Psychology - Ch. 6-8 Study Guide

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.

Edward C. Tolman

Which researchers suggested that language determines thought?

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf

The word ________ is both a morpheme and a phoneme.

I

Arthur Jensen theorized that Level ___ intelligence is responsible for conceptual and analytical abilities while Level ___ intelligence is responsible for rote memorization

II, I

Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

arousal theory

What is confirmation bias? a. believing the event you just experienced was predictable b. focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs c. focusing only on one piece of information when making a decision d. stereotyping someone or something unintentionally

b

Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified by the following? Amantha left her phone somewhere, but she can't remember where. a. distortion b. forgetting c. imposition d. intrusion

b

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

behavior is motivated by consequences received for the behavior

Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system.

bias

Remembering ________ is a good example of semantic memory. A. how a fruit tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself B. how to play the piano C. what the word chocolate means D. your most recent visit to the dentist

c

_______ intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it.

crystallized

To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.

cs + ucs; continuous

Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who ________.

divided intelligence into two components

A(an) ________ schema is also known as a cognitive script.

event

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed ratio

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.

flashbulb memory

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence.

fluid

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?

hippocampus

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.

implicit

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.

increases

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

Which of the following is a criticism of the Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf research on language?

it was not empirical

What is semantic memory?

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________.

learning

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language?

lexicon

Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

logical-mathematical

A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working.

mental set

Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily?

mild

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.

misinformation effect paradigm

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on ________.

one piece of information versus all of the information

The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________.

one standard deviation above the mean

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.

partial

Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept?

patriotism

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

punishment

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

recognition

Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference.

retroactive

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.

role

Which of the following is key to generating a bell curve?

sample size

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.

semantic

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding.

semantic

What are the two components of declarative memory?

semantic and episodic

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

________ encoding is the encoding of images

visual

Engram refers to the ________.

physical trace of a memory

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.

morpheme

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a ________ concept.

natural

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct? a. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. b. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. c. He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex. d. His experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

a

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

spatial

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

stimulus generalization

What did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in?

stroop effect

Encoding information occurs through ________.

automatic processing and effortful processing

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

cognition

What is procedural memory?

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

What do the concepts of representational bias, anchoring bias, and hindsight bias all have in common?

all the concepts are examples of mental set

________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes.

artificial

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

cognitive map

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

rehearsal

The step of _____________, which is the conscious repetition of information to be remembered in order to move it from STM into long-term memory, is called memory consolidation.

rehearsal

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

semantics

In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: ________________ memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

sensory

Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Mel?

severe

Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories?

suggestibility

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

unconditional response

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ______.

conditioned response

Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience.

indirect

Chuck was in a car accident. He wishes he could put it behind him, but every night he has dreams about it, and every time he sees a car he remembers how he felt that day. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?

intrusion

People may not intend to distort facts, but ________.

it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories

Reth is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, "A Bear in the Woods," and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currently working on a book titled, When Harry Potter Attacks. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

linguistic

At what age can babies only discriminate among those phonemes that are used in the language(s) in their environments?

12 months old

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

analytical

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior? a. baby seeking food by rooting and suckling b. believing that nudity is wrong c. teacher demonstrating algebra to students d. toddler who is toilet training

a

Which of the following statements about Howard Gardner is false? a. He believed discussing IQ as standard deviations from average was inaccurate. b. He developed a theory in which each person possesses at least eight intelligences. c. He developed Multiple Intelligences Theory. d. He was a former student of Erik Erikson.

a

Which of the following statements about algorithms is false a. Algorithms are a problem-solving strategy. b. Algorithms are used frequently in our everyday lives. c. Algorithms involve a step-by-step problem-solving formula. d. Working backwards is an example of an algorithm.

b

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

confirmation

Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have?

dyslexia

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion can be a conditioned response

Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________.

thoughts

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination? a. conditioned to associate a bell ringing with food, drooling when the bell rings b. conditioned to drool only when food is paired with a bell c. conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle d. conditioned to tell the difference between the sound of the bell and the taste of the food

c

Which of the following statements about Charles Spearman is false? a. He believed intelligence consisted of a general factor called g. b. He believed intelligence could be measured and compared between individuals. c. He divided intelligence into two components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence. d. He focused on the commonalities among various intellectual abilities and de-emphasized what made each unique.

