Psychology Ch. 8

echolalia

"You look well today, Robert." Robert replies, "You look well today, Robert." He does this all of the time, repeating everything said to him. This phenomenon is known as ______.

Learned helplessness.

A behaviorist such as Seligman views depression as a consequence of which of the following?

nihilism

A belief that nothing really exists, that all things are simply shadows, is a delusion of ___________.

Generalized anxiety disorder

A chronic state of free-floating anxiety or worry that has persisted for at least six months is ___________.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A chronic state of free-floating anxiety or worry that has persisted for at least six?months

schizophrenia

A class of severe and disabling mental disorders characterized by extreme disruptions of perceptions, thoughts, emotions, and behavior characterizes ____________.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A condition of separation in personality, or multiple personality, not attributable to disease or brain injury; previously called multiple personality disorder

Learned Helplessness

A diminished ability to learn an avoidance response following exposure to unavoidable aversive stimulation may contribute to some forms of depression and nonresponsiveness in humans and other animals

organic amnesia is a gradual process.

A distinguishing feature of dissociative amnesia compared to organic amnesia is that:

Basal Ganglia

A group of brain structures that lie under the cerebral cortex and function as ?way stations? between the input of sensory messages and resulting cortically initiated motor or cognitive outputs

Hypomania

A mood characterized by persistent and pervasive elevated mood (a mood state less severe than mania)

Mania

A mood state characterized by expanded self-esteem, reduced need for sleep, excessive talking about extravagant ideas, and delusions

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, lack of impulse control, and hyperactivity.

Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder

A persistent detachment from one?s thoughts, feelings, or body sensations

psychoanalysis

A phobia represents a displaced anxiety, according to __________.

Bipolar Disorder

A psychiatric disorder characterized by extreme mood swings from immobilizing depression to euphoria and frantic activity; previously referred to as manic-depressive disorder

Illness Anxiety Disorder

A somatic disorder in which the individual is excessively fearful of contracting a serious illness or of dying; previously referred to as hypochondria

Cingulotomy

A surgical procedure partially separating the cingulate cortex from the frontal lobes that is performed to treat severe obsessive-compulsive disorder

True

ADHD is commonly diagnosed in childhood.

False, 1%

About 10% of the population suffers from somatic symptom disorders.

True

Abraham suggested that mood disorders are rooted in an oral fixation.

False

According to Freud, an individual with antisocial personality disorder may have an underdeveloped or absent ego.

unresolved separation anxiety.

According to the psychoanalytic perspective, panic attacks may result from:

Conversion disorder

All of the following are termed "anxiety disorders" except which one?

Schizophrenia.

All of the following are termed dissociative disorders except which?

Agoraphobia

An anxiety disorder characterized by an intense fear of being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult or in which help might not be available, such as stores, theaters, and trains; often accompanies panic disorder

Posttraumatic stress disorder.

An anxiety disorder that typically follows a very painful event and is characterized by a reliving of that event, avoidance of stimuli associated with the event, or numbing of general responsiveness, is which of the following?

Delusion

An exaggerated and rigidly held belief that has little or no basis in fact

Dissociative Amnesia

An inability to recall important autobiographical information after a traumatic or stressful episode

Social Anxiety

Anxiety disorder characterized by a persistent, irrational fear of performing some specific behavior (such as talking or eating) in the presence of other people

Specific Phobia

Anxiety disorder characterized by an irrational fear of specific situations or objects, such as heights, small closed places, strangers or animals

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Anxiety disorder characterized by persistent, unwanted, and unshakable thoughts or irresistible, habitual repeated actions

Panic Disorder

Anxiety disorder in which an individual experiences numerous panic attacks (four or more in a four-week period) that are characterized by overwhelming terror and often a feeling of unreality or depersonalization

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Anxiety disorder that typically follows a traumatic event or events; characterized by a reliving of that event, avoidance of stimuli associated with the event or numbing of general responsiveness, and increased arousal

Phobia

Any of a number of anxiety disorders characterized by a persistent fear of and consequent avoidance of a specific object or situation

Anxiety Disorder

Any of a number of disorders that produce pervasive feelings of anxiety

1%

Approximately this percentage of the population suffers from somatic symptom disorders.

