Psychology-Ch 6

A single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought is called a:

holophrase.

The technique ______ can measure changes in activity ANYWHERE in the brain.

fMRI

What occurs when infants change from sucking their mother's breast to sucking a pacifier?

adaptation

Most babies speak their first recognizable words at:

12 months

According to Piaget, at what age do infants begin to anticipate and solve simple problems by using mental combinations?

18 to 24 months

Once a child's vocabulary reaches about 50 words, it rapidly expands at a rate of _______ per month.

50 to 100 words

How does a child learn language?

A) Infants are taught language. B) Infants have a natural capacity for language learning. C) Infants are socially programmed to communicate. D) All of these answers could be correct. Answer D All

Piaget's first period of cognitive development highlights that:

A) at birth, infants are active learners. B) infants learn through adaptation. C) infants' motor skills and senses are the conduits for learning. D) All of these answers are correct. Answer D All

Toddlers ages 16 to 20 months are able to:

A) demonstrate deferred imitation. B) use several kinds of memory. C) think conceptually. D) All of these answers are correct. Answer D All

Most developmentalists agree that very young infants can remember if:

A) motivation is high. B) special measures are taken to aid memory retrieval C) situations or events are similar to real life. D) All of these answers are correct. Answer D All

Which is TRUE of deaf babies and babbling?

All babies, even deaf babies, babble.

Who proposed that infants are innately ready to use their minds to understand and speak whatever language is offered?

Chomsky

Which is TRUE of babbling?

No reinforcement or teaching is necessary.

What happens when a child is able to speak about 50 words?

The progression of language acquisition increases dramatically

Research has demonstrated that infants as young as 3 months old can remember after two weeks if provided with:

a brief reminder session.

When do infants begin learning language?

before birth

The information-processing theory compares human thinking to:

computer functioning.

What is an infant's first means of communication?

crying

The importance of using gestures when speaking to babies is that:

gestures allow babies to communicate earlier.

Word order, prefixes, suffixes, intonation, verb forms, pronouns, negations, prepositions, and articles are called:

grammar.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) indicates that infants:

have memories, goals, and mental combinations in advance of Piaget's stages.

The results of subsequent experiments were inconsistent with the conclusions of Piaget by demonstrating that infants:

have some understanding of object permanence as young as 4 months.

Regarding the visual cliff experiment, even 3-month-olds notice the difference between a solid surface and an apparent cliff. However, one affordance of the cliff, falling, is realized only after:

infants start crawling.

Recent research on early affordances provides evidence that:

input becomes quicker with age, and cognitive processing advances.

In an experiment, 3-month-old infants could remember one week later to kick their legs to make a crib mobile move, but many could not remember to do it two weeks later. This research indicates that:

memory is fragile early in life

Piaget's cognitive development period that begins at birth and ends around age 2 is called:

sensorimotor intelligence

The term used to describe an infant's thought process that relies on senses and motor skills is:

sensorimotor intelligence.

An infant who begins to explore the environment by actively taking independent action is entering the:

tertiary circular reactions stage.

Primary circular reactions involve:

the infant's own body.

Cultural differences in communication appear to influence:

the ratio of nouns to verbs and adjectives