Psychology Ch. 6-10

Zygote splits into a _________________.

blastocyst

a remarried couple that has atleast one step child living with them deifines a blank family

blended

reconstructionist model of memory

blending of fact with fiction our memories can fade (fact part) faded memories can be replaced (fiction part)

the wechsler scales consist of

both verbal and nonverbal skills

Anterograde Amnesia

cannot form any new declarative (episodic/semantic) or explicit memories

Discrimination

capacity to distingiuish between two similar but distinct stimuli

What is fluid intelligence?

capacity to learn new ways of solving problems

What is intelligence?

capacity to understand hypothetical concepts

Ratio

certain number of responses must be reached

Learning

change in behavior due to experience that is relatively durable, results in physical change in brain

inhibited children

children who are characteristically shy, fearful, and timid

In ____ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior

classical conditioning

________ is the study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals, especially in natural environments

cognitive ethology

Exemplar Theory

compare a new instance with ALL stored memories for other instances for the category (many examples), may or may not posses all critical features

Prototype Theory

compare new instances to the prototype

intelligence quotient

compares test-taker's performance with standardized norms

according to carol gilligan, womens moral reasoning is based on the concept of

compassion

Missy has developed a collection of social skills that permit her to perform successfully in social settings. she has achived social

competence

concrete operations (what are children capable of now?)

conservation- understanding that physical properties are maintained even when their appearance changes

When asked to describe a examination room at his doctor's office. John seemed to do an accurate job. However, his description included a framed medical degree on the wall that in fact was not there, this is an illustration of

constructive memory

The time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop is known as ____

critical (sensitive) period

binet

developed the first intelligence test

Lucas is walking around his busy college campus between classes. He notices smoke coming from the side of the cafeteria, but assumes that someone inside already has called the fire department. What phenomenon does this example illustrate?

diffusion of responsibility

In __________________ ________________, students figure out scientific principles through trial and error.

discovery learning

Conditioned taste aversions contradicts the notion of ___________________________.

equipotentiality

Preparedness for certain phobias also contradicts _____________________.

equipotentiality

The storage capacity of long-term memory is

essentially limitless

Motivation

factors that energize, direct, or sustain behavior

insight

finding a solution through "aha" moments

Classical Conditioning

form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what is the main task of the adolescent ?

forming an identity

a preschooler who expects to be punished immediately after doing something his father told him not to do believes in

immanent justice

Hippocampus

in charge of the initial storage of info (consolidation) and each subsequent consolidation of that information (reconsolidation)

Constructivist Classroom:

in contrast to traditional classroom, encourages students to construct their own knowledge. Although constructivist approaches vary, many are grounded in Piaget's theory, which views children as active agents who reflect on and coordinate their own thoughts rather than absorbing those of others. Richly-equipped learning centers, small groups and individuals solving self chosen problems, and a teacher who guides and supports in response to children's needs. Students are evaluated by considering their progress in relation to their own prior development

Reinforcment

increases behavior

severe intellectual disability

intellectual disability in which IQ scores range from 20 or 25 to 35 or 40

moderate intellectual disability

intellectual disability in which IQ scores range from 35 or 40 to 50 or 55

fluid intelligence

intelligence that reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory

Phobia

intense, unmanageable fear about 5% of school-age develop this

aggression

intentional injury or harm to another person

Mr. Moss is the head coach of the high school football team. He notices that, after learning the names of the players on the team this year, he has trouble remembering the names of the players from the previous year. In fact, he sometimes says the name of a current player when he is referring to a player from the previous year. This is an example of

interference

mental representation

internal image of an object or past event

Intimacy vs. isolation

intimate relationships have most influence in this stage

theory of mind

knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how it affects behavior

self-awareness

knowledge of oneself

Autobiographical memory

knowledge of ourselves

object permanence

knowledge that an object exists even when it's not in sight

as a child grows, the hemisphere of the brain

laterilazation

Conditioned

learned

Conditioned Response (CR)

learned response to the CS (salivating)

Operant conditioning

learning based on consequences -Thorndikes law of effects

operational conditioning

learning based on consequences -B.F. Skinner

Associative Learning

learning by forming new connections between stimuli and behaviors

Vicarious Learning

learning by watching how someone else responds or reacts (aka modeling) (aka observational learning)

dyslexia is a type of

learning disabilityu

Retroactive Interference

learning new info interfere with old info

Tailoring teaching to people's ______________ ____________ does not result in improved learning.

learning styles

Social Cognitive Learning

learning that results from watching, imitating, and modeling (think of the Bobo doll experiment)

Avoidance Learning

learning to make a response to avoid, postpone, or prevent discomfort

Escape Learning

learning to make a response to end an adverse stimulus

Latent Learning

learning which is not directly observable

almost all right handed people have their language functions in their

left hemisphere

Permissive

lenient, little discipline, affectionate

____ is a chemical messenger secreted by fat cells that acts an appetite suppressant

leptin

Short-Term Memory

like RAM in a computer, allows you to carry on a conversation, holds about 4-7 pieces of memory, lasts as little as 12 seconds and as long as 30 seconds, aka working memory

Long-Term Memory

like the hard drive in a computer, this memory's capacity cannot easily be measured, constantly dumping or removing stored info through disuse

What is the post hoc fallacy?

logical error where you assume that A causes B just because B came after A (never assume)

non existant

low on both

Storage

maintaining information over time for later retrieval

sensory memory

memory retained for a few seconds at most based off our senses (iconic & echoic)

Fetus

name for the developing organism from eight weeks after fertilization to the birth of the baby

McClelland's Theory

need for affiliation, power, and achievements

secondary drive

needs learned through experience; money or social approval

Nature

organism's biological inheritance (genetics)

Nurture

organism's environmental experiences

Schemas

organized cluster of knowledge (definitions of things)

Schema

organized knowledge structure or mental model stored in memory

operations

organized, formal, logical mental processes

During the ____ phase of sexual response cycle, individuals experience rhythmic contractions of the pelvis that are accompanied by uterine contractions in women and ejaculation in men

orgasm

Talent

outstanding performance in a specific field

Maslows Heirarchy of motives

physiological saftey need to belong self-esteem self-actualization

Three major components that psychologists focus on when defining "emotion" are

physiological changes, cognitive processes, and action tendenices

cooperative play

play in which children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests

constructive play

play in which children manipulate objects to produce or build something

Newborn Taste

prefer sweet at birth

Myelin

protective insulation that surrounds parts of neurons

Eva had difficulty recognizing that a sea horse was a fish because it did not closely resemble her fish

prototype

Most people take longer to identify a platypus as a mammal than to identify a cat as a mammal. This is likely because a cat is closer to most people's _______________ for the concept of mammal.

prototype

Developmental psychologist study human growth and development across three domains. Which of the following is NOT one of these domains ?

psychological

after a boy spills his milk at the dinner table, his father tells him he is clumbsy and will grow up to be a loser. this is an example of

psychological maltreatment

Albert Bandura

psychologist known for his social learning theory

Spontaneous Recovery

recovery from extinction (we never unlearn behavior)

People who are______ thinkers generally understand that some thing can never be known with certainty, but they also understand that some judgments are more valid than others

reflective

laughter (around 3-4 months)

reflects faster processing of information than smiling. first laughs occur in response to very active stimuli. as they understand world better they laugh at subtler events.

Unconditioned

reflex (innate)

What are the three types of memory?

sensory, short term, long term

what happens if ur born with out groth hormorne

shorty wassup only four feet tall and if u born without Thyroid SH u are retarted

Rejected-aggressive children

show high rates of conflict, physical and relational aggression, and hyperactive, inattentive, and impulsive behavior

Cued Recall

significant hints about correct answer (fill in the blank questions)

Superficial Processing

simply repeating the material that you are trying to memorize (structural) (what it looks like (typing))

latent learning

something we learn earlier in life and dont use until later -occurs without reinforments

Sarah says that certain colors make her experience different smells. For example, she says that the color purple smells like a rose to her. Sarah is displaying the symptoms of:

synesthesia

____ provides general principles for organizing words into meaningful sentences.

syntax

__________ examines the rules for combining words to make sentences in a particular language.

syntax

Negative Punishment

taking away a stimulus to decrease a behavior

Negative

taking away something

Which of the following is an example of artificial concept ?

teachers

disadvantage to punishment

tells you what NOT to do but doesnt tell you correct behavior

advantage of reinforcement

tells you what to do

Instinctive drift

tendency for animals to revert to instinctual behavior

State dependent Retrieval

tendency for info to be better recalled when person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

Nature via Nurture

tendency of individuals with certain genetic predisposition to seek out and create environments that permit the expression of those predispositions

primacy effect

tendency to better remember information at the beginning

recency effect

tendency to better remember information at the end

Primacy Effect

tendency to remember the beginning of a list; lack of proactive interference/only get retroactive interference

Recency Effect

tendency to remember the end of a list; lack of retroactive interference/only get proactive inference

Von Restorff Effect

tendency to remember unusual items better than more common items

confirmation bias

tendency to search for or favor evidence that fits one's beliefs while ignoring any evidence that doesn't fit those beliefs

Attachment

the close emotional bond between the child and the caregiver

concrete operational stage

the period of cognitive development between 7 and 12 years of age, which is characterized by the active, and appropriate, use of logic

What is memory?

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

race dissonance

the phenomenon in which minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people

Handedness

the preference of using one hand over another

motivation

the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so physical or psychological needs are met

Lateralization

the process in which certain cognitive functions are located more in one hemisphere of the brain than in the other

Conjunction Fallacy

thinking that two events are more likely to occur than either one individually...opposite is true

Chromosome

tightly wound strand of genetic material or DNA

Interval

time must pass

What is information processing?

to remember any event requires that we get information into our brain(encoding), retain that information(storage), and later get it back(retrieval)

avoidant attached infants seem

to think their caregiver will not respond to their need

Token Economy

tokens are receive for displaying desirable behavior, which are then traded in for a meaningful object or experience

body proportions in eaerly childhood?

top heavy, pot brownies end of early childhood kids have adult body proportions and are longer legged and not top heavy

Haptic Memory

touch and body sensory memory

Mildred parten

types of play

Higher Order (Second Order) Conditioning

using the previously conditioned stimulus to condition a new stimulus (like pairing the metronome with a light)

maintenance rehearsal

using working memory through repetition (flash cards)

Implantation occurs in ____________.

uterus

Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule ?

variable ratio

Which learning style involves talking through problems?

verbal learning

Sensory Memory

very first stage of memory, point at which info enters the nervous system through sensory system

Systematic Desensitization

very set way to come over fear, first learn to relax, then make a anxiety hierarchy, then go to each thing on list and use that relaxed behavior

Authoritarian

very strict, punishing, little affection

Visual (Iconic) Memory

visual image memory

delay of gratification

waiting for an appropriate time and place to engage in a tempting act

Frequency Format Theory

we are hardwired to notice numbers, not probability

Caveat Emptor

"Buyer beware". The buyer alone is responsible for checking the quality and sustainability of goods before a purchase is made

Formal Operations

(11 years to adulthood) - Can understand hypothetical reasoning beyond the here and now - Understand logical concepts and abstract questions

Insecure-avoidant attachment

(15 percent-20 percent)- engage in little interaction with the parent, no distress when parent leaves, and avoid when returns

Insecure-anxious attachment

(15 percent-20 percent)-cling to parent before leave, cry and then refuse to be comforted

Preoperational Stage

(2 years to 7 years) - Marked by an ability to construct mental presentations of experience - Egocentrism and inability to perform mental operations - Lack conservation

Disorganized attachment

(5 percent-10 percent)- show fear, back into parent, cry while moving away

Secure attachment

(60 percent)- refers to how infants use their caregivers as a secure base from which to explore their environment (best attachment style)

Concrete Operation

(7 years to 11 years) - Can perform mental operations, but only for actual physical events

Concrete Operational Stage:

(Erikson) extends from about 7 - 11 years and marks a major turning point in cognitive development. Though is far more logical, flexible and organized that it was earlier

Industry versus inferiority

(Erikson) the psychological conflict of middle childhood, which is resolved positively when children develop a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks

Sensorimotor stage

(birth to 2 years) - Focus on the here and now - Lack object permanence and deferred imitation - Major milestone is mental representation

Sternberg's Triarchic model of types of intelligences

(book smarts)analytical, (street smarts) practical, (creativity) creative

Germinal period

(conception to 2 weeks) - first stage of prenatal development which begins with conception and ends with implantation in the uterus

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization (level 6) Self Transcendence (give to others)

Skinner box

(or operant chamber) to record organisms' activities more effectively. -recorded rats behavior.

Infancy and Childhood

- Brain and other parts of the nervous system grow faster than any other system during prenatal and first 2 years of life - Brain development depends on neural stimulation - Pruning - Plasticity in children with brain damage - By 2 years of age, brain is approximately 75% of its adult weight

What happens during conception and prenatal development?

- Most dramatic changes occur during early prenatal development - A zygote is formed when a sperm cell fertilizes an egg - Three stages of development occur

Physical Development in Adults

- Most of us reach physical peak in twenties - Strength, coordination, speed of cognitive processing, and physical flexibility - Declines begin shortly after twenties in muscle tone, sensory processes, and fertility - Menopause signals the end of a female's reproductive ability

Parenting styles

- Permissive - Authoritarian - Authoritative - Uninvolved/Neglectful

Processes Involved in Development

- Physical - Cognitive - Socioemotional

Brain Changes in Adulthood

- Plasticity (decreases but the brain is still able to learn) - Lateralization occurs in late adulthood (split hemisphere [logic side of brain and creative side], combine, they work together)

Physical Maturation in Adolescence

- Transitional period between childhood and adulthood commonly associated with the teenage years - This is when our bodies reach full maturity, in part due to hormonal release - Estrogens and androgens Genetics and environment influence timing of puberty

Prenatal Development

- Zygote divides over and over again to form a blastocyst during the germinal stage - Middle of the second week, cells begin to assume different functions and the blastocyst becomes an embryo - The embryonic stage lasts eight weeks - Ninth week and the start of the fetal stage, major organs are established and the heart beats The fetus continues physical maturation and bulking up until birth

childrens drawing improvements come from

- refinement of fine motor skills realizing pictures serve as symbols improved planning and spacial understanding cultural emphasis

B.F. Skinner

- theory of operant conditioning - training pigeons and rats (reinforcment and punishment)

Brain Changes in Adolescence

-Amygdala develops before the prefrontal cortex (makes adolescenses emotional)

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development:

-Basic trust vs. Mistrust -Autonomy vs. shame and doubt -Initiative vs. guilt -Industry vs. inferiority -Identity vs. identity confusion -Intimacy vs. isolation -Generativity vs. stagnation -Integrity vs. despair

Conditioned taste aversions:

-Develop after only one trial -Can have very long delays (6-8 hours) -Show little stimulus generalization

Temperament: Three major styles:

-Easy (40 percent) (positive, and have routine) -Difficult (10 percent) (tend to be negative and cry, and take part in irregular routines. Don't adapt well, and don't like new experiences.) -Slow-to-warm up (15 percent) (start up fussy then warm up, don't adapt well but will adapt)

Contemporary theories

-General cognitive accounts -Sociocultural accounts -Modular accounts

Punishment has several disadvantages:

-Only tells what not to do -Creates anxiety -Encourages subversive behavior -May provide model for aggressive behavior

four ways that development can be disrupted:

-Premature birth -Low birth weight -Exposure to hazardous environmental influences -Genetic disorders/biological influences

Pavlov

-Russian physiologist and 1904 Nobel Prize winner -Most famous for work on digestion of the dog -This included the first work on classical conditioning.