c

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

cerebellum

Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment? a. becoming angry at your friend for raising his voice b. becoming bored at a wedding c. sitting very still in the classroom d. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

d

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule? a. Julie knows she will get a trampoline if she accumulates enough allowance money b. Nikita takes her dog for a walk every day at 8 a.m. c. Viviane plays scratch-off lottery tickets d. Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

d

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement? a. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it. b. Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens. c. Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground. d. Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast.

d

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. (not yet developed)

latent

What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an)

mastery of grammatical aspects of language

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

explicit memories

Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories? a. Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory. b. Strong emotional experiences stimulate the cerebellum and thyroid, the centers of emotional memory. c. Strong emotional memories are transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory more quickly than weak emotional memories. d. Weak emotional memories involve effortless processing and strong emotional memories involve effortful processing.

a

"In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as _______."

acquisition

Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry. (learning or development of a skill)

acquisition

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory? a. Aerobic exercise promotes neurogenesis. b. If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful. c. In order to remember information, you should build a web of retrieval cues to help you access material when you want to remember it. d. Overlearning can help prevent storage decay.

b

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory? a. blindfolding someone and timing her to see how long it takes her to determine what she is eating b. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting c. pairing a puff of air to the eye with a handshake to see how long it will take someone to blink before offering her hand d. rewarding a girl for finishing her homework with ice cream and counting how much homework she will complete before becoming sick of ice cream

b

Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia? a. Jane Doe can provide a second-by-second account of what she ate for dinner. b. Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her. c. Jane Doe is in a boating accident. Every day she wakes up with no memory of what she did the day before. d. Jane Doe remembers her first day of school more clearly than any other day because her best friend was not there.

b

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

construction; reconstruction

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

continuous

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory a. how a hamburger tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself b. how to use the microwave c. what the word January means d. your first day of school

d

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________.

latent learning

Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________. a. another area of the brain compensating for the damage, enabling the brain compensate for the damage b. memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running c. rats that could not complete puzzles even when food was offered as a reward d. rats that feared the researchers and avoided the cage that was closest to the researcher

b

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment? a. Belinda saw Mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room. She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mavis get a reward for doing it. b. Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots. c. Job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom. d. Laurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself.

b

What is the main idea of the Stroop effect? a. The brain identifies color more readily than words. b. The brain processes black and white information faster. c. The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information. d. The memory process is facilitated when people take more time to consider information.

c

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding? A. being able to hum the tune to a song after hearing it only once B. dreaming about a beach and deciding to take a vacation C. remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV D. thinking about a car you plan to buy and having the image of the car appear in your mind

c

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? a. checking your e-mail at random times throughout the day instead of every time you hear the new e-mail notification b. feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m. c. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart d. playing the slot machine

c

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning? a. when a cat and a dog share the same water bowl b. when a cat learns to drool at the sound of a can opener c. when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior d. when a dog refuses to play dead

c

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning? a. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room b. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting c. knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student d. rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinforcement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables

d

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning? a. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long it takes him to estimate the size of a room b. determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing c. pairing a puff of air to the eye with seeing the color red in order to find out how many repetitions it will take for someone to blink when he sees the color red d. rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

d

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule? a. checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day b. playing basketball with your friends after completing your chores c. playing poker d. taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

d

Which of the following is not one of the four indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children? a. perceptual reasoning b. processing memory c. verbal comprehension d. working memory

d

Which of the following is not one of the four subtypes of intellectual disability? a. mild b. modest c. profound d. severe

d

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct? a. Eyewitness testimony is always reliable. b. Eyewitness testimony is never reliable. c. Eyewitness testimony is reliable for events that do not involve crime. d. Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

d

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert?

emotions can be a conditioned response

What did Lashley develop by purposely damaging the brains of rats that had learned a task and then testing those rats to see if the brain damage impaired their ability to complete that same task?

equipotentiality hypothesis

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

extinction

________ encoding is the encoding of images

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

practical

Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill. (strong dislike)

taste aversion

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory