cognitive

Five-year-old Lance complained to his mom that the pizza was not big enough. When she cut the pizza into smaller slices, Lance was happy because he now thought that there was more pizza. Lance lacks the concept of:

conservation

right hemisphere

controls the left side of the body; creative, intuitive, spacial

left hemisphere

controls the right side of the body; analytical, language, math

* Jennifer and Nate are seeing Dr. Becker for their marital issues. Neither one of them has a psychological disorder, but they are interested in strengthening their relationship. Dr. Becker is most likely a _________________ psychologist.

counseling

scientific attitude

curiosity, skepticism, humility

Habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

Freudian Psychology

emphasized the ways our unconscious thought processes and our emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior

Hormones are secreted into the blood by the _____ system.

endocrine

Empirical Approach

evidence-based method that draws on observation and experimentation

sexual response cycle

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

placebo effect

experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.

Theory

explains behaviors or events by offering ideas that organize what we have observed

Functionalism

explored how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

When adolescents achieve the intellectual summit that Jean Piaget called _____, they apply their new abstract reasoning tools to the world around them.

formal operations

Dr. Snell studies the part of the brain that is active when people are lying. She asks half of her participants to tell the truth about an event from their childhoods and half to tell a lie about an event from their childhoods. Which brain imaging technique should she use to detect brain areas that are active when the participants are lying?

fMRI

Kevin is participating in a study in which he is placed inside a tube-shaped machine and then asked to look at photographs of people making various facial expressions. The experimenters explain that they are looking at areas of his brain that show increased blood flow, which would indicate higher levels of activity when he looks at the photographs. The device the researchers are utilizing is a(n):

fMRI

According to researcher Qazi Rahman (2015), "gay men appear, on average, more _____ in brain pattern responses and lesbian women are somewhat more _____."

female typical; male typical

Zygote

fertilized egg

The shared human genetic profile is called the:

genome

Myelin producing cells

glial cells

These chemical messengers are mostly manufactured by the endocrine glands, and they can influence our interest in sex, food, and aggression.

hormones

his famous experiment involving raising monkeys with two artificial mothers was conducted by:

harry and Margaret Harlow

3 roadblocks to critical thinking

hindsight bias, overconfidence and perceiving random patterns

humanistic psychology

historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth - rogers and maslow

*the secretion of the pituitary gland are most directly regulated by the

hypothalamus

Reward centers have been discovered in specific regions of the _____, which is located in the limbic system.

hypothalamus

formal operational

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

Gender

in psychology, socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

sex

in psychology, the biological influenced characteristics by which people define male and femake

The experimental factor that is manipulated and these manipulations may affect the outcome factor that is the _____ variable.

independent

Synapse

information processing in the body involves neurons commincating with each other at their

*political research participants are told enough about an upcoming study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate. This illustrates the practice of seeking

informed consent

The largest number of neurons within the brain and spinal cord are responsible for the central nervous system's complex internal communications and intervene between inputs and outputs. These are the _____. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished.

interneurons

which neuron would we be least likely to worry about if we lost 100,000 of them

interneurons

Assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

According to Erik Erikson, at what stage of life do people struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for romantic lov

intimacy versus isolation

If you were to compare the endocrine system and the body's electrochemical information system in terms of speed, you might call the former a ________________ and the latter a text message.

letter in the mail

Dr. Juan is conducting a study of military veterans from the Vietnam and Gulf wars, in which he plans to evaluate them every year for 10 years to find out if those with PTSD have a more pronounced decline in mental abilities and overall memory over the 10 years. This is a(n) _____________ study.

longitudinal

Depressed mood states are linked to _____ levels of serotonin and _____ levels of norepinephrine.

low low

fMRI

measuring both structure and function of brain

A police officer is fatally wounded. He is shot in the head and immediately stops breathing. It is MOST likely that the bullet pierced his:

medulla

Menustration begins

menarche

In debating the origins of knowledge, Plato and Aristotle disagreed about the relative importance of:

nature vs nurture

Neurons

nerve cells - basic building block of nervous system

Bundles of axons that connect the peripheral nervous system to the brain and spinal cord are called

nerves

limbic system

neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus

a chemical messenger that is both a neurotransmitter and a hormone

norepinephrine

naturalistic observation

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

*what regions of the cerebral cortex lie at the back of the head and receive information

occipital lobes

A statement describing the exact procedures for measuring an anticipated experimental outcome is known as a(n)

operational definition

Serena, a girl, and Stanley, a boy, developed from separate fertilized eggs but share a birth date and a biological mother. They are:

opposite sex fraternal twins.

Estrogen and progesterone are simultaneously produced by which glands

ovaries

a hormone commonly referred to as the "cuddle" hormone

oxytocin

theory of mind

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

part of the nervous system that regulates the level of sugar in the blood

panreas

*After discovering that the shadows outside his window were only the trees in the yard, Ralph's blood pressure decreased and his heartbeat slowed. These physical reactions were most directly regulated by his

parasympathetic nervous system

authoritative

parents are confrontive. They are both demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules, but, especially with older children, they encourage open discussion and allow exceptions.

negligent

parents are uninvolved

permissive

parents submit to their children's desires. they make few demands and use little punishment

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions

a gland commonly referred to as the "master gland" - located in the brain

pituitary gland

refers to the brain's ability to change by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.

plasticity

The brain's ability to change function and structure is referred to as:

plasticity.

The successful functioning of children who have had an entire cerebral hemisphere surgically removed best illustrates the significance of:

plasticity.

To obtain a scan using this technique, a patient is injected with (or ingests) a low and harmless dose of a short-lived radioactive glucose.

positron emission tomography (PET)

*The scientific attitude involves an open-minded humility because it involves a willingness to

recognize political beliefs that contradict their own

Henry is 58 years old, and he is worried about age-related loss of both memory and cognitive abilities. He asks you what he can do to minimize any declines. You give him all of the following suggestions EXCEPT:

reduce your activity level.

diffusion of responsibility

reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others

prospective memory

remembering to do things in the future

correlation design

research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associated

longitudinal study

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

*the selective permeability of a neural membrane enables the development of a

resting potential

*The SQ3R study method emphasizes the importance of

retrieving information

egocentric

self-centered

*Information is carried from the body's tissue and sensory receptors to central nervous system by

sensory neurons

gender roles

sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as male or female

Our enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex, the other sex, or both sexes, is called our:

sexual orientation.

When is menopause usually experienced for women?

shortly after age 50

Questions such as "What do you mean?" and "How do you know?" reflect what part of scientific attitude?

skepticism

Compared to messages delivered by the nervous system, messages delivered by the endocrine system are:

slower to arrive and longer lasting.

When Marissa imitates her mother, carefully wrapping and setting out presents for the holiday celebration, she is praised and given holiday cookies. Marissa's learning of gender-linked behaviors is best explained by:

social learning theory.

*Our reflexes such as pulling your hand away from a flame, are governed by the ____, while basic functions of motor skills and respiration are governed by the

spinal chord, hindbrain

gial cells

support, nourish, and protect neurons

The textbook describes a study method incorporating five steps

survey, question, read, retrieve and review

A medical equipment company is thinking of expanding by developing lie detection machines that measure perspiration, cardiovascular, and respiration changes. Their research should focus on the _____ nervous system.

sympathetic

Santiago Ramón y Cajal referred to these as "protoplasmic kisses."

synaptic gaps

MEG (magnetoencephalography)

technique that measures brain activity by detecting tiny magnetic fields generated by the brain

Each cerebral hemisphere can be roughly divided into four pairs of lobes. Which lobes process auditory information?

temporal lobes

*a hypothesis is a(n)

testable prediction that gives direction to research

Cerebellum

the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem;

object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Medulla

the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing

nervous system

the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

Thalamus

the brain's sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

fetus

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

embryo

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

parasympathetic nervous system

the division of the ANS that calms the body, conserving its energy

sympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

*the part of the cerebral cortex that deals with abstract thinking, planning, executive control, and judgment—the qualities that make us most human

the frontal lobe

sanitizing comparisons

the harm you save is much greater than the cost

cognitive neuroscience

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

autonomic nervous system

the part of the PNS that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs

* the conductor, or "master gland," of the hormone-producing system

the pituitary gland

conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

*Psychology

the science of behavior and mental processes

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body (most broad/inclusive)

social learning theory

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

* Compared with the structuralists, early behaviorists were much LESS likely to focus on the study of:

thinking

critical thinking

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

lesion

tissue destruction

*the somatosensory cortex is most critical for our sense of

touch

pariteal lobe

touch

an individual whose assigned sex at birth does not correspond with their gender identity

transgender

Amygdala

two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.

Structionalism

uses introspection to reveal function of human mind

moral justification

using ends to justify means - stripping morality from activity