(Strange situation task) Attachment styles:

-Secure attachment -Insecure/avoidant attachment -Insecure/anxious attachment -Disorganized attachment

Secondary Reinforcers

-become satisfying through experience -repeated association with a pre-existing reinforcer -token economy

Positive Punishment

-behavior followed by aversive consequence -aversive (unpleasant) stimulus is "added"

Negative Reinforcement

-behavior followed by rewarding consequence -aversive (unpleasant) stimulus is "removed"

Positive Reinforcement

-behavior followed by rewarding consequence -rewarding stimulus is "added" (doesn't have to have a positive addition to increase a behavior; Ex. Child trying to get his mothers attention by kicking back of her seat, she tells him to stop, and he gets rewarded with attention.)

adolescent brain

-frontal lobe social brain, low judgement, slow growth

self-conscious emotions

-humans are capable of a second, higher-order set of feelings. These include: guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, and pride; -each involves injury to or enhancement of our sense of self -Occurs between 1.5 & 3 years - Requires awareness of self as separate & unique - adults instruct when to feel emotions

Memory is prone to errors

-memories are reconstructed rather than replayed like a video camera -leading questions can alter memory "smashed vs hit car" -accessing a memory changes it -traumatic experiences are rarely forgotten -discerning true vs false memories (unreliable eyewitness recall)

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

-sensorimotor (Permanence Peek-a-boo) -preoperational (3 mountain test cant understand different -perspectives) -concrete operational (conservation) -formal operational (3rd eye where would u put it)

How to improve encoding

-use mnemonics -use hierarchies (outline) -distributed practice (time between practice) -chunking -make material personally meaningful -test effect (retain longer and most effective)

10 months-1 year

1 noun words (doggie, car, hat)

Attachment Hierarchy

1. Primary Attachment (usually the mother) 2. Dad 3. Grandma 4. Older siblings

language acquisition stages

1. cooing (2-3 months) 2. babbling (4-6 months) 3. first word - holophrase (12 months) 3. telegraphic speech - two word stage (18 months)

bowlby attachment develops in 4 stages:

1. preattachment phase (birth to six weeks) babies recognize mothers smell and voice but are not yet attached to them 2. attachment in the making (6 weeks to 6-8 months)- infants respond differently to farmiliar caregiver than a stranger 3. clear cut attachment (6-8 months to -18-24) attachment is evident. now theyy display seperation anxiety 4. formation of a reciproal relationship 18-24mo) growth in representation and language permits toddlers to understand some factors that influence parents coming and going and returns.

difficult temperament

10%; frequently negative and cries, easily frustrated

The mean score for a person with an average IQ is ____

100

formal operations stage

12 years to adulthood; hypothetico-deductive reasoning

can tell gender by the ____ week

12th

Slow-to-warm-up Child

15% of the sample, is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, is negative in mood, and adjusts slowly to new experiences. Not the halfway point between easy and difficult children. It is a lot closer to difficult, but more adaptive and less intense.

slow-to-warm up temperament

15%; mildly negative responses, less intense emotional reactions

catagorial self

18-30 months, classify themselves on the bases of boy girl, etc

Male produces about __________ sperm during his lifetime; _______________ are released during ejaculation

2 trillion;500 million

Cattell

2 types of intelligence: fluid and crystallized intelligence

embryonic stage

2-8 weeks; 1st heartbeat, brain and spinal cord function, critical period

autonomy vs shame and doubt

2nd stage of eriksons theory of development. 18 month-2-3 years. focused on developing greater sense of self control

Tolman & Honzik's maze trials:

3 groups of rats taught a maze 1. always reinforced 2. never reinforced 3. reinforcement begins at day 11

at age six the average six year old is

3.5 feet tall and fourty five pounds

self esteem in early childhood

4 domains that make up self esteem: confidence at school ability of making friends ability of geyting along with parents ability of being kinds if kids WANT TO BE GOOD AT SOMETHING, THEY ARE

Sexual Response Cycle

4 stage cycle for sexual stimulation: Excitement phase Plateau phase Orgasmic phase Resolution phase

Piaget's theory

4 stages of cognitive development

Normal pregnancy is approximately __ weeks

40

In order to be classified as morbidly obese, an adult must have a BMI of ____

40 or more

Easy Child

40% of the sample, quickly established regular routines in infancy, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. Will have moderate activity level, high attention span/persistence, low fearful distress, low irritable distress, and high positive affect.

easy temperament

40%; positive mood, smiles easily, adapts easily to new experiences

Middle adulthood

40-65 years

between 2-6 there are how many growth centers

45

Low Birth Weight is defined as ______ lbs for full term babies

5 1⁄2 lbs

Blended, or reconstituted, families

60 % of divorced parents remarry or cohabit. Parent, stepparent, and children for a new family structure

Late adulthood

65 years and older - Shrink and gain weight. - Still can be sexually active.

piaget: the concrete operational stage

7-11 years old kids thoughts become more logical, flexible, and organized than they were before.

the concrete operational stage

7-12 years; understands world through logical thinking and categories

Define: Erikson

8 stages of psychological development Trust vs mistrust Autonomy vs shame and doubt Initiative vs guilt Industry vs inferiority Identity vs role confusion Intimacy vs isolation Ego integrity vs despair

fetal stage

8 weeks to birth

Cognitive View

A = stimuli - B = internal thought -C = reaction

Behaviorist Theory

A = stimuli ----> to B = reaction

Unconditioned response

A behavioral response that is innate an not learned (always stays the same) -e.g. dog salivates when food is present

Shame

A child is bad/stupid. This emotion is focused on the child and is focused on the individual. There is no fixing the situation because that is what he/she is. It is always negative.

easy child

A child whose temperament is characterized by establishment of regular routines in infancy, general cheerfulness, and easy adaptation to new experiences.

slow-to-warm-up child

A child whose temperament is characterized by inactivity; mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli; negative mood; and slow adjustment to new experiences.

difficult child

A child whose temperament is characterized by irregular daily routines, slow acceptance of new experiences, and a tendency to react negatively and intensely.

uninvolved child-rearing style

A child-rearing style that combines low acceptance and involvement with little control and general indifference to issues of autonomy; distinguished from "authoritative," "authoritarian," and "permissive child-rearing styles"

authoritative child-rearing style

A child-rearing style that is high in acceptance and involvement, emphasizes adaptive control techniques, and includes gradual, appropriate autonomy granting; distinguished from "authoritarian," "permissive," and "uninvolved child-rearing styles"

permissive child-rearing style

A child-rearing style that is high in acceptance but overindulging or inattentive, low in control, and lenient rather than appropriate in autonomy granting; distinguished form "authoritative," "authoritarian," and "uninvolved child-rearing styles"

authoritarian child-rearing style

A child-rearing style that is low in acceptance and involvement, high in coercive and psychological control, and low in autonomy granting; distinguished from "authoritative," "permissive," and "uninvolved child-rearing styles"

Define: Retrieval Cue

A clue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger recall of a given piece of information stores in long-term memory

Collective Unconscious

A common reservoir of experiences and motives based on universal human experiences

Define: Emotions

A complex psychological state that involves a subjective experience, a physiological response, and behavior or expressive response

Immune System

A complex response system that protects the body from bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances

Relaxation Response

A condition of reduced muscle tension, cortical activity, heart rate, and blood pressure

Intrinsic learning

A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

intrinsic motivation

A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake (studying to get an A)

Oedipus Conflict

A developmental experience in which a child's conflicting feelings towards the opposite-sex parent are (usually) resolved by identifying with the same-sex parent

Define: False Memory

A distorted or fabricated recollection of something that didn't happen

relational aggression

A form of aggression that damages another's peer relationships through social exclusion, malicious gossip, or friendship manipulation; distinguished from "physical aggression" and "verbal aggression"

physical aggression

A form of aggression that harms others through physical injury to themselves or their property; distinguished from "verbal aggression" and "relational aggression"

parallel play

A form of limited social participation in which a child plays near other children with similar materials but does not interact with them; distinguished from "nonsocial," "associative," and "cooperative play"

time out

A form of mild punishment that involves removing children from the immediate setting until the are ready to act appropriately

associative play

A form of social interaction in which children engage in separate activities but interact by exchanging toys and commenting on one another's behavior; distinguished from "nonsocial activity," "parallel play," and "cooperative play"

cooperative play

A form of social interaction in which children orient toward a common goal, such as acting out a make-believe theme; distinguished from "nonsocial activity," "parallel play," and "associative play"

gender constancy

A full understanding of the biologically based permanence of one's gender, including the realization that sex remains the same even if clothing, hairstyle, and play activities change

Define: Intelligence Quotient

A measure of general intelligence derived from comparing an individual's score with the scores of others in the same age group

Define: Misinformation Effect

A memory distorting phenomenon in which a person's existing memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading information

attachment q-sort

A method for assessing the quality of attachment between ages 1 and 4 years through home observations of a variety of attachment-related behaviors.

Self-Report

A method in which people provide subjective information about their own thoughts, feelings, or behaviors, typically via questionnaire or interview

Avoidance Motivation

A motivation not to experience a negative outcome

Approach Motivation

A motivation to experience a positive outcome

Intrinsic Motivation

A motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding

Extrinsic Motivation

A motivation to take actions that lead to a reward

Display Rule

A norm for the appropriate expression of emotion

Outcome Expectancies

A person's assumptions about the likely consequences of a future behavior

Self-Concept

A person's explicit knowledge of his or her own behaviors, traits, and other personal characteristics

Locus of Control

A person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment

Fixation

A phenomenon in which a person's pleasure-seeking drives become psychologically stuck, or arrested, at a particular psychosexual stage

Emotion

A positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity

Define: Heuristic

A problem-solving strategy that involves following a rule-of-thumb to reduce the possible solutions

Rorschach Inkblot test

A projective technique in which respondents' inner thoughts and feelings are believed to be revealed by analysis of their responses to a set of unstructured inkblots

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A projective technique in which respondents' underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world are believed to be revealed through analysis of the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people

Existential Approach

A school of thought that regards personality as governed by an individual's ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death

internal working model

A set of expectations about parents' availability and responsiveness, generally and in times of stress.

Which of the following findings was not a result of the Kinsey study ?

A sexual desire and sexual ability can be separate functions

Sick Role

A socially recognized set of rights and obligations linked with illness

Burnout

A state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion created by long-term involvement in an emotionally demanding situation and accompanied by lowered performance and motivation

Define: Availability Heuristic

A strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated on the basis of how readily available other instances or events are in memory

Define: Representative Heuristic

A strategy where the likelihood of an event is estimated by comparing how similar it is to the prototype of the event

Threat

A stressor you believe you might NOT be able to overcome

Terror Management theory

A theory about how people respond to knowledge of their own mortality

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

A three-stage physiological stress response that appears regardless of the stressor that is encountered

Narcissism

A trait that reflects a grandoise view of the self combined with a tendency to seek admiration from and exploit others

proactive aggression

A type of aggression in which children act to fulfill a need or desire -- obtain an object, privilege, space, or social reward, such as adult attention -- and unemotionally attack a person to achieve their goal; also called "instrumental aggression;" distinguished from "reactive aggression"

verbal aggression

A type of aggression that harms others through threats of physical aggression, name-calling, or hostile teasing; distinguished from "physical aggression" and "relational aggression"

induction

A type of discipline in which an adult helps the child notice feelings by pointing out the effects of the child's misbehavior on others

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMP)

A well-researched, clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological problems

Strange Situation

A widely used lab technique for assessing the quality of attachment between 1 and 2 years of age. In designing it, Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues reasoned that securely attached infants and toddlers should use the parent as a secure base from which to explore in an unfamiliar playroom. In addition, when the parent leaves, an unfamiliar adult should be less comforting than the parent. This lab technique take the baby through 8 short episodes in which brief situations from and reunions with the parents occur.

Define: Musical intelligence

Ability to create, synthesize, or preform music: musician, composer, or singer

Define: naturalist intelligence

Ability to discern patterns in nature: ecologist, zoologist, or botanist

Define: spatial intelligence

Ability to mentally visualize the relationships of object or movements: sculptor, painter, chess player, architect

____ propsed the hierarchy of needs

Abraham Maslow

______________ is a measure of the smallest amount of energy a person can reliably detect.

Absolute threshold

_____________________learning programs are not effective.

Accelerated

prosocial, or altruistic, behavior

Actions that benefit another person without any expected reward for the self

four basic qualities of motivation

Activating - stimulates motivation directive - focal point for motivation sustaining - maintaining the behavior to reach motivation strength differentiation - different individuals, different motivation

Gene expression

Activation or deactivation of genes by environmental experiences throughout development

Define: Linguistic intelligence

Adept use of language: poet, writer, public speaker, etc.

Hypothetical deductive reasoning

Adolescents can think more like a scientist where they devise plans to solve problems

Need for ____ refers to maintaining positive relationships with others

Affiliation

strange situation

Ainsworth's method for assessing infant attachment to the mother, based on a series of brief separations and reunions with the mother in a playoom situation

Who proposed observational learning ?

Albert Bandura

Attachment Q-Sort

Alternative method, suitable for children 1 and 4 yeas, depends on home observations. Either the parent of a highly trained observed sorts 90 behaviors into 9 categories ranging from "highly descriptive" to "not at all descriptive" of the child. Then a score, ranging from high to low in security, is computed.

Which part of the brain is responsible for the formation, consolidation, and retrieval of emotional memories?

Amygdala

reactive aggression

An angry, defensive response to provocation or a blocked goal that is meant to hurt another person; also called "hostile aggression;" distinguished from "proactive aggression"

Psychodynamic Approach

An approach that regards personality as formed by needs, strivings, and desires largely operating outside of awareness - motives that can also produce emotional disorders

Social-Cognitive Approach

An approach that views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them

self-esteem

An aspect of self-concept that involves judgments about ones' own worth and the feelings associated with those judgments

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being fat and severe restriction of food intake

Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging

Fight-or-Flight Response

An emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action

attachment

An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.

Appraisal

An evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus

gender identity

An image of oneself as relatively masculine or feminine in characteristics

Personality

An individual's characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling

gender schema theory

An information -processing approach to gender typing that explains how environmental pressures and children's cognitions work together to shape gender-role development

Psychosomatic Illness

An interaction between the mind and body that can produce illness

Drive

An internal state that signals a physiological need

Emotional Expression

An observable sign of an emotional state

Define: Schema

An organized cluster of knowledge on a partial subject

gender typing

Any association of objects, roles, or traits with one sex or the other in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes

Four steps of Observational Learning:

Attention (see) Retention (remember) Motor Reproduction (be able to perform) Reinforcement (motivated)

Projection

Attributing our own unacceptable behaviors to others

people are motivated to explain their own and others behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to a disposition or a situation

Attribution theory

Define: Parenting Styles

Authoritative, neglectful, permissive, and authoritarian

Repressive Coping

Avoiding situations or thoughts that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint

Who discovered apparent learning?

B.F Skinner

Separation Anxiety

Babies display this type of anxiety and become upset when their trusted caregiver leaves.

Define: Retrograde Amnesia

Backward acting amnesia, loss of old memory, especially episodic memory

Define: Retroactive Interference

Backward acting memory; a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory

Observational learning

Bandura learning takes place by watching others

Anger

Basic emotion that develops around 4-6 months. Kids have to learn how to read and understand emotion first. This emotion is cognitive (learned) and the person expressing it has to have a reason to express it.

Fear

Basic emotion that develops between 6-12 months of age. This emotion in reference to strangers develops between 8-12 months of age.

Distress

Basic emotion that is present from birth.

Sadness

Basic emotion that occurs at around 2-7 months of age. This is a cognitive emotion. Still face- facial expressions are learned.

Resistant Attachment

Before separation, these infants seek closeness to the parent and often fail to explore. When the parent leaves, they are usually distressed, and on her return, they combine clinginess with angry, resistive behavior, struggling when held and sometimes hitting and pushing. Many continue to cry after being picked up and cannot be comforted easily.

Karen Horney (Neo-Freudian)

Believed personality developed from social struggles and rejected "penis envy" as sexist

Alfred Adler (Neo-Freudians)

Believed that personality develops from competition (inferiority complex)

Carl Jung

Believed that personality formed from personal experiences (Collective Unconscious)

Compliance

Between 12-18 months, toddlers first become capable of this term. They show clear awareness of caregivers' wishes and expectations and they can obey simple requests and demands.

Social Smile

Between 6-10 weeks, the parent's communication evokes a broad grin.

Who created the first IQ test?

Binet

______________ _______________ place limits on what kinds of behaviors we can train through reinforcement.

Biological influences

____ is characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by attempts to compensate for the excessive amount of food that was consumed

Bulimia nervosa

Contiguity

CS and US must appear close together in time

Forward Conditioning

CS then US (metronome then food), typical form of classical conditioning, "best" for getting excitatory response

Effortful Control

Capacity to voluntarily suppress a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response.

Telomeres

Caps at the end of each chromosome that protect the ends of the chromosomes and prevent them from sticking to each other

Define: Semantic Memory

Category of long term memory that contains information on: facts, general knowledge, concepts and names

Who theorized that intelligence is a mix of fluid intelligence and crystalized intelligence?

Cattle and Horn

compliance

Change of behavior in response to an explicit request from another person or group.

Reappraisal

Changing one's emotional experience by changing the way one thinks about the emotion-eliciting stimulus

Bandura and the Bobo doll experiment:

Children imitate both antisocial and prosocial behaviors

_________________ ____ is not a good predictor of measuring impact of changes in later life.

Chronological age

Who created the very first modern hospice ?

Cicely Saunders

__________________________ may also explain our disgust reactions to safe food and drink.

Classical conditioning

categorical self

Classification of the self according to prominent ways in which people differ, such as age, sex, physical characteristics, and goodness and badness. Develops between 18 and 30 months.

Define: Framing

Cognitive bias, when people react to certain things differently based on how they are presented

child-rearing styles

Combinations of parenting behaviors that occur over a wide range of situations, creating an enduring child-rearing climate

matters of personal choice

Concerns that do not involve rights or the welfare of others, and therefore, are up to the individual, such as choice of friends, hairstyle, and leisure activities; distinguished from "moral imperatives" and "social conventions"

three debates of developmental psychology

Continuity Mindset - Life stages just flow from one to another

Define: bodily-kinesthetic intelligence

Control of bodily motion and ability to handle objects skillfully: athlete, dancer, or crafts persons

Israel

Country where communal living arrangements are very strong. Similar parenting style to Japan. Strangers will scare these infants because they know and are taken care of by everyone in their community. More resistant attachment.

social conventions

Customs determined solely by consensus, such as table manners and politeness rituals; distinguished from "moral imperatives" and "matters of personal choice"

who argued that society tends to push children so rapidly that they begin to feel stressed and pressure at a young age ?

David Elkind

Who developed the IQ test most widely used today ?

David Wechsler

Kublar-Ross stages of grief

Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance

Which of the following is the order of stages in Kubler-Ross's five-stage model of grief?

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Resistant (Attached)

Describes 10% of North American infants. These infants do not explore, are highly upset at separation, and seek (but are resistant) to contact at reunion. Slow to calm down. Under the range of normal development.

Disorganized/Disoriented

Describes 15% of North American infants. Flat or inappropriate affect. These infants exhibit dazed/confused behavior (bizarre) not normal development. Can be a result of post part depression or a lack of mental health care.

Avoidant (Attached)

Describes 15% of North American infants. Infants mostly ignore the mom and play alone. They are significantly less upset at separation , and seek little contact with the mother at reunion. Under the range of normal development.

Securely Attached

Describes 60% of North American infants. These infants use the mom as a secure base, cry at separation, and are quickly comforted at reunion. Under the range of normal development.

Bi-directional

Describes a relationship between a parent and a child. It goes in 2 directions, what a baby does will effect the mom and what the mom does with the baby also matters.

Secondary Appraisal

Determining whether the stressor is something you can handle or not - that is, whether you have control over the event

Interpreting Facial Expression

Develops around 7-10 months of age.

Social Referencing

Develops around 7/8-10 months of age. Related to Piaget's mental representation and attachment of infant to caregivers. If a toddler falls and has a sore arm, it is important for the parent to be calm and say that it is going to be okay because the toddler will look to them to determine whether or not this situation is serious.

Emotional contagion

Develops early. Whatever 1 child does, other children will follow suit and express that emotion, whether it is laughing or crying.

Jane has prepared three cups of coffee but can't recall how much sugar is in each. The cup with the smallest amount of sugar is easy to identify, but Jane can't taste any difference between the other two cups even though she knows one has more sugar. This describes which of the following concepts?

Difference threshold

Personal Contructs

Dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences

___________________ are punishments only if they decrease the chance of the behavior happening again.

Disciplinary actions

While stuck in a traffic jam, Yani notices a frustrated driver frequently honking his horn. Yani thinks to himself, "That driver is a real jerk!" This is an example of a _______________ attribution.

Dispositional

The tendency of people to increase their liking for something they have worked hard for or suffered to attain is an example of:

Dissonance reduction

Psychosexual Stages

Distinct early life stages through which personality is formed as children experience sexual pleasures from specific body areas and caregivers redirect or interfere with those pleasures

separation anxiety

Distress that is sometimes experienced by infants when they are separated from their primary caregivers (clear-cut attachment phase)

Displacement

Diverting unacceptable impulses toward unrelated objects

__________________may be affected by environment and classically conditioned.

Drug addiction

factors that affect attachment security

Early availability of consistent caregiver, quality of caregiving, infant characteristics, family circumstances, parents' internal working models

Temperament

Early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation.

temperament

Early-emerging and long-lasting individual differences in disposition and in the intensity and especially the quality of emotional reactions

Casey needs to learn the material for her next Introductory Psychology test. As she reads the concepts in the book, she associates them with the knowledge she has accrued from listening to her professor's lectures. This describes:

Elaborative rehearsal

the embryo is most vulnerable to environmental influences during the _____________ stage.

Embryonic

prenatal development stage 2

Embryonic period enclosed in amniotic sac where nourishment is recieved where cells begin to specialize (body systems, appendages, etc...)

_______ intelligence is the ability to identify your own and other people's emotions accurately, express your emotions clearly, and regulate emotions in yourself and others.

Emotional

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify

Discrete Emotions

Emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone

Universality Hypothesis

Emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone

basic emotions

Emotions such as happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, and disgust that are universal in humans and other primates and have a long evolutionary history of promoting survival.

Alarm Phase of GAS

Equivalent to the fight-or-flight response in which the body rapidly mobilizes its resources to respond to the threat

Which theorist proposed that moral thinking proceeds through a series of stages?

Erik Erikson

basic trust versus mistrust

Erikson's stage: the psychological conflict of infancy, which is resolved positively when the balance of care is sympathetic and loving.

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Erikson's stage: toddlers attempt to control themselves and others.

lie detector test

Error rate is 1/3 innocent are more likely to be found guilty than vice versa; it can be hard to detect if someone is lying

Scale Errors

Errors that toddlers make because they lack an objective understanding of their own body dimensions. They attempt to do things that their body size makes impossible.

The belief that your own culture, nation, or religion is superior to all others is the definition of:

Ethnocentrism

Define: Set Point

Everybody has a genetically determined weight and temperature that it will try to maintain

What did Skinner believe about language acquisition?

Experience enables the ability to speak

Define: Extrinsic Motivation

External factors or influences on behavior, such as rewards, consequences, or social expectations

Carl mows the yard of his elderly neighbor each week for $20. What type of motivation is this ?

Extrinsic

Rational Coping

Facing the stressor and working ot overcome it

Fertilization occurs in the ___________ _______.

Fallopian tube

A sound arriving from the right reaches the right ear at the same time it reaches the left ear.

False

In order for a response to persist after it was learned, you must use continuous reinforcement.

False

Most intelligence tests developed using the psychometric approach assess emotional intelligence.

False

_________________ may be paired with relaxation to treat phobias.

Feared stimuli

sympathy

Feelings of concern or sorrow for another's plight

prenatal development stage 3

Fetal period Growth continues becomes defined Circadian rhythm development

________________ seems to be partly due to classical conditioning.

Fetishism

selective attention elements

Filter theory - selectively attend to the most important information

Reframing

Finding a new or creative way to think about a stressor that reduces its threat

trial and error

Finding a solution through attempts

Heuristic

Finding the solution through a rule of thumb strategy (educated guess)

________ memory refers to a vivid, detailed recollection of an emotional event.

Flashbulb

Autogenic Relaxation

Focus on directing blood flow toward tense muscle groups to "warm" them

Define: Anterograde Amnesia

Forward acting amnesia, loss of memory caused by the inability to store new memories

Define: Proactive Interference

Forward acting memory interference, forgetting in which an old memory interferes with remembering a new memory

Define: Freud

Founder of psychoanalysis, a process by treating a patient through conversation

Three Stages of Prenatal Development:

Germinal period Embryonic period Fetal period

Define: Overregulation

Grammar errors in early childhood, language rules are applied to generally

Basic Emotions

Happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, and disgust are universe in humans and other primates and have a long evolutionary history of promoting survival.

Define: Teratogens

Harmful agents or substances that can cause malformation or defects in an embryo or fetus

three debates of developmental psychology

Hereditary or environment - Nature vs Nuture

Rosenzweig's rats

Highlighted environment and the developing brain

Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of ____

Human thinking

Self-Conscious Emotions

Humans are capable to a second, higher-order set of feelings, including shame, embarrassment, envy, and pride. This type of emotions involve injury to or enhancement of our sense of self.

stern

IQ formula

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between intelligence and IQ?

IQ is a measure of intelligence

A method of assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with others using numerical scores is...?

IQ test

equipotentiality

Idea that all conditioned stimuli can be classically conditioned equally to all unconditioned stimuli

empathy

Identification with and understanding of another's situation, feelings, and motives

triarchic theory of successful intelligence 310

Identifies three broad, interacting intelligences: (1) Analytical intelligence, (2) creative intelligence, (3) practical intelligence. Intelligent behavior involves balancing all three to succeed in life according to one's personal goals and the requirements of one's cultural community.

Gene-environment interaction

Impact of genes on behavior depends on the environment where behavior develops

initiative versus guilt

In Erikson's theory, the psychological conflict of early childhood, which is resolved positively through play experiences that foster a healthy sense of initiative and through development of a superego, or conscience, that is not overly strict and guilt-ridden

Basic Trust Versus Mistrust

In Erikson's theory, the psychological conflict of infancy, which is resolved positively when the balance of care is sympathetic and loving.

Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt

In Erikson's theory, the psychological conflict of toddlerhood, which is resolved favorably when parents provide young children with suitable guidance and reasonable choices.

Conservation

In Piaget's theory, the understanding that two equal quantities remain equal even though the form or appearance is rearranged, as long as nothing is added or subtracted

Define: Temperament

Inborn predispositions to consistently behave and react in a certain way

Self-conscious Emotions

Include shame, embarrassment, guilt, envy, and pride. These emotions show up around 24 months. Kids need help in figuring out how to deal, babies do not try to push your buttons.

Social Referencing

Infants engage in this, actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation.

Secure Base

Infants use the familiar caregiver as this term, or point from which to explore, venturing it the environment and then returning for emotional support.

Bonding

Influenced by biological connection.

Theories of Motivation

Instinct Theory - evolutionary programming (we're hard wired that motivation is in us) Drive Reduction Theory - desire to establish homeostasis (hunger) Arousal Theory - maintain a certain level of arousal (rollercoasters) Incentive Theory - motivated by the desire of external rewards

Repression

Intentionally forgetting anxiety-provoking memories

Who discovered classical conditioning with dog saliva experiment?

Ivan Pavlov

According to the ____ theory of emotion, emotional experiences arise from physiological arousal

James-Lange

Which of the following theories of emotion would suggest the polygraphs should be quite accurate at differentiating one emotion from another?

James-Lange theory

Who is credited for taste aversion?

John Garcia

Define: Belief Bias

Judge strengths or weakness of arguments based on how they line up with your bias

In Bandura's Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ____

Kicked and threw the doll

What did Chomsky believe about language acquisition?

Language is hardwired into mind Nature has preprogrammed brains to speak a language

Who criticized Piaget's theory?

Lev Vygotsky, as the individual grows more the teacher let's go

List Different Types of Intelligence

Linguistic Logical-mathematical Musical Spatial Bodily-kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalist

Classical conditioning and phobias and addiction

Little Albert drug dens (overdose)

Post Hoc Fallacy

Logical error where you assume that A causes B just because B came after A.

Define: Logical-mathematical intelligence

Logical, mathematical, and scientific ability: scientist, mathematician, navigator surveyor

Stability of temperament

Low in infancy and toddlerhood, moderate preschool and on (3- pretty much stable)

divergent thinking

Many solutions to a problem Component of creative thinking

Define: Self-actualization

Maslow: a person's full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, and potentialities

Define: Iconic Memory

Memory that lasts for a very short time and then vanishes, causes by ocular cues

analogical representations

Mental representations that have some of the physical characteristics of objects (Drawing objects)

________ is the knowledge or awareness of one's own cognitive processes.

Metacognition

__________ is the knowledge or awareness of one's pwn cognitive processes

Metacognition

Not classified (Child)

Mixture of characteristics from an easy and difficult child. Id the halfway point between and easy and difficult child Represents 35 % of sample.

Stranger Anxiety

Most frequent expression of fear is a response to unfamiliar adults.

Protype Theory

Most typical concept (ex... CAR instead of Honda accord, ford f150 or FRUIT instead of apple or orange)

Define: Repression

Motivated forgetting that occurs unconsciously, a memory that is blocked and unavailable to the conscious

Conscious Motivations

Motivations of which people are aware

Unconscious Motivations

Motivations of which people are not aware

Which of the following is a true statement?

Much of our perception occurs without our conscious awareness.

how children learn language

Nature (biological): genetic talent for aquiring language Nurture (enviornment): develop order and syntax from social interaction

Skipped-Generation Families

Nearly 2.4 million U.S. children-4 to 5 % of the child population- live with their grandparents but apart from their parents. The number of grandparents rearing their grandchildren has increased over the past 20 years. Occurs in all ethnic groups, but more often in African American, Hispanic, and Native American families.

Timmy doesn't want to eat carrots but his parents keep trying to get him to eat them. At dinner time, if there are any carrots on his plate he will scream and shout until they are taken off his plate. His parents always take away the carrots because it's the easiest way to stop the tantrums. What is this an example of?

Negative reinforcement

Neil is seated in a dark room and asked to look at a screen. He watches as flashes of light, varying in brightness, are shown on the screen one at a time. Whenever he notices a flash, he informs the researchers. What are the researchers measuring?

Neil's absolute threshold for brightness

______________ can perceive differences between colors, odors, tastes, & sounds

Newborns

Define: Normal Distribution

Normal curve, a bell-shaped distribution of individual differences in a normal population in which most scores cluster around the average score

You get into an elevator, and stand facing the back wall and try to start a conversation with another person. Which of the following have you violated?

Norms

cognition

Obtaining, converting, and using knowledge

Missy watches as a group of children play in the sand box, building a sand castle. which catagory would best fit Missy

Onlooker

Interference

Other memories get in the way of retrieving a desired memory

psychological control

Parental behaviors that intrude on and manipulate children's verbal expressions, individuality, and attachments to parents

___________reinforcement occurs when we reinforce responses only some of the time.

Partial

classical conditioning

Pavlov -involves involuntary behaviors (blinking, flinching, drug craving)

Self-Serving Bias

People's tendency to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for their failures

Define: Embryo

Period in pregnancy that is between the third and eighth week, prenatal development

means-end analysis

Problem solving method where we envision end goal and determine best strategy to reach goal in current situation

________ is the study of the relationships among psychology, the nervous and endocrine systems, and the immune system

Psychoneuroimmunolgy

_______________ is any outcome that decreases the probability of a response.

Punishment

________________ must be consistent, or it wont work.

Punishment

Thorndike

Puzzle Box: Thorndike found no insight in cats. Instead they learned through trial and error.

Ethological Theory of Attachment

Recognizes the infant's emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival, most widely accepted view.

Self-Regualtion

Refers to strategies that modify reactivity.

Emotional Self-Regulation

Refers to the strategies we use to adjust our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals.

Basing your decision to purchase a new car on the evidence about its performance effectiveness is an example of which stage of reflective judgment?

Reflective

Fixed ratio

Reinforce behavior after a set number of responses -e.g. paid for every 5 phone calls

moral imperatives

Rules and expectations that protect people's rights and welfare; distinguished from "social conventions" and "matters of personal choice"

As an African American, Star is aware of the negative stereotypes regarding racial differences in intelligence, If she experiences stereotype threat while taking an intelligence test, it is likely that

Star's self-conscious awareness of the stereotype may worsen her test performance

While Janet is studying for an exam, she drinks a large cup of coffee. The next day, during the exam, she makes sure she is drinking a similar amount of coffee. This is because of:

State-dependent memory

Which theorist put forth the triarchic theory of intelligence ?

Sternberg

Piaget

Swiss psychologist who presented first complete account of cognitive development

Define: Assimilation

Take in new information or experiences and incorporate them into our existing one

Post Formal Operations(not discovered by Piaget)

Taking logic and applying it to pragmatic situations

Maladaptive Coping

Temporary or self-destructive ways of managing emotions

Projective tests

Tests designed to reveal inner aspects of individual's personalities by analysis of their responses to a standard series of ambiguous stimulus

Empathy

The ability to understand another's emotional state and feel with that person, or respond emotionally in a similar way.

Define: Short-term Memory

The active state of memory in which information is stored for up to 20 seconds

Define: Standardize

The administration of a test to a large, representative sample of people under uniform conditions for the purpose of establishing norms

Learned Helplessness

The belief that one has no control over one's situation based on past experience

Sex

The biological category of male or female as defined by physical difference in genetic composition and in reproductive anatomy and function The behavioral manifestation of the sexual urge; sexual intercourse

Define: Motivation

The biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that activate the direct behavior

Resistance Phase of GAS

The body tries to adapt and cope with its stressor by shutting down unnecessary processes such as digestion, growth, and the sex drive

Exhaustion Phase of GAS

The body's resistance collapses, creating damage that can include susceptibility to infection, tumor growth, aging, irreversible organ damage, or death

Ego

The component of personality, developed through contact with the external world, that enables us to deal with life's practical demands

Gender

The cultural, social, and psychological meanings that are associated with masculinity or femininity

Define: Intrinsic Motivation

The desire to engage in tasks that are inherently satisfying and enjoyable, novel, or optimally challenging; the desire to do something for its own sake

Define: Attachment

The emotional bond that forms between an infant and caregiver especially the parents

Self-Regulation

The exercise of voluntary control over the self to bring the self into line with preferred standards

Self-Esteem

The extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self

Genital Stage

The fifth and final psychosexual stage, the time for the coming together of the mature adult personality with a capacity to love, work, and relate to others in a mutually satisfying and reciprocal manner

Irene swears that she was there the night her best friend got into a fight with her ex-boyfriend. It takes several of her friends to convince her that she was not. Which of the following likely made Irene's fake memory seem so real to her?

The fight was easy to imagine.

Oral Stage

The first psychosexual stage, in which experience centers on the pleasures and frustrations associated with the mouth, sucking, and being fed

Latency Stage

The fourth psychosexual stage, in which the primary focus is on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills

androgyny

The gender identity held by individuals who score high on both traditionally masculine and traditionally feminine personality characteristics

Self-Actualization tendency

The human motive toward realizing our inner potential

Define: Object Permanence

The idea that na object continues to exist even when it cannot be seen

Define: Homeostasis

The idea that the body monitors and maintains internal states such as body temperature and energy supplies, at relatively constant levels. The tendency to reach or maintain equilibrium

Primary Appraisal

The interpretation of a stimulus as stressful or not

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a balanced system through self-regulation. Operates through negative feedback

Define: Cognition

The mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge

Superego

The mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned as parents exercise their authority

Scaffolding

The more highly skilled person gives the learner more help at the beginning of the learning process and then begins to withdraw help as the learner's skills improve beyond her zones of proximal development

Need for Achievement

The motivation to solve worthwhile problems

Id

The part of the mind containing the drives present at birth; it is the source of our bodily needs, needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives

Stress

The physical and psychological response to internal or external stressors

Meditation

The practice of intentional contemplation

Retrieval

The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

Define: Encoding

The process of translating information into a form that can be entered and retained in the memory system

Person-Situation Controversy

The question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or situational factors

Reactivity

The quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention and motor activity.

reactivity

The quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity. (Rothbart)

Metabolism

The rate at which energy is used by the body

Anal Stage

The second psychosexual stage, in which experience is dominated by the pleasures and frustrations associated with the anus, retention and expulsion of feces and urine, and toilet training

self-concept

The set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that an individual believes defines who he or she is

Somatic Symptom Disorders

The set of psychological disorders in which a person with at least one bodily symptom displays significant health-related anxiety, expresses disproportionate concerns about symptoms, and devotes excessive time and energy to symptoms or health concerns

Define: Zygote

The single cell, formed at conception, of the egg and sperm cell

Define: Long-term Memory

The stage of memory that represents the long terms storage of information

Emotion Regulation

The strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience

Attachment

The strong affectionate tie we have for special people in our lives that leads us to experience pleasure and joy when we interact with them and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress.

How is lifespan development defined ?

The study of how we grow and change from conception to death

Health Psychology

The subfield of psychology concerned with ways psychological factors influence the causes and treatments of physical illness and the maintenance of health

Instinctive Drift

The tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement is called instinctive drift.

Self-Verification

The tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept

Define: Functional Fixedness

The tendency to view objets as functioning only in their usual or customary way

Type A Behavior Pattern

The tendency toward easily aroused hostility, impatience, a sense of time urgency, and competitive achievement strivings

Cannon-Bard Theory

The theory that a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the body and emotional experience in the brain

James-Lange Theory

The theory that a stimulus triggers activity in the body, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain

Two-Factor Theory

The theory that emotions are based on inferences about the causes of physiological arousal

Phallic Stage

The third psychosexual stage, in which experience is dominated by the pleasure, conflict, and frustration associated with the phallic-genital region as well as coping with powerful incestuous feelings of love, hate, jealousy, and conflict

Big Five

The traits of the five-factor personality model: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (O.C.E.A.N.)

Biofeedback

The use of an external monitoring device to obtain information about a bodily function and possibly gain control over that function

Define: Instinct Theory

The view that certain human behaviors are innate and due to evolutionary programming

Define: Drive Theory

The view that human behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs

Define: Incentive Theory

The view that human behavior is motivated by the pull of external goals, such as rewards

Define: Arousal Theory

The view that people are motivated to maintain a level of arousal that optimal, neither too high or too low

Uninhibited (Sociable) Children

These children display positive emotion and approach novel stimuli.

disorganized/disorientated attachment

These children exhibit fear of their caretakers confused facial expressions, and a variety of other disorganized attachment behaviors

Inhibited (Shy) Children

These children react negatively to and withdraw from novel stimuli

Avoidant Attachment

These infants seem unresponsive to the parent when she is present. When she leaves, they are usually not distressed, and they react to the stranger in much the the same way as to the parent. During reunion, they avoid or are slow to greet the parent, and when picked up, they often fail to cling.

Define: Fetus

Third and longest prenatal development, ninth week until birth

Germany

This country has the highest among to avoidant children. The culture dictates that children must be independent (shut up and deal). Children have to follow the rules.

Japan

This country has the opposite of German parenting style. For the first five years, the child is never out of the parent's eye sight. Could be related to the small spaces that inhabitants of this country live in. Much more common to be insecure/resistant or clingy.

Secure Attachment

This infants use the parent as a secure base. When separated, they may or may not cry, but if they do, it is because the parent is absent and they prefer her to the stranger. When the parent returns, they actively seek contact, and their crying is reduced immediately.

Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment

This pattern reflects the greatest insecurity. At reunion, these infants show confused, contradictory behaviors-for example, looking away while the parent is holding hem or approaching the parent with flat, depressed emotion. Most display a dazed facial expression, and a few cry out unexpectedly after having calmed down or display odd, frozen postures.

Goodness-of-fit Model

Thomas and Chess (1977) proposed this model to explain how the environment and temperament can together produce favorable outcomes. Goodness of fit involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize favorable outcomes. It involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while simultaneously encouraging more adaptive functioning.

Animals can be taught to communicate in ways that resemble language.

True

One way to reduce prejudice is for authorities and institutions to endorse egalitarian norms and provide moral support for all groups.

True

Sometimes the sensation of pain can linger a long time after the pain inducing stimulus is removed.

True

True

True or False: Most old people that are healthy show little decline of memory, mostly just a decline in attention and stuff like that

Erickson's Psychosocial stages

Trust vs Mistrust (birth-1) Ego Identity vs role confusion (puberty-20s) Integrity despair (60s-death)

Defense Mechanisms

Unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses

Define: intapersonal intelligence

Understanding of one's own emotions, intentions, and motives: essayist or philosopher

Define: interpersonal intelligence

Understanding of other people's emotions, motives, intentions: politician, salespersons, clinical psychologist

nonsocial activity

Unoccupied, onlooker behavior and solitary play; distinguished from "parallel," "associative," and "cooperative play"

Infants gain control over the _________ parts of their bodies, and then the _________.

Upper;lower

Strange Situation

Used to measure attachment. A structured observation that looks at three main points. -How the child reacts when the mom leaves (Separation) -How the child reacts when the mom comes back (Reunion)- Primary Measure of Attachment -If they use the mother as a secure which, from which to explore the environment. -Starts with the mom/baby together -Stranger enters the room with the mom still there -Baby is left alone with the stranger -Mom comes back

Who were the psychologists who worked with little Albert and white rats?

Watson and Rayner

Self-Handicapping

Way of protecting yourself from feeling failure by purposefully failing and using something to blame your performance on

Reflexes, Instinct, Fixed Action Patterns, and Learning

Ways in which we interact with the envirionment

Albert Vanduras Social Cognitive Theory

We observe others before the behavior. We pay attention and then remember.

Define: Overextension

When a categorical term is used to describe more groups than it actual does, usually in young kids

Define: Underextension

When a kid acquires a word for something but fails to use it for others in the same category

Dr. Colom is recording from a mirror neuron in a monkey's brain. When will the neuron fire?

When the monkey is performing a specific action, and also when it watches someone else perform the same action

Guilt

When used appropriately, this emotion can work in a productive way. A child did something bad/stupid, but it can be fixed. They are not a bad person.

4) They are necessarily representative (this is not true about psychological tests)

Which of the following is NOT true about Psychological Test? 1) They are a systematic procedure 2) They are used to measure individual differences 3) They are a sample of your behavior 4) They are necessarily representative

You have a hard time locating your red car at night, in the poorly lit mall parking lot. Why?

Your cones, which detect color, do not function well in dim light.

emotion

a "feeling" aspect of consciousness characterized by a certain level of arousal that's created by the sympathetic nervous system, a certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world, and an inner awareness of the feelings

What is learning?

a change in an organism's actions, thoughts, or emotions as a result of an experience

Development

a change in human capabilities throughout the course of a person's life

Asthma

a chronic condition characterized by periodic attacks of wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath

What is a flashbulb memory?

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment of event

gender schema

a cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

visual impairment

a difficulty in seeing that may include blindness or partial sightedness

intellectual disability

a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills

interactional synchrony

a form of communication in which the caregiver responds to infant signals in a well-timed, rhythmic, appropriate fashion and both partners match emotional states, especially positive ones

multicultural education

a form of education in which the goal is to help minority students develop competence in the culture of the majority group while maintaining positive group identities that build on their original cultures

Coregulation

a form of supervision in which parents exercise general oversight while letting children take charge of moment-by-moment decision making

problem solving

a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways

Obesity

a greater than 20% increase over healthy weight, based on body mass index (bmi) - a ration of weight to height associated with body fat. (A BMI above the 85 percentile for a child's age and sex is considered overweigh, a BMI above the 95th percentile obese)

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a learning disability marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and generally a great deal of inappropriate activity

cognitive maps

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment

Concept

a mental representation that groups shared features of related objects, events, etc.

representativeness heuristic

a mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case (stereotyping)

goodness-of-fit model

a model that describes how favorable adjustment depends on an effective match between a child's temperament and the child-rearing environment

triarchic theory of intelligence

a model that states that intelligence consists of three aspects of information processing: the componential element, the experiential element, and the contextual element

Donald enters an elevator and stands in it, facing the back instead of turning around to face the elevator door. Donald is violating:

a norm.

self-concept

a person's identity, or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual

individualistic orientation

a philosophy that emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual

collectivistic orientation

a philosophy that promotes the notion of interdependence

Conditioned stimulus

a previously neutral stimulus that produces a response when paired with unconditioned stimulus -e.g. bell after conditioning

reciprocal socialization

a process in which infants' behaviors invite further responses from parents and other caregivers, which in turn bring about further responses from the infants

In order for a test to be normed and standardized it must be tested on ____

a representative sample

Baddeley's Working Memory

a revision of STM, it is active memory, can handle multiple processes

Ainsworth Strange Situation

a sequence of staged episodes that illustrates the strength of attachment between a child and (typically) his or her mother

Divorce mediation

a series of meetings between a divorcing adults and a trained professional aimed at reducing family conflict, including legal battles over property division and custody

Fixed Ratio

a set number of responses must occur (paid for every 10 sweaters)

Amnesia

a severe loss or deterioration of memory

Dementia

a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgment, that is often accompanied by personality changes (Alzheimer's disease)

social smile

a smile evoked by a human face, normally evident in infants about 6 weeks after birth

auditory impairment

a special need that involves the loss of hearing or some aspect of hearing

Dominance Hierarchy:

a stable ordering of group members that predicts who will win when conflict arises

androgynous

a state in which gender roles encompass characteristics thought typical of both sexes

Cannon-Barde Theory

a stimulus leads to activity in the brain, which sends signals to arouse the body and interpret the emotion at the same time

common-sense theory

a stimulus leads to an emotion of fear, which leads to bodily arousal

Schacter-Singer Cognitive Arousal Theory

a stimulus leads to bodily arousal and labeling of the arousal, which leads to experiencing emotional reaction

James-Lange theory

a stimulus leads to bodily arousal first, which is then interpreted as an emotion

ambivalent attachment pattern

a style of attachment in which children display a combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers; they show great distress when the mother leaves, but upon her return they may simultaneously seek close contact but also hit and kick her

avoidant attachment pattern

a style of attachment in which children do not seek proximity to the mother; after the mother has left, they seem to avoid her when she returns as if they are angered by her behavior

disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern

a style of attachment in which children show inconsistent, often contradictory behavior, such as approaching the mother when she returns but not looking at her; they may be the least securely attached children of all

secure attachment pattern

a style of attachment in which children use the mother as a kind of home base and are at ease when she is present; when she leaves, they become upset and go to her as soon as she returns

achievement test

a test designed to assess what a person has learned (STAAR Test)

aptitude test

a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

a test for children that provides, separate measures of verbal and performance (or nonverbal) skills, as well as a total score

Standford-Binet Intelligence Scale

a test that consists of a series of items that vary according to the age of the person being tested

peak experiences

a time when self-actualization is temporarily achieved

Assimilation

a way of modifying a schema when we learn new info but fit it into our schema

naturalistic frame

ability to recognize, identify, and understand animals, plants, and living things

Crystallized Intelligence

ability to retain and use knowledge that was acquired through experience (facts)

Fluid Intelligence

ability to see abstract differences and draw logical experiences (creativity and logic)

linguistic frame

ability to speak and write well

Declarative

ability to state a fact

intrapersonal frame

ability to understand and regulate own emotions

interpersonal frame

ability to understand and work effectively with others

conservation

ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object doesn't change it's nature

logical/mathematical frame

ability to use logic and math skills to solve problems

Age of viability

about 25 weeks

symbolic representation

abstract mental representations that consist of words or ideas (Writing the word of the object)

psychological maltreatment

abuse that occurs when parents or other caregivers harm children's behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical functioning

betty is tested at the gifted level and was allowed to skip from 6th to 8th grade. this approach to helping gifted students is called

acceleration

Belief Bias

accepting something if it sounds believable, belief over logic

psychosocial development

according to Erickson, development that encompasses changes both in the understandings individuals have of themselves as members of society and in their comprehension of the meaning of others' behavior

initiative-versus-guilt stage

according to Erikson, the period during which children aged 3 to 6 years experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action

trust-versus-mistrust stage

according to Erikson, the period during which infants develop a sense of trust or mistrust, largely depending on how well their needs are met by their caregivers

preoperational stage

according to Piaget, the stage from approximately age 2 to age 7 in which children's use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

according to Vygotsky, the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, perform a task independently, but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent

When you are learning how to play the piano, the statement "Every good boy does fine" can help you remember the notes EGBDF for the lines of the treble clef. This is an example of a (an)

acrostic

parallel play

action in which children play with similar toys, in a similar manner, but do not interact with each other

onlooker play

action in which children simply watch others at play, but do not actually participate themselves

extrinsic matter

actions lead us to an outcome separate from us

short-term memory (STM)

activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten; about 7+- 2 items; lost in about 12-30 seconds

short-term memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten ("magic 7")

What is gene expression?

activation and deactivation of genes by environmental experiences throughout development

working memory

active maintenance of information in short-term memory

Memory

active process of storage, retention, and recall of events, info, and procedures

Semantic Encoding

actively relating old knowledge to new info, meaning based (elaborative encoding)

social referencing

actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation. (How to act) the intentional search for information about others' feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events Caregivers model response

Elaborative Rehearsal

adding info while trying to work with it

positive reinforcement

addition of a rewarding stimulus e.g. father gives candy for kid practicing piano

emotional self regulation

adjusting ones own state of emotional intensity

Identity vs. identity confusion

adolescence; natural world is social influence: child try's to find their correct role.

personal fable

adolescents' belief that what happens to them is unique, exceptional, and shared by no one else; contributes to risk taking

Banduras doll experiment

adult hits doll so kid does too

Disequilibrium Principle

after disrupting a daily routine, people naturally try to return to that usual pattern, this return is reinforcing (doing all your work super early so you can get back to what you normally do)

instrumental aggression

aggression motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal

In the _____ of the general adaptation syndrome, the body mobilizes the sympathetic nervous system to meet an immediate threat

alarm phase

arousal

alertness, situational awareness, stress

A specific formula for solving a problem is called ____

algorithm

memory

an active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters information as it's being stored, and receives information from storage

enrichment

an approach through which students are kept at grade level but are enrolled in special programs and given individual activities to allow greater depth of study on a given topic

mainstreaming

an educational approach in which exceptional children are integrated to the extent possible into the traditional educational system and are provided with a broad range of educational alternatives

Priming

an enhanced ability to think of something, like a word or object, as a result to recent exposure to that word or object

As miranda looks at the grade scored in her final exam, he thinks, "I didn't do well on this exam, because my roommate was bringing on Netflix in our room all night." miranda's thoughts suggest that she has

an external locus of control

Dynamic assessment:

an innovation consistent with Vygotsky's zone of proximal development, an adult introduces purposeful teaching into the testing situation to find out what the child can attain with social support

What is a learning disability ?

an intellectual disorder

Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (KABC-II)

an intelligence test that measures children's ability to integrate different stimuli simultaneously and step-by-step thinking

Metamemory

an understanding about the processes that underlie memory, which emerges and improves during middle childhood

metalinguistic awareness

an understanding of one's own use of language

Which learning style involves breaking problems down into different components?

analytical learning

Which type of bias involves becoming fixated on a single trait of a problem?

anchoring

all start out female, and if ______________ are produced, will develop into a male

androgens

Tawanda tells her husband that she thinks their dog is embarrassed to be walked around the neighborhood in the sweater that she knitted for him. This is almost certainly an example of ________

anthropomorphism

insecure-ambivalent attachment

anxiously clings to caregiver and refuses consolation

teratogen

any factor that can cause a birth defect

resistant/ambivelent infants

are unsure if their caregiver will respond

early self concepts

are usually concrete: name physical appearence, possesions, everyday behaviors

Self-care children

are without adult supervision for some period of time after school

whole-language approach

argued that from the beginning, children should be exposed to text in its complete from so that they can appreciate the communicative function of written language

Hormonal Stress Theory

argues that aging in the body's hormonal system lowers resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease.

Taste Aversion Learning

associating gestation with getting sick, normally only takes one shot to learn

According to the section in your textbook on lie detection...

at present there is no perfect way to detect lying

scale errors

attempting to do things that their body size makes impossible

Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process?

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

which parenting style is most likely to promote a childs self esteme

attortaive

Baumrind's Parenting Styles

authoritarian- strict obedience, poor communication authoritative- strict obedience, communication of expectations uninvolved- lack of concern, detached permissive- lack of concern, little effort of control

Infants are born with a large set of _____________ _________ behaviors (reflexes).

automatic motor

major motor milestones

average ages for each, but wide range of "normal"

Chaining

behaviors reinforced by the opportunity to engage in the next behavior, learning a series of behaviors (like learning to brush teeth or make food), used during the acquisition phase

Human dicision making is more irrational then rational

better at judging frequency then probability

happiness

binds parents and baby into warm supportive relationship that fostors development

sensorimotor stage

birth to 2 years; uses senses and motor abilities to learn about the world

Cues

bits of associated info that help in retrieval

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as ____

blocking

Motor behaviors

bodily motions that occur as a result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and muscles.

obesity

body weight more than 20% higher than the average weight for a person of a given age and height

gross motor development early childhood

bodys streamline, center of gravity shifts toward trunk can now balence: walking goes from wobbly to smooth/rhythmic can now concentrate on getting better control of upper body can coordinate and refine their movements

Information processing model

brain encodes, stores, and retrieves information much like a computer

Scripts

broad representations in memory of events and the order in which they occur

__________ is the portion of the frontal lobe of the brain that controls language production

broca's area

uninhibited children

children who display positive emotion to and approach novel stimuli

gifted and talented

children who show evidence of high performance capability in areas such as intellectual, creative, artistic, leadership capacity, or specific academic fields

Organizing items into familiar manageable units, often occurs automatically is called?

chunking ex. phone numbers

Differences between classical and operant conditioning?

classical conditioning - response is elicited - reward is independent of what it does - responses depend on autonomic nervous system operant conditioning - response is emitted (voluntary) - reward is contingent/dependent on what it does - responses depend on the skeletal muscles

What is conditioned taste aversion?

classical conditioning can lead us to develop avoidance reactions to the taste of food

Two forms of associative learning are ____ and ____

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

what else are operational children able to do?

classificatiton: organising thing along several different dimensions

baumarind did what

classified the child rearing styles

Exemplar theory

classify new objects by comparing them to all category members

Representative Jansen, a U.S. congresswoman, believes in the reproductive rights and welfare of women but voted to ban late-term abortions. Jansen feels very uneasy about the conflict between her beliefs and her behavior. She is most likely experiencing:

cognitive dissonance.

The rats had developed _____________ ______ that were only used once there was a reinforcer.

cognitive maps

Phil's mental representation of Thanksgiving includes associations about turkeys, attitudes toward the holiday, and expectations about the weight he would gain! These are all part of his____ for the holiday

cognitive schema

Peer group

collectives that generate unique values and standards for behavior and a social structure of leaders and followers

Popular-Prosocial children

combine academic and social competence, perform well and communicate well

chunking

combining bits of information into meaningful units so more information can be held in STM

Relearning

compares the rate of relearning materials as opposed to initial learning, if there is time savings=learning, aka savings learning, like learning to tie shoes

36+ months

complete sentences

Fixed Action Patterns

complex action, like chicks following the first moving object they see

On a trip to Australia, Caleb sees an ibis for the first time. Despite never having seen one before, he uses his ______________ for bird to quickly identify the ibis as a type of bird.

concept

according to Piaget, children in elementary school are in the cognative development stage of

concrete operational thought

Ivan Pavlov studied the reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used meat powder or other food to trigger the salivation. It was later observed that the salivation in the dog was triggered when the dog saw its dog dish, even before the food was placed in it. In this instance, the dog dish is the ________.

conditioned stimulus

Chad remembers the feeling of excitement in his house when his mother stepped through the door with his new baby sister. He can still picture the tiny little baby with a stocking cap on her head! His parents can't convince him that he actually stayed with his grandparents for two weeks after his sister was born and that his memory never happened! Chad's memory is an example of:

confabulation

When 6 year old Jason's parents overhear him describing his third birthday party, they look at each other in surprise. Jason appears to remember that the birthday cake his father was baking burned and his aunt had to run out and buy one from a bakery, even though Jason was not present when those events occurred. Jason's memory illustrates the concept of

confabulation

Reginald is a Green Part supporter. He goes out of his way to read articles about the achievements of the Green Part, but doesn't pay any attention to articles that are critical of the party and its candidates. Reginald is exhibiting___

confirmation bias

What term do psychologists use to describe our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it?

confirmation bias

initiative vs. guilt

conflict? role of parents. parents who criticize too much have kids who dont want to try new things in fear of failure

Stimulus response theory (SR)

connection between the stimulus and response is needed for an individual to learn about the consequences of their behavior.

Reliability

consistency, dependable, similar results time after time

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ____, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ____

construction; reconstruction

brain lateralization..

continues, different sides of the brain take on different functions

Simplest is ____________ reinforcement.

continuous

The view that development is a cumulative process, gradually adding to the same type of skills is know as ____

continuous development

Schedules of reinforcement can be ________________ or ____________.

continuous or partial

insecure-disorganized attachment

contradictory behaviors from child

betty and beth, both 4 yrs old, take turns playing a board game what type of play are they engaging in

cooperative

Criterion Related Validity

correlating a score on a test with their scores on an independent one (predictive ability)

standardization

creates a comparison group and establishes standard methods of test administration

Elaboration

creating a relationship, or shared meaning, between two or more pieces of information that do not belong to the same category (end of middle school)

The False Memory Effect

creating false events/memories from a long time ago

Mastery-oriented attributions

crediting their successes to ability-a characteristic they can improve through trying hard and can count on when facing new challenges. And they attribute failure to factors that can be changed or controlled, such as insufficient effort or a very difficult task

During her lecture, Professor Braddock referred to cognitive skills and specific knowledge that one acquires over a lifetime. She went on to explain that this is largely influenced by education and usually remains stable over time. Which term was she describing?

crystallized intelligence

Which occupation would be more likely to require emotion work as a job requirement?

customer service representative

Syllogistic Reasoning

determining a conclusion follows from two statements assumed to be true; if A & B, then C

Erickson's Theory

development occurs in 8 stages; crises must be successfully resolved for healthy psychological development

Generativity vs. stagnation

did they give back to future generations; did they live a stagnate life?

Framing Effects

different answers to the same question depends on how the problem is phrased

specific learning disorder

difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities

_____ are social and cultural rules that regulate when, how, and where a person may express emotions

display rules

Gifted

displaying exceptional intellectual strengths

According to attribution theory, the explanations we give for our behavior and the behavior of others generally fall into two categories:

dispositional and situational.

a healthy outcome during infancy according to erikson..

does not depend on the amount of food or oral stimualtion offered but the QUALITY of caregiving: relieving discomfort promptly and sensitively, holding the infant gently, waiting patiently until the baby has had enough milk and weaning when the infant doesnt show interest in breast/bottle

Neutral stimulus

does not initially trigger response -bell before conditioning

Extrinsic learning

doing something in order to gain a reward or avoid negative consequences

mylenation in other parts of the brain allows for

dramatic increase in motor function

What did Freud discover?

dream protection theory

a reading disability resulting in the misconception of letter during reading and writing, and difficulties in spelling is

dyslexia

Roberta tries to memorize her shopping list by constructing a story that involves each item on the list. Roberta is employing

elaborative rehearsal

Seena is extremely nervous about an exam that she is taking tomorrow. To relieve the stress, she decides to stop thinking about the exam, and she spends her evening watching television and thinking happy thoughts. Seena is using a(n) ___ coping method.

emotion focused

by the middle of the first year

emotional expressions are well-organized and specific and can tell us a lot about babys internal state

Amygdala

emotional memory

Conditioned emotional response (CER)

emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli

toddler show begining signs of

empathy. feeling and udnerstnading other people

Modular accounts

emphasize domain-specific learning

Sociocultural accounts

emphasize social context and interaction

Vygotsky's theory

emphasized the role of others and social/cultural influences in development -Scaffolding -Zone of proximal development

The three functions of memory are ____

encoding, storage, and retrieval

Memory's 3 basic tasks

encoding, storage, retrieval

transitive inference

encourages students to build their own knowledge. Approaches my vary but many are grounded in Piaget's theory, which views children as active agents who reflect on and coordinate their own thoughts rather than absorbing those of others. Richly equipped learning centers, small groups and individuals solving self-chosen problems, and a teacher who guides and supports in response to children's needs. Students are evaluated by considering their progress in relation to their own prior development.

Piaget thought the _____ _______ of cognitive development is the ability to reason logically about hypotheticals

end point

The physical trace of memory is known as the ____

engram

josh, 7 yrs old, told his grandparents about his experience when his family moved from Arkansas to Tennesse 2 yrs ago. his memory of the move is called ______________ memory

episodic

What is a memory of one's personal experience?

episodic memory

We are ____________________ _____________________ to be more afraid of certain things than of others.

evolutionarily predisposed

Cross-sectional design

examine people of different ages at a single time

children are not developing new capalibilties, instead:

existing ones become more intentional streamlined powerful

Chunking

expanding how many pieces we memorize by grouping into larger meaningful units (like a phone number)

a trusting infant

expects the world to be good and gratifying so he feels confident about venturing out and exploring it.

mike has had to over come several obsticals and he developed what some people might call street smarts. he is practical and uses a great deal of common sense, according to sternburgs theory, he would be high in __________intelegence

experimental

Conscious, intentional recollection of an event or of an item of information is called

explicit memory

Construct Validity

extent to which there is evidence that a test measures a particular hypothetical construct

around six months

face voice and posture form organized patterns that vary meaningfully with enviromental events

good parenting

facilitating a match metween childs temparement and the enviroment rerspect for individuality structuring the enviroment avoiding labels

decay

fading away of memory over time

encoding failure

failing to process information into memory

secure base

farmiliar caregiver, a point that they can come back to for emotional support after they venture into the enviroment

Heuristics

fast and efficient strategy that may facilitate decision, but NOT guarantee, a rule of thumb

detecting emotions in others

fear and anger are easy to detect abuse-see fear as anger

germinal stage

fertilization to 2 weeks; early development of support system structures

slow to warm up

few problems inearly years, excessive feafulness and slow constricted behaviour when expected to respond quickly (jacki bodyston)

imaginary audience

fictitious observers pay as much attention to adolescents' behavior as they do themselves

Practical Reasoning

figuring out what to do, or reasoning directly toward action

cutting with scissors is an example of a _______________ motor skill

fine

as the brain grows and mylenates

fine motor development increases. now kids can: put puzzles together build with small blocks dress/undress and use fork and tie shoes

Using scissors to cut out paper shapes is an example of ____

fine motor skills

Ratio schedules produce most responding

fixed: works only if reinforcement continues variable ratio: resists extinction

An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is a (an) ____

flashbulb memory

physical development

flexibiltiy balence agility increase fforce

General cognitive accounts

focus on general cognitive abilities and acquired knowledge

centration

focusing on one aspect of a stimulus and neglecting others

What is the most common memory complaint?

forgetting peoples name (not faces) 83%

Source Monitoring Errors

forgetting the source of where you heard something (it's pretty much source amnesia)

Source Amnesia

forgetting where or from who (whom?) you heard something, part of suggestibility

Mirror neuros

found in frontal and parietal lobe as if we do the action ourselves

Rough and tumble play

friendly chasing and play fighting

anger and sadness

from 4-6 months into the second year, angry expressions increase in frequency and intensity

Prenatal Period

from conception to birth

Proximodistal development

from the spine to the extremities

brain development in early childhood

frontal lobe develops rapidly left hemisphere (seat of language) is more active than the right (supporting rapidly developing lanugage skills

Adolescent impulsivity

frontal lobes mature slowly, while limbic system becomes more active.

sally jumps from one end of the room to the other. this activity illustrates ____________ play

functional

If someone is uncomfortable identifying with the gender normally associated with their biological sex, then he could be classified as experiencing ____

gender dysphoria

Habituation

general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in gradual reduction in response (like how you stop noticing a sticky note)

what influences physical growth

genes and experience

Where does high intelligence come from ?

genetics and environment

Arthur Jensen believed that ____

genetics was solely responsible for intelligence

prenatal development stage 1

germinal period called zygote (2 week period) where egg and sperm pair

Variable Ratio

get a reward on average number of responses (slot machine), strongest responding rates

by age nine, development changes bc

girls develop more rapidly than boys so that they can concieve

framing

give different answers on the same problem depending on how something is asked -20% chance rain vs, 80% chance of no rain

accounding to gilligan, the second stage of moral development is

goodness as self sacrfice

Extinction

gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the conditioned stimuls is prepeatelly presneted without the unconditioned stimulus -e.g. elimination of salivating when bell rings without food

Joint custody

grants parents equal say in important decisions about the child's upbringing, is becoming increasingly common

Learning disabilities

great difficulty with one or more aspects of learning, usually reading. As a result, their achievement is considerably behind what would be expected on the basis of their IQ

disorganized disoriented attachment

greatest insecutiry. show confused reactions upon reunion. 15%

Organization

grouping related items together - improves recall dramatically

cross-sectional study design

groups of people differing in age are studied at the same point in time

how do genes impact the kids growth

growth hormone (except for genitalia and CNS thyroid- stimulating hormone, stimulates release of thyroxine by thyroid which supports brain development and allows growth hormone to afect the body size

self-concious emotions

guilt, shame, embarassment, envy and pride. appear at the end of the second year, as the 18-24 mo becomes firmly aware that they are a seperate unique individual

Best use of lie detector

guilty knowledge test

Which of the following emotions is a protoypical emotion?

happiness

basic emotions

happiness, interest, surprise, fear anger, and disgust are universal in humans and other primates

a self confident secure child (autonomy)

has parents who do not criticize or attack him when he fails at new skills ex using the toilet and they meet his assertions of independance with tolerance and understanding (5 more minutes!)

cooperitive play

have a goal, have a lot of social skills bc u have to compromise

6 month olds

have become attached to people who tend to thei neesd

10-12 month olds

have several smiles. a broad cheek raised smile in response to a parents greeting. a reserved muted smile for a friendly stranger. and a mouth open smile during play

early printing why are kids letters backwards

havent learned to read they think it a picture

cephalocaudal development

head to foot

biological basis of inhibited temperament

heart rate, salvia concentration of cortisol, pupil dilation, blood pressure, skin surface temperature are all neurobiological correlates of shyness and sociability

prosocial behavior

helping behavior that benefits others

4-6 months the ability to shift attention

helps infants contol emotion

A mental shortcut in the form of a general problem-solving framework is called ____

heuristic

Marylou is making her famous chili. Instead of measuring the amount of chopped peppers to add, she knows that a handful is "usually about right." This illustrates the use of a(n):

heuristic.

authoritarian

high demand low warmth

authoritative

high warmth high demand

Advertisers also make extensive use of ______________________ conditioning.

higher-order

Individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder have shown to have reduced volumes of the

hippocampus

role sleep plays in improving memory storage

hippocampus processes and stores memories during sleep for later retrieval

According to the concept of facial feedback, when Nate complies with instructions to smile and look happy, it is most likely that

his positive feelings will increase

Harlow's Monkeys

his research showed that monkeys preferred the warm, soft "mother" to the wire "monkey" that provided food

Which learning style involves viewing problems as a whole?

holistic learning

What is developmental psychology?

how behavior changes over the life span

goodness of fit model

how temperment and enviroment together can produce favorable outcomes. j

Behaviorists argue that punishment is much less effective than reinforcement in modifying ___________________.

human behavior

When you are under stress, the brain's _____ sends messages to the endocrine glands along two major pathways

hypothalamus

Cognitive Learning Theory

idea that internal processes and cognitions determine our behavior

Monozygotic twins

identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo

self recognition

identification of the self as a physically unique being

Recognition

identify the correct answer (multiple choice questions)

decision making

identifying, evaluating, and choosing among several alternatives

emma knows that she is a female and can say whether others are male or female too. this ability refers to as gender ______________

identity

Latent Inhibition

if the stimulus is familiar, you won't learn to respond to it as fast

vicarious reinforcement

imitate behaviors that we see others being rewarded for

children response to hypocrisy

imitate hypocrisy children do as you do and say what you say but do what you say

infant sadness comes from a disruption in caregiver and infant commmunication and

impairs all aspects of development. sadness less common

Partial reinforcement effect in extinction

implies that partial reinforcement is more successful than continuous reinforcement, meaning extinction won't happen as quickly

Inhibition of Delay

in delayed conditioning, when the subject learns to wait to respond

Morpheme

in language, the smallest unit that carries meaning (the word "dog" or "s" in the word dogs)

different types of amnesia (Retrograde)

inability to remember old memories

Extinction burst

increase in behavior when reinforcer is first removed

rapid development of the fromtal lobe of the cerebral cortex

increases babys tolerance for stimulation

exemplar theory

individuals make category judgments by comparing new stimuli with instances already stored in memory

Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being ?

infant sucking on a nipple

approach avoidance

infants behavior is a balence between the two

ethological theory of attachment

infants emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival

middle of first year

infants smile and laugh more when interacting with farmiliar people

by end of first month

infants smile at dynamic eye catching sites

a caregivers emotional expression

influences whether a 1 year old will be wary of strangers play with an unfarmiliar toy, or cross the visual cliff

Blocking

info is temporarily inaccessible, the "tip of the tongue" phenomena, retrieval induced forgetting

serial position effect

information at the beginning and end of a body of information are more accurately remembered than information in the middle

long-term memory (LTM)

information is retained indefinitely although some information may be difficult to retrieve

erickson on emotional development 3rd stage

initiative vs. guilt \

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

innately causes a response (food)

Primary Reinforcer

innately satisfying (food, water, sex)

Primary Reinforcers

innately satisfying (satisfies innate [biological] need)

association areas

integrate information 75% is uncommitted to sensory or muscular activity

The DSM-5 now uses ____ as a diagnostic label for what was once referred to as a mental retardation

intellectual disability

profound intellectual disability

intellectual disability in which IQ scores fall below 20 or 25

mild intellectual disability

intellectual disability in which IQ scores fall in the range of 50 or 55 to 70

Persistence

intrusive memories that we wish we could forget, often disturbing, emotional memories remembered better than non-emotional ones

Convergent thinking:

involves arriving at a single correct answer and is emphasized on intelligence tests

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder:

involves inattention, impulsivity, and excessive motor activity resulting in academic and social problems

childs approach to world

is based on the experiences to which she is exposed

Emotion-centered coping

is internal, private, and aimed at controlling distress when little can be done about an outcome

Adolescent Egocentrism

is the belief by adolescents that others are as overly concerned with him or her as he or she is and that the adolescent is unique and invincible - Imaginary audience - Personal fable - Invincibility fable

Purpose of memory

it is not to record the past but to predict the future

Social comparisons

judgments of their appearance, abilities, and behavior in relation to those of others

tip of the tongue phenomenon

know something but can't quite remember it

Gardner's 8 frames of mind

logical, visual, musical, intrapersonal, interpersonal, kinesthetic, naturalistic, linguistic

Integrity vs. despair

look back and try to figure out if they lived a good life, or not

cognitive misers

look for ways to conserve cognitive energy

preschool friendship is marked by

lots of emotional expression, talking laughing, lots of looking, social support this also fosters academic confidence and social confidence

permissive

low demand high warmth

overall stability of temperate

low to moderate

secure attachment kids..

maintain their attachment status more than insecure babies

bicultural identity

maintaining one's original cultural identity while integrating oneself into the dominant culture

effort control is

major demension of temperment

availability heuristic

making a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind

Which coping method is being used when a person says, "I"m devastated that our home was flooded, but at least it is still standing. Some of the houses closer to the river are gone

making social comparisons

The self-referencing effect refers to ____

making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you

recognition

matching incoming information with that already stored in long term memory

Animal research suggests that in male rats the ____ is critical for the ability to engage in sexual behavior, but not for the motivation to do so

medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus

Which of the following is not one of the seven universal emotions described in chpt 10?

melancholy

Family Resemblance Theory

members have features that are similar, but not all members share it

state-dependent

memories formed during a particular physiological state will be easier to recall while in a similar state

Nondeclarative

memories of skills, procedures, habits, conditioned responses, not conscious

According to the decay theory, forgetting occurs because

memories simply fade with time if they are not accessed now and then

non-declarative memory

memories that aren't conscious but their existence is implied because they affect conscious behavior (skills, procedures, habits)

Mnemonics

memory aid based on encoding each item in a special way (like PEMDAS for order of operations)

Decay

memory and memory strength fades away over time

Retrograde Amnesia

memory for events just prior (or earlier) to brain damage is lost

Define: Sensory Memory

memory from the five senses

encoding specifity

memory is improved if information available when memory was first formed is also available when memory is retrieved

Reconstruction

memory is reconstructed from info stored during encoding

Episodic

memory of events and details of life history (like a piano lesson you took once)

Procedural

memory of how to do something (like how to play piano)

Semantic

memory of knowledge (how to read music)

autobiographical memory

memory of particular events from one's own life

short term memory

memory system that retains information for limited durations -forgotten withough rehearsal

Puberty for females is marked by ____________ and ______________ for males

menarche; spermarche

Cognitive map

mental image of 3-dimensional space that you can navigate

Cognitive Maps:

mental representations of familiar large-scale spaces, such as their neighborhood or school

2 obstacles to problem solving

mental set and functional fixedness

Early adulthood

mid 20's through 30's

Memory aids that help organize info. for encoding are ____

mnemonic device

The person who performs a behavior that serves an example is called a ____

model

heretability

moderate role in temperment.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a primary reinforcer?

money

difficult kids

more agressive and anxious withdrawl in early/middle chjildhood

adults voice is

more effective than face alone

How can we improve storage?

-rehearsal and sleep

Kholberg's stages of moral development

1. Pre conventional- Focus on consequences & rewards of one's own self 2. Conventional- Focus on a societal viewpoint 3. Post Conventional- Focus on one's personal moral perspective

____ are the smallest unit of language that carry meaning

morpheme

a ________ is the smallest unit of meaning within a language

morpheme

Newborn Vision

most poorly developed system at birth

Prototype

most typical member of a categorie

benard weiner

motivation based on attribute

gardener

multiple theories of intelligence

Which of the following is NOT one of Gardner's Multiple Intelligences?

musical

What are Gardner's 8 abilities the meet intelligence criteria?

musical - rhythmic visual - spatial verbal - linguistic logical - mathematical bodily -kinesthetic interpersonal - relating to people interpersonal - self awareness naturalistic - one with nature

in the second stage of friendship, what is the main criterion for freindship?

mutual trust

kids start to lose what in early childhood

my teef

the corpus collosum

mylenates rapidly, encasement of axons in fatty sheath speeds neural communication

drive-reduction theory

needs requirement of some material essential for survival

____ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior

negative punishment

Uninvolved/Neglectful

neglectful and ignoring (worst parenting style)

long-term potentiation

neural basis for learning and memory mindset of information not rehearsed decays

How does the brain work when making financial decisions?

neuroeconomics

Mirror neurons

neurons that fire when we observe others perform a behavior

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n)

neutral stimulus

What must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur?

neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

retroactive interference

newer information prevents or interferes with retrieval of older information

insecure-avoidant attachment

no distress when caregiver leaves and doesn't care when returns

long term memory

no know capacity limits but some info may be lost overtime

ill-defined

no one "correct" answer; path to solution often unclear

Misattribution

no recall or false recall, misidentification, false recognition

relational aggression

nonphysical aggression that is intended to hurt another person's psychological well-being

mental sets: functional fixation

not being able to look past the usual purpose of objects in order to solve problem (candle)

Still Deeper Processing

note the associations between items or parts of the material (semantic) (what it means (putting it in your own words))

Considering the study of Terman's high IQ children, you can asser that having a high iq guarantees

nothing

environmental influences on temperament

nutrition, quality of caregiving, cultural variations, gender stereotyping, quality of caregiving

enviromental influences

nutrition: after 15 montsht their appetite starts to slow because theyre growing less, this is when picky eating starts bc not using as much calories infectious disease: malnutrition and lack of vaccine childhood injuries: leading cause of death, bois at risk, having irritible and pessimistic attitude, stressed poverty stricken enviroment

carlos weighs 35 % more than peers his same age and height. he would be classified as

obese

The idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists is called ____

object permanence

Latent inhibition

observation that a familiar stimulus takes longer to acquire meaning (as a signal or conditioned stimulus) than a new stimulus

Observational learning/Modeling

occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior

Conditioning

occurs when an association has been made among stimuli *Classical vs Operant conditioning*

Associative learning

occurs when an association is made between two events.

Observational Learning

occurs when an individual observes and then imitates another individual's behavior

Dizygotic twins

often called fraternal twins, occurring when two eggs each get fertilized by two different sperm, resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time

proactive interference

older information prevents or interferes with learning or retrieval of newer information

Variable Interval

on an average passage of time (catch a fish about every hour)

Variable

on average, it varies

well-defined

one "correct" answer; certain procedures will lead to the solution

Female produces _____ _______ per month

one egg

trial and error method

one possible solution after another is tried until success

Only ______ _______ can fertilize an egg

one sperm

Association

one stimuli must predict another (CS predicts US)

Nearly ____ of the adult population in the United States can be classified as obese

one third

Intermittent (Partial) Reinforcement

only some responses are reinforced

seriation:

ordering items along a quantitive dimension (ex number, length, weight by ages 6-7 kids should be able too do this

interference theory

other information interferes with out ability to access memories

linguistic relativity hypothesis

our culture, environment, and beliefs influence communication (Saphir-Whorf hypothesis)

betty calls all men daddy, this is an example of

overextension

decay theory

overtime, if memory traces aren't used, they may decay or fade

The ____ model of memory represents the contents of memory as connections among a large number of interacting processing units.

parallel distributed processing

Diana Baumrind

parenting styles

autonomy vs shame and doubt is resolved favorably when

parents provide young children with suitable guidance and reasonable choices

authoritarian parents

parents who are controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold, and whose word is law

Authoritative parents

parents who are firm, setting clear and consistent limits, but who try to reason with their children, giving explanations for why they should behave in a particular way

permissive parents

parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children

uninvolved parents

parents who show almost no interest in their children and indifferent, rejecting behavior

biggest influencers on childhood friendhips

parents: direct: who they play with, where they play, what they do indirect: through attachment, effects come from modeling if parent is warm sensitive and caring child will be to skip formal play dates and go to the damn park for better social skills

language 0-4 months

passive master- understands

Ekman & Friesan (1971)

people across different cultures universally recognize facial expressions

Free-Radical Theory

people age because of unstable oxygen molecules develop in their cells

Sunk Cost Fallacy

people make decisions about a situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation

What is Galton's theory?

people with better senses acquire more knowledge

spatial frame

perceive, transform, and recreate spatial information

for drawing, what is needed

perception ability to describe and rearticulate in details memory fine motor control

Yerkes-Dodson Law

performance is related to arousal

sunk cost bias

person makes decision based on how much they have invested

chronological age

person's age according to a calendar

Zone of proximal development

phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction

Conditioning and stimulus generalization can explain how we acquire ____________

phobias

____ is (are) the basic sound units of a spoken language

phoneme

Reassuring ___________ ___________ plays a huge role in developing attachment.

physical contact

associative play

play in which two or more children actually interact with one another by sharing or borrowing toys or materials, although they do not do the same thing

functional play

play that involves simple, repetitive activities typical of 3 year olds

where does motor development take place

playtime nowadays kids arent getting enough play time do not force new skills

Plasticity

pliability; condition of being able to be shaped or formed

self-actualization

point at which we have satisfied lower needs and achieved full potential

Thorndike's Law of Effect

positive consequences strengthen behavior and negative consequences weaken behavior

Advertisers repeatedly pair their products with stimuli that elicit __________________.

positive emotions

What type of punishment is it if you wear a baseball cap to class and you are scolded by the teacher?

positive punishment

according to the triarchic theory of intelligence, ______ intelligence refers to the application of intelligence in different situations and environments

practical

What type of intelligence is often required for every tasks, according to Sternberg?

practical intelligence, street smarts

ann has gotten much better at taking turns and maintaining topics within conversation. she has improved her

pragmatics

a child who said its not worth stealing candy from a store because if you are caught you would get punished dimnstrates ____________ level of morality

preconventional

Premack Principle

preferred behaviors can be used to reinforce less-preferred behavior (like if study for an hour, then I can watch Netflix)

Parts of the ________ are involved in the regulation of emotion, keeping us on an even keel and responding appropriately to others.

prefrontal cortex

Postive

presenting something

A ____________ __________ is one that is born prior to thirty-six weeks after conception

preterm infant

Encoding Specificity

principle that retrieval cues are effective when they help recreate the way the memory was first encoded; external cues

at first

printing= drawing because they havent learned that letters serve for symbols

After their home in California is damaged during an earthquake, a couple researches the federal loan program to help them rebuild their house. Their behavior is an example of:

problem-focused coping

Cerebellum

procedural memory

Which of the following is considered to be an implicit memory

procedural memory

Means-End Analysis

process of searching for steps (means) to meet a goal (end) (analyze goal state, analyze goal state, then list and reduce the differences)

A unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea is called a:

proposition.

Confabulation

pulling pieces together to make a whole

what is erik eriksons psychosocial therapy

quality of care a child recieves 8 stages of childs development

Puberty

rapid sexual and skeletal maturation that occurs during adolescence

Availability Bias

readily available items in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently (or are thought to be true

Theoretical (Discursive) Reasoning

reasoning directed toward arriving at a belief, humans aren't very good at this

After you witnessed an accident on campus, you are asked to describe what happened. Which test of memory is being used?

recall

State Dependent Retrieval

recall is improved by being in the same "state" during encoding and retrieval, inner state cues

ethological theory of attachment

recognizes the infant's emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival

intermodal perception

reconize that they are distinct from their surroundings.

What is the three stage processing model of memory and who invented it?

record memory process encode created by Atkinson and Shiffrin

Flooding

reduce fear to a stimuli by exposing the subject to the stimuli until the fear is no longer present (afraid of flying? Just go on the plane)

Crystalized Intelligence

refers to an individuals accumulated information and verbal skills, which increase in middle and late adulthood

Emotional intelligence

refers to asset of emotional abilities that enable individuals to process and adapt to emotional information. To measure it, researchers have devised items, tapping emotional skills that enable people to manage their own emotions and interact competently with others

Cognitive development

refers to how intelligence, thought, and language processes change as a person grows

Approximately ___ percent of children may be behaviorally inhibited.

10

Difficult Child

10% of the sample, is irregular in daily routine, is slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react negatively and intensely. Will have a really low or really high activity level, low attention span/persistence, high fearful distress, high irritable distress, and low positive affect.

The frontal lobes become fully developed ____

25 years old

____% of developing organisms don't survive the germinal stage

58%

Peer acceptance

refers to likeability - the extent to which a child is viewed by a group of agemates, such as classmates, as a worthy social partner

Continuous Reinforcement

reinforce every time a behavior occurs

Latent Learning implies that ______________ is not necessary for learning to occur.

reinforcement

Variable interval

reinforcement after an average time interval (causes consistent and steady rate of responding with no pauses)

Fixed interval

reinforcement after specific amount of time

Variable ratio

reinforcement after specific number of responses, on average

variable ratio

reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses -gambling

base rates

relative proportion of different classes of the population

Newborn Hearing

relatively well-developed at birth

baby comes to rely in the caregiver to provide

relief from distress and pleasure in social interactions

Phonemic Encoding

remembering how it sounds (forgetting tends to begin in seconds)

Prospective

remembering to do something in the future

Retrospective

remembering what has occurred

Recall

remembering without help (fill-in-the-blank test.)

What is negative reinforcement?

removal of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behavior

Rehearsal

repeating information to yourself. First appears in early grade school

Which type of bias involves relying on a false stereotype to make a decision?

representative

Trait

A relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way

Challenge

A stressor you feel fairly confident you can control

Relaxation Therapy

A technique for reducing tension by consciously relaxing muscles of the body

kids respond best to

resonable control

Sensitization

responding more strongly to a stimuli over time (cant deal with a stimuli, think you can deal with it but get aggravated over time. )

sensitive caregiving

responding promptly, consistently, and appropriattely to infants correlates moderately to attachment security

genetic influences on temperament

responsible for half of individual differences, varies by trait and individual studied

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that

results from experience

Proactive Interference

retain old info interferes with getting new info

Blake is asked a question during a game of Trivial Pursuit. The answer is on the tip of his tongue, but he can't come up with it. Which of the following memory processes failed him?

retrieval

addition and subtration math problems involve and understanting of the Piagetian concept called

reversability

fixed interval

reward on a regular basis -e.g. paycheck every 2 weeks

variable interval

reward presented after random amount of time -e.g. waiting to see a shooting star

Shaping

rewarding approximations of a desired behavior

negative punishment

rewarding stimulus is removed e.g. phone taken away for talking in class

cognitive and motor development contribute to

rise in angry reactions

Babinski reflex

rub sole of foot, toes will fan out.

conditioned response

same as unconditioned response but is produced by conditioned stimulus -e.g. salivating with ringing of bell

longitudinal study design

same participants studied repeatedly at different ages

The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is most likely to

save time in arriving at solutions to problems

Maintenance Rehearsal

saying something over and over again

providing cues to children and helping them to frame a task is

scaffolding

norms

scores from standardization groups used for comparison

sequence of childrens drawings

scribbling, then first representational forms then greater realism

An event scheme is also known as a cognitive ____

script

Gene

section of DNA having the same arrangement of chemical elements

The child uses the parent as a base from which to explore her world in which attachment style ?

secure

secure attachment

secure base parent. cry when they leave but is resolved when they come back 60% of american babies

Vicarious Reinforcement/Punishment

seeing someone else get reinforced/punished can change your behavior; reinforcement works better

disorganized attachment styles

seem confused about their caregiver (may indicate abuse)

7 year old connor is riding his bike to the park to meet some friends. He stops at a stop sign and signals his intention to turn left into the park. Connor's memory of the laws of the road is an example of _____ memory, whereas his ability to ride the bike shows _____ memory

semantic; procedural

The meaning of words and phrases is determined by applying the rules of ____

semantics

musical frame

sensitive aspects of sound; create and perform with sounds and musical patterns

Which memory system provides us with a very brief representation of all the stimuli present at a particular moment

sensory memory

information processing model

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

types of memory

sensory, short term/working, and long term memory

The fact that it is easier to recall items at the beginning and end of a list of unrelated items is known as the

serial position effect

digit-span test

series of numbers read to subjects who are asked to recall the numbers in order

Fixed Interval

set amount of time must pass between responses (patient controlled painkiller meds)

Cohort effects

sets of people who lived during one period may differ from sets of people who lived during a different period.

self concious emotions

shame guilt pride envy embarrassment. emerge in the middle of second year

________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.

shaping

Both nature and nurture play large roles in ______________ ________________.

shaping development

Given the current research on recovered memories, one should be skeptical if a person says that:

she now has memories of experiences as an infant, thanks to therapy.

What is gene-environment interaction?

situtation in which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed

which individual explains language in terms for reinforcement, generalization, and discrimination

skinner

body growth after infancy

slows, height add 2-3 inch per year and add 5 pounds

Desensitization

small exposures to the fear inducing stimuli until it is extinguished

Cooperative learning:

small groups of classmates work toward common goals

Successive Approximations

small steps that get something closer to a desired goal

Rejected-withdrawn children

smaller subtype, are passive and socially awkward

Phonemes

smallest distinctive sound chat- ch, a, t 40 in english

8-10 months

smile becomes a deliberate social signal

peg, 10 yrs old, viewing herself in relations to significant others in her life relates to her ________ self concept

social

what is necessary for attachment

social cognitive advnces: baby has to have some sort of idea about how the caregiver is gonna be can sense quality of relationship, positive or negative baby learns to read face, voice, and other features

advocates of which of the following approaches would me most likley to be concerned about the influence of television programing on children

social learning

8-10 months, babies engage in

social referencing actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation

between 6-10 weeks the parents communication evokes a broad grin called

social smile. these changes parellel development of infant perceptual capacities.

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

something that doesn't initially cause a response (metronome), will later be the CS

Unconditioned stimulus

something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction -e.g. dog food, blowing in eye

Positive punishment

something unpleasant is administered e.g. given extra hw for talking in class

Acoustic (Echoic) Memory

sounds and words memory, lasts longer than visual

Every week, Jade spends her allowance on ½ pound of sour lemon gummy candies and they always make her mouth water. One day, as she is walking down the street, Jade sees a girl carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag.Jade notices that her mouth is watering. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the:

sour lemon gummy candy

The inability to distinguish an actual memory of an event from information you learned about the event elsewhere is called ________.

source misattribution

Which learning style involves visualizing problems in their head?

spatial learning

Accelration

special programs that allow gifted students to move ahead at their own pace, even if this means skipping to higher grade levels

private speech

speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves

social speech

speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person

speech impairment

speech that deviates so much from the speech of others that it calls attention to itself, interferes with communication, or produces maladjustment in the speaker

Martha trains her cat Whiskers to salivate to the sound of a bell. She rings the bell every fifteen minutes and doesn't follow it with food for Whiskers. Whiskers salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at the sound of the ringing bell. A week later, she finds Whiskers salivating to the sound of a ringing bell. Which of the following terms explains this response?

spontaneous recovery

Kenneth daymond

stages of friendship

NON SOCIAL ACTIVITY

start off in solitary play world, entertaining themselves, playing blocks together in the corner, vrooming cars in the rug, doing their own things but are aware of other kids in the room

adolescent egocentrism

state of self absorption in which the world is viewed from one's own point of view

Latasha hears a spicy rumor one night when she is drunk at a bar. Latasha can't remember the rumor the next day when she is sober, but she does recall it after consuming a few glasses of wine that evening, This example best illustrates _____ memory

state-dependent

judy is popular in school and has a good scense of humor, she volunters to help read to younger peers, and understands how others feel. she is high in social

status

retrieval cues

stimuli that aid the recall or recognition of information stored in memory

Negative reinforcement is best thought of as:

stimuli whose termination or removal increases the behavior that precedes it.

facial feedback hypothesis

stimulus causes arousal and a facial expression, which provides feedback to the brain about the emotion, and the brain interprets the emotion

In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ____

stimulus generalization

Law of Exercise

stimulus response connections are strengthened by practice/repetition

What is retention of encoded information overtime?

storage

Visual Imagery Encoding

storing new info as mental pictures

self-regulation

strategies that modify reactivity (controlling emotional responses). (Rothbart)

emotional self-regulation

strategies we use to adjust our emotional state to a comfortable lebel of intenstity so we ca accomplish our goals. tell urself "its will be over soon!" is voluntary

What is positive reinforcement?

strengthens a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after a response

attachment:

strong affectionate tie we have with special people in our lives that leads us to feel pleasure when we interact with them and comforted by them in times of stress

Flashbulb memory

stronger emotional experiences form stronger memories (first kiss, graduation, 9/11)

Inclusive classrooms

students with learning difficulties are placed in regular classrooms for all or part of the school day, a practice designed to prepare them for participation in society and to combat prejudices against individuals with disabilities

human development

study of changes in people from conception until death (physical, cognitive, and socioemotional)

Developmental Psychology

study of how behavior changes over the lifespan

When Maxwell was learning to drive, he couldn't imagine how he could ever remember to steet the whell, flip on the turn signal, step on the accelerator, and still manage to turn the car! After driving for three years, Maxwell's reactions have become automatic. Now, when he drives a car

subconscious processes are involved

Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)

substantial disruption in the rhythm and fluency of speech; the most common speech impairment

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

suggests that older adults are aware of their limited time on earth and seek out meaningful, positive relationships to maximize their experiences; They are more selective in their social relationships as a result.

Authoritative

supportive but set firm limits (best parenting style)

Midlife crisis

supposed phase of adulthood characterized by emotional distress about the aging process and an attempt to regain youth

suppression vs affect labeling

suppression doesn't work affect labeling is effective

primary drive

survival needs

language

symbols used to think and communicate

state dependent retrieval

tendency for info to be better recalled when a person is in the same state during both encoding and retrieval

Functional Fixedness

tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed

mental set

tendency to persist in using a problem solving pattern that has worked in the past

Prototype

the "best" or most "typical" member

Attention, Memory, Motivation, Imitation

the 4 processes of social learning, must be in this order

Backward Conditioning

the CS follows the after the US (food then metronome), produces an inhibitory response

Conditioned Inhibition

the CS represents an absence of the US

Seriation

the ability to order items along a quantitative dimension, such as length or weight

resilience

the ability to overcome circumstances that place a child at high risk for psychological or physical damage

Creativity:

the ability to produce work that is original yet appropriate - something others have not though of that is useful in some way

Decentering

the ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account

crystallized intelligence

the accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that people have learned through experience and that they can apply in problem-solving situations

Explicit Memory

the act of consciously remembering something

Implicit Memory

the act of unconsciously remembering something and that influencing your behavior and stuff

chronological (or physical) age

the actual age of the child taking the intelligence test

Ken has the tendency to embrace his emotions when he is looking for a new car rather than actually examining the overall costs and performance reports. In this instances, it is likely that Ken is relying upon

the affect heuristic

pragmatics

the aspect of language that relates to communicating effectively and appropriately with others

A single, memorable case of welfare fraud can have a greater impact on people's estimates of welfare abuse than do statistics showing that this case is actually the exception to the rule. This illustrates that judgments are influenced by

the availability heuristic

gender constancy

the belief that people are permanently males or females, depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors

emotional self-regulation

the capability to adjust emotions to a desired state and level of intensity

Perspective taking

the capacity to imagine what other people may be thinking and feeling

Reversibility

the capacity to think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction, returning to the starting point

intelligence

the capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges

effortful control

the capacity to voluntarily suppress a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response; the self-regulatory dimension of temperment

moral development

the changes in people's sense of justice and of what is right and wrong, and in their behavior related to moral issues

pluralistic society model

the concept that American society is made up of diverse, coequal cultural groups that should preserve their individual cultural features

Generalization

the controlled response is still observed if though the conditioned stimulus is slightly different

this capacity for effortful control improves gradually as a result of

the development of the cerebral cortex and the assistance of caregivers, which help children manage intense emotions and teach them strategies for doing so.

synaptic pruning

the elimination of neurons as the result of nonuse or lack of stimulation

Conditioned Emotional Response

the experience of emotion due to the presence of a stimuli, Little Albert

Stereotype threat

the fear of being judged on the basis of a negative stereotype - can trigger anxiety that interferes with performance

Acquisition

the first phase of learning, present both stimuli so many numbers of times, then test for learning (aka trial phase) (aka learning phase)

Consolidation

the formation of long-term memories

_______ is defined as a general intellectual ability assumed by many theorists to underlie specific mental abilities and talents

the g factor

Divergent thinking:

the generation of multiple and unusual possibilities when faced with a task or problem. Divergent thinking contrasts with Convergent Thinking

irreversibility

the inability of a young child to mentally reverse an action

Source amnesia

the inability to remember where, when, or how previously learned information has been acquired

forgetting

the inability to retrieve memory from long-term storage

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

the innate response to the UCS (salivate), must say what the response is to

Define: Memory

the mental processes that enable you to collect and retrieve information over time

mutual regulation model

the model in which infants and parents learn to communicate emotional states to one another and to respond appropriately

harlow's work on attachment

the monkey experiment guy feeding is not the crucial half were raised with that rachet ass metal mom, and the others were the soft one, and they flocked to the comfy one because CONTACT COMFORT MATTERS

facial expressions are

the most reliable clues to understanding an infants feelings

goodness-of-fit

the notion that development is dependent on the degree of match between children's temperament and the nature and demands of the environment in which they are being raised

Sensory store, Short Term Memory, Long Term Memory

the order in which your brain processes information

when parents are over controling or undercontrolling..

the outcome is a child who feels forced and shamed or who doubts his ability to control his impulses or act competently on his own

Basic trust vs. mistrust

the parents were the social influences in the child's trust or mistrust of the world

gender identity

the perception of oneself as male or female

autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage

the period during which, according to Erikson, toddlers (aged 18 months to 3 years) develop independence and autonomy if they are allowed the freedom to explore, or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected

Embryonic Period

the period from three to eight weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop

identification

the process in which children attempt to be similar to their same-sex parent, incorporating the parent's attitudes and values

abstract modeling

the process in which modeling paves the way for the development of more general rules and principles

fast mapping

the process in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter

Transformation

the process in which one state is changed into another

Centration

the process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects

Cognitive self-regulation:

the process of continuously monitoring progress toward a goal, checking outcomes, and redirecting unsuccessful efforts

retrieval

the process of getting formation out of memory.

Define: Chunking

the process of taking individual pieces of information and grouping them together

negative reinforcement

the removal of something unpleasant -e.g. kid does what he told so parent stops nagging wake up so alarm stops

Genetics

the science of inherited traits

gender

the sense of being male or female

Least Restrictive Environment

the setting that is most similar to that of children without special needs

emotional self-regulation

the strategies we use to adjust our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals. Requires effortful control Caregivers help form child's self-regulation style by teaching socially approved ways to express emotions.

personality

the sum total of the enduring characteristics that differentiate one individual from another

freud believed that morality was linked to

the super ego

grammar

the system of rules that determines how our thoughts can be expressed

traditional classroom

the teacher is the sole authority for knowledge, rules, and decision making. Students are relatively passive listening, responding when called on, and completing teacher-assigned tasks. Their progress is evaluated by how well they keep pace with a uniform set of standards for their grade

Which of the following is an example of a prototype for the concept of leadership on an athletic team ?

the team captain

Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development

the theory that considers how individuals come to understand themselves and the meaning of others' and their own behavior

cycle of violence hypothesis

the theory that the abuse and neglect that children suffer predispose them as adults to abuse and neglect their own children

Fetal Period

the time from about eight weeks after conception until the birth of the child

Extinction occurs when ____

the unconditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus

empathy

the understanding of what another individual feels

Bilingualism

the use of more than one language

Placenta

the vascular organ that unites the fetus to the mother's uterus

Syntax

the way in which an individual combines words and phrases to form sentences

Wear and Tear Theory of Aging

theory of aging stating mechanical functions of the body stop working

Behaviorism

theory of learning that involves observable behavior.

Which of the following statements is true ?

there are many factors working together to influence an individual's intelligence level

Temporal Conditioning

there is no explicit CS, rather the US is presented at a regular time interval, so the time is kind of the CS

IQ tests

these measure general mental ability compared to other people your age

Problem-centered coping

they appraise the situation as changeable, identify the difficulty, and decide what to do about it

Standardization of Tests

they are always done the same way (like administration, scoring, and interpretation)

Although the human senses are very sensitive

they respond only to a narrow band of physical energy

incentives

things that lure or attract people into action

Secondary Reinforcer

things you learn to want (money, a trophy, grades)

Deeper Processing

think about each item or parts of the material individually (phonemic) (what it sounds like (writing verbatim))

The rat research challenged radical behaviorism and implied that _____________ plays a role in some forms of learning.

thinking

functional fixedness

thinking about objects in terms of only their typical function

Analogical Problem Solving

thinking of a similar problem to help you solve a current one (how did I do this last time?)

egocentric thought

thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others

egocentrism

thinking that doesn't take into account viewpoints of others

intuitive thought

thinking that reflects preschoolers' use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world

9-28 month olds self awareness

those under 20 month olds laughed and touched the mirror as if the red mark had nothing to do with them, but the older ones touched and rubbed their noses bc they reconize themselves

Popular-antisocial children

tough boys-athletically skilled but poor students who cause trouble and defy adult authority-and relationally aggressive boys and girls who enhance their own status by ignoring, excluding, and spreading rumors about other children

Longitudinal design

track the development of the same group of participants over time

Encoding

transforming perception into memories -initial information

Adolescence

transitional period between childhood and adulthood commonly associated with the teenage years

Language is most fundamental cognitive ability

transmit accumulated knowledge through generations

Flashbulb Memory

traumatic events memorized in great detail (9/11)

According to a study by Yogo and Fujihara, if you want to improve your short-term memory, you should spend time writing about ____

traumatic life experience

sternberg

triarchic theory of intelligence

Research suggests that the best way to encourage truthful testimony by children is to:

try to avoid asking the child leading questions.

Motivated Forgetting

tucking away memories so that they are not easily retrieved, either intentional or unintentional, repressed memories

18-24 months

two word telegraphic (read book? go park!, see bird.)

About ________ of all participants in Milgram's study administered the highest level of shock to the learner

two-thirds

mental age

typical intelligence level for people of a given chronological age

avoidant attachment

unresponsive to parent when she is present. when she leaves they arent destressed and react the same way to the stranger. during reuinion they are slow to greet parent (15%)

Catherine's grandmother says that if Catherine follows the family's traditional recipe for Irish soda bread exactly, then she is sure to have very good results. Catherine's grandmother is encouraging her granddaughter to:

use an algorithm.

Summation Test

used to determine if learning has occurred in higher order conditioning, the second CS should yield a smaller response than the first CS

bodily-kinesthetic frame

using body to solve problems

Charisse is pretending that she is feeling sad. According to research, she is probably

using different facial muscles she would use if she were really feeling sad

elaborative rehearsal

using new information and how it relates to ourselves

example of autonomy vs shame and doubt

walking and talking babies: "no! do it myself!"

Rational Choice Theory

we make decisions by determining 1) how likely something is to happen 2) judging value of the outcome 3) multiply the two

Frequency vs. Probability in Judgment

we make judgments based on frequency better than on probability

Self-Efficancy

we perceive ourselves as being able to perform a task successfully, can reduce fear through social learning

Serial Order Effect/Serial Position Effect

we remember the beginning and end of a list better than the middle

facial feedback

we smile bc we are happy and vice versa botox depression treatment

Prospect Theory

we take MORE risk to avoid loss, we avoid risk when there is potential gain

multiple intelligence theories

we vary our ability levels across different domains of intellectual skills

Optimal Foraging Theory

we will spend the last energy for the most gain

What does WAIS stand for?

wechsler adult intelligence scale

age two self reconition..

well under way

Algorithim

well-defined procedures or rules that guarantee a solution

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

what is paired with the US to be learned (metronome)

zone of proximal development

what is reasonable for the child for their age group

Example of a flashbulb memory

when Jim thought his parents won the lottery

Menopause

when menstruation stops in women (around late 40's)

Transgender

when one's gender identity doesn't match their biological sex

contingent caregiver communication

when parents selectively mirror aspects of the babies diffuse emotional behavior helps the babys construct emotional expressions that resemble those of adults

Speed of Processing

when speed of processing is involved in a task, older adults do more poorly in most areas of memory than younger adults

Stereotype Threat

when worry about conforming to a negative stereotype leads to underperformance on a test or other task by a member of the stereotyped group

Accommodation

when you change the schema to fit the new info.

Neglected children

who are seldom mentioned, either positively or negatively

Controversial children

who get a large number of positive and negative votes (both liked and disliked)

Rejected children

who get many negative votes (are disliked)

Popular children

who get many positive votes (are well liked)

shy kids vs social children

withdraw and react negitively vs positive emotion and approach stimuli

The part of your memory system that allows you to manipulate the information held in your short-term memory is known as _____ memory

working

____ is another name for short-term memory

working memory

prefrontal cortex

working memory

What did Baddeley discover?

working memory includes a verbal and visual component ex. driving and talking at the same time

rise in fear after 6 months keeps newly moble babies enthusiasm for exploration in check

yes

Free Recall

you produce the memory with minimal cues (essay, short answers)

Lev Vygotsky

zone of proximal develpoment

A _____________ is formed when a sperm cell fertilizes an egg.

zygote

What begins as a single-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge at conception?

zygote

Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development ?

zygote, embryo, fetus

Life Transitions in Adulthood

• Careers and job satisfaction • Love and commitment • Parenthood • Midlife crisis and empty nest syndrome

Instead of chronological age, consider others that may be more indicative:

▪ Biological ▪ Psychological ▪ Functional ▪ Social

Causes of Gender Differences:

▪ Biological (genetic and hormonal influence) ▪ Socialization/Environmental Influences

Concrete operations (7-11 years)

▪ Can perform mental operations, but only for actual physical events ▪ Conservation

Formal operations (11-adulthood)

▪ Can understand hypothetical reasoning beyond the here and now ▪ Also understand logical concepts and abstract questions ▪ Hypothetical deductive reasoning

Sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years)

▪ Children coordinate sensory experiences with motor actions ▪ Focus on the here and now ▪ Lack object permanence

Problems with longitudinal designs:

▪ Costly and time consuming ▪ Attrition ▪ Usually cannot state cause and effect

Preoperational stage (2-7 years)

▪ Marked by an ability to construct mental representations of experience and the use of language as a means of exploring the world ▪ Hampered by egocentrism and inability to perform mental operations

Sublimation

Channeling unacceptable impulses in acceptable outlets

different types of amnesia (Anterograde)

Inability to create new memories

Thinking

More involved type of cognition Involves "doing" cognition Thinking involves activity

Secure

Most common form of attachment across all cultures.

How nature and nurture play a role in intelligence

Nature =Genes Nurture = Environment

Classical conditioning five primary components:

Neutral stimulus (NS) Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned response (UCR) Conditioned stimulus (CS) Conditioned response (CR)

What helped us to understand how we all cognitively development from womb to tomb?

Plaget's theory

_____________________ and ___________can be conditioned

Positive emotions and feelings

When you take a multiple-choice exam, which type of explicit memory do you use?

Recognition

regency effect

Remembering items at the end of a list.

Sensitive Caregiving

Responding promptly, consistently, and appropriately to infants and holding them tenderly and carefully.

Regression

Retreating to an earlier stage of development

stranger anxiety

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

Define: Accommodation

The process by which the lens changes size to direct incoming light towards the retina

Define: Overconfidence

Too confident

Define: Rehearsal

Type of psychology where information is remembered by repeating it over and over

Simultaneous Conditioning

US and CS presented at the same time, ineffective in producing conditioned anticipatory behavior due to overshadowing

Delay of Gratification

Waiting for an appropriate time and place to engage in a tempting act. Between ages 1.5 to 3 years, children show an increased capacity to wait before eating a treat, opening a present, or playing with a toy.

Punishment

a decrease in behavior

intelligence quotient (IQ)

a measure of intelligence that takes into account a student's mental and chronological age

Fixed

a set number

Algorithm

a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem

Fluid intelligence is characterized by ____

ability to see complex relationships and solve problems

What is crystalized intelligence?

accumulative knowledge of world overtime

definition of learning

acquiring new information or behavior through an experience

Talia is looking for her cat by methodically searching each room and then closing the door. She is using what type of problem solving strategy?

algorithm

Piaget's stage theory

all children moved through a series of changes in the same order and at about the same time and actively construct their cognitive worlds as they go through the stages

Empty nest syndrome

alleged period of depression in mothers following the departure of their grown children from the home

3 year old Lee sees his dad dressed up as a gorilla and Lee screams in fear. What brain structure is probably involved in his reaction?

amygdala

Reinforcement

an increase in behavior

When you are examining data to look for trends, which type of intelligence are you using most ?

analytical

What are the four different learning styles?

analytical holistic verbal Spatial

Novel Stimulus

any stimulus that has not been reinforced yet, you can learn to respond to these faster (this is what the internet said, I couldn't find this in my notes)

Reinforcements

are outcomes that increase the probability of a response.

the two earliest emotional life things

attraction to pleasant stimulation and withdrawn from unpleasant stimulation

Learned helplessness

attributes their failures, not their successes, to ability. When they succeed, they conclude that external factors, such as luck, are responsible. Unlike their mastery-oriented counterparts, they believe that ability is fixed and cannot be improved by trying hard

Mental processes occurring outside of conscious awareness but accessible to consciousness when necessary is the definition of:

Subconscious processes

Insight Learning

Suggests humans and some other animals may learn through sudden understanding.

Define: Serial Position Effect

Tendency for a person to recall the first and last item in a series best

Define: Confirmation Bias

Tendency to search for information that confirms one's bias

Electra Complex

The Oedipus Complex, but, in this case, girls are attracted to their fathers

Social Support

The aid gained through interacting with others

phoneme

basic unit of sound ("ch" choir/chef)

10 months

babbling reflects house hold language

from five months on

babies percieve facial expressions as organized patterns and can match the emotion in a voice with the face of whose speaking

responsive vs unresponsive parent

babies respond with happy face pleasant babling and good posture whereas unresponsive have a angry face, crying and pick me up gestures

during first weeks

babies smile when full, during rem sleep, and in response to gentle touches and sounds

slow-to-warm babies

babies who are inactive, showing relatively calm reactions to their environment; their moods are generally negative, and they withdraw from new situations, adapting slowly

easy babies

babies who have a positive disposition; their body functions operate regularly, and they are adaptable

difficult babies

babies who have negative moods and are slow to adapt to new situations; when confronted with a new situation, they tend to withdraw

when the is sympathetic and loving, the psycological conflict of the first year is resolved on the positive side

balence of care in basic mistrist and trust

Cellular Clock Theory

based on the fact that cells can divide a maximum of one hundred times and that as a person ages their cells become less capable of dividing

securely attached infants seem to

be certain that their caregiver will respond sensitively to need

critical period for learning

before 7 years old

resistant attachment

before leaving , these babies seek closeness to parents, after they leave they are distressed and after they are angry and hit mom and cant be comforted (10%)

Diffusion Chain

behavior modeled by one, then another, then another

Thorndikes Law of effects

behaviors followed by "satisfying state of affairs" are more likely to be repeated and those that produce "unpleasant state of affairs" are less likely to be repeated

Law of Effect

behaviors followed by positive outcomes will be strengthened and those behaviors followed by negative outcomes will be weakened.

____ is an individual's belief in her capability to complete some task

Self-efficacy

"I got a bad grade because the teacher wrote tricky questions that had nothing to do with what we talked about in class." Which of the following does this describe?

Self-serving bias

What kind of memory is your memory for the fact that the earth is round?

Semantic memory

What is the difference between sensation and perception?

Sensation is the detection of sensory stimuli and perception is the interpretation of sensory information.

3-4 Month Response to emotions of others

Sensitivity to structure and timing of face-to-face interactions

Define: Piaget's Stages

Sensorimotor (birth to 18-24 months) Pre-operational (18-24 months to 7) Concrete operational (7-12) Formal operational (adolescent through adulthood)

What are the four stages of Plaget's theory?

Sensorimotor stage Preoperational Stage Concrete Operation Formal Operations

Piaget's four stages:

Sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years) Preoperational stage (2-7 years) Concrete operations (7-11 years) Formal operations (11-adulthood)

According to the information-processing model, information must pass through ______ in order to be firmly implanted in memory

Sensory, short-term, and then long-term memory

Interactional Synchrony

Separated by the experiences of secure from insecure babies. It is best described as a sensitively tuned "emotional dance", in which the caregiver responds to infant signals in a well-timed, rhythmic, appropriate fashion.

Internal Working Model

Set of expectations about the availability of attachment figures, their likelihood of providing support during times of stress, and the self's interaction with those figures. Becomes a vital part of personality, serving as a guide for all future close relationships.

______refers to biological status; gender to psychological characteristics.

Sex

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ____

Shaping

_________ ___________ consequence will trump long term consequences

Short term

Weakest Sense in Newborns

Sight (can only see 8 - 14in)

Deceptive Emotions

Sincere and insincere emotions may "leak out"

A friend is walking toward you but does not seem to be growing in size. This is called:

Size constancy

Research on ______________-______________ ________________ shows that benefits actually reflect participants waking up.

Sleep-assisted learning

8-10 Month Response to emotions of others

Social referencing

The inability to distinguish what you originally experienced from what you heard or were told later about an event is the definition of:

Source misattribution

Chronic Stressors

Sources of stress that occur continuously or repeatedly

DNA

Special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism

S.M.A.R.T. Goal Setting

Specific (clear and unambiguous), Measurable (concrete criteria for determining progress), Achievable (realistic, but can be ambitious), Relevant ( matches your needs), Time-Bound (deadline for success)

Stressors

Specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten the person's well-being

three debates of developmental psychology

Stability or change - Relates to a change or a stableness in personality

Temperament

Stable individual differences in quality and intensity of behavior. Has some genetic bases and some link to adult personality. A home observational questionnaire can be used to measure this.

4 months

babbling (da-da, ma-ma)

Children's memory

can be accurate eywitnesses if questioned in neutral words and if no one discussed situation with them ahead of time

Noncontingent/Accidental reinforcement

can occur when response is strengthened but not as a result of the response

a mistrusting infant

cannot count on the kindness and compassion of others, so she protects herself by withdrawing from people and things around her

effort control

capacity to voluntarily suppress a dominant respponse in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response (the baby kickin)

Organizational Encoding

categorizing info to relationships among items in a series

Blastocyst

cell mass from the splitting of the zygote that implants in to the uterine wall

Zygote

cell resulting from the uniting of the ovum and sperm; eventually divides into many cells, eventually forming the baby

In his work with reabbits, Richard Thompson showed that classical conditioning of the eyeblink response depends on activity in the

cerebellum

Peer victimization

certain children become the targets of verbal and physical attacks or other forms of abuse

Long-term Potentiation

changes in number and sensitivity of receptor sites/synapses through repeated stimulation

Operant Conditioning

changing behavior by following a response with a consequence, a cyclic relationship, aka instrumental conditioning

reflexes

check the health of an infants nervous system; absent or abnormal may indicate brain damage or neurological problem

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

child becomes more independent; parents will either approve or restrain child in this situation.

parellel play

child plays near other kids, play with similar materials, not attempting to influence anothers behavior

mirror test

child recognizes self in mirror which happens around the self concious emotions which they now see themselves so they get self recognition

Initiative vs. guilt

child wants to undertake adult activities and responsibilities; if they do so they have a sense of initiative; if parents don't allow the child feels guilt.

Industry vs. inferiority

child's education system has most influence; child looks at peers and compares their self.

The inability to remember events and experiences that occurred during the first two or three years of life is termed

childhood amnesia

Education Self-fulfilling prophecies

children may adopt teachers' positive or negative views and start to live up to them

Social constructivist classroom

children participate in a wide range of challenging activities with teachers and peers, with whom they jointly construct understandings. As children acquire knowledge and strategies from working together, they become competent, contributing members of their classroom community and advance in cognitive and social development

Phonics approach

children should first be coached on phonics - the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds. Only after mastering these skills should they be get complex reading material

Teratogens

damaging agents which pass from mother's blood through placenta into developing embryo/fetus

what makes conservation possible

decentration: ability to focus on several aspects of a problem, not just one reversability: thinking through a series of steps and mentally reversing direction and go back to starting point

semantic memory

declarative memory containing facts and general knowledge (language, information learned in formal education)

episodic memory

declarative memory containing personal information not readily available to others (personal experiences, daily activities and events)

which of the following is not necessarly for a child to remember a peice of information

decoding

A long-lasting increase in the strength of synaptic responsiveness is called

deep processing

theory of multiple intelligences

defines intelligence in terms of distinct sets of processing operations that permit individuals to engage in a wide range of culturally valued activities. Dismissing the idea of general intelligence, Gardner proposes at lease eight independent intelligences

Validity

degree to which a test actually measures what it's supposed to measure

Content Validity

degree to which the content of a test is representative of what was covered

Forgetting

delay between memorization & recall

Most dramatic changes occur during ___________ _________________ development

early prenatal

temperment

early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactvity and self regulation. reactivity- quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity. self regulation: modifys reactivity.

Biological constraints in conditioning

easier to train an animal based off their natural tendencies

thomas and chess's nine demensions (model of temperment).

easy child (40%) quickly establishes routine, cheerful, adapts easily to new experiences difficult child (10%)- irregular in daily routine, slow to accept new experiences, tends to react negatively and intensely slow to warm up (15%)- inactive, shows low key reaction to enviromental stimuli, negative, eventually adjusts tho 35% unique blends of temparement

heuristic

educated guess based on prior experience that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a problem

developmentally appropriate educational practice

education that is based on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child

____ is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner

egocentric bias