Abnormal Behavior

Behavior that is atypical, maladaptive, or socially unacceptable, or that produces emotional discomfort

False, psychoanalysis

Behaviorism explained phobias by attributing them to displaced anxiety.

True

Behaviorists explain obsessive-compulsive disorder as a result of negative reinforcement.

negative reinforcement

Behaviorists explain obsessive-compulsive disorder as being a result of ______.

True

Bipolar disorder involves rapid flight of ideas and pressure of speech.

False, conversion disorder

Bomber pilots who suddenly developed night blindness without any physical cause were probably suffering from illness anxiety.

False

Borderline personality disorder is characterized by impulsive, uncaring, selfish, irresponsible, and remorseless behavior.

A love-hate ambivalence toward self.

Both Freud and Abraham theorized that depressive disorders are the result of which of the following?

depressive

Both major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders are classified as ________ disorders.

delusions of influence.

Carly is convinced that her thoughts and behaviors are being controlled by extraterrestrial beings because she is experiencing:

Depressive Disorders

Class of disorders, including major depression, dysthymic disorders, and substance induced depression, characterized by persistent depression

Schizophrenia

Class of severe and disabling mental disorders characterized by extreme disruptions of perceptions, thoughts, emotions, and behavior

are higher.

Compared to incidence rates of bipolar disorder, rates of depression:

more likely to attempt suicide.

Compared to men, women are:

less often

Compared to other somatic symptom disorders, conversion disorder is confused with genuine physical disease ___________.

pass and allow the person to return to sleep.

Compared to panic attacks, sleep terrors:

identical monochorionic twins.

Concordance rates for schizophrenia would be highest in:

True

Delusions of grandeur are the belief that one is in actuality some great world or historical figure, such as Napoleon, Queen Victoria, or the president of the United States.

True

Dissociative disorders include depersonalization-derealization disorder.

is9 times more likely

Dissociative identity disorder ________ in women than in men.

False, other way around

Dissociative identity disorder involves delusions and hallucinations, whereas schizophrenia involves distinct personalities.

Personality Disorders

Diverse class of disorders that is collectively characterized by inflexible and maladaptive personality traits that cause either functional impairment or subjective distress

Hallucination

False perception that lacks a sensory basis; can be produced by hallucinogenic drugs, fatigue, or sensory deprivation (Auditory hallucinations can be associated with severe psychotic disorders.)

Delusions

Firmly held beliefs that have little or no basis in fact that persist despite conflicting evidence are __________.

False, six months

Generalized anxiety disorder is a chronic state of free-floating anxiety or worry that has persisted for at least two months.

Dissociative Disorders

Group of disorders, including psychogenic amnesia, depersonalization-derealization disorder, and dissociative identity disorder, in which the thoughts and feelings that generate anxiety are separated or dissociated from conscious awareness

By decreased anxiety.

How might somatic symptom disorders be reinforced?

Hans's phobia was a classically conditioned fear.

How would someone from the behavioral perspective explain the case of Little Hans?

True

If Brittnee has seven different personalities that seem to take over at different points in her day, she is suffering from dissociative identity.

He is being rewarded for his avoidance of tight spaces and will continue this lack of action.

If Clyde's claustrophobia is so bad that he cannot even enter his walk-in closet at home, a behaviorist would say:

persecution.

If James fears that he is always being watched and is convinced that people are after him, he is suffering from delusions of:

has a serious medical problem

Illness anxiety disorder is the persistent belief that one ______.

delusions of grandeur.

In the movie A Beautiful Mind, John Nash felt he was a special person who could unlock a secret code. Only he was able to do this, no one else. He was experiencing:

Bipolar

In this disorder, moods swing from elation to depression.

Fraternal dichorionic twins.

In which situation would one expect schizophrenia concordance rates to be lowest?

No, there is a subset of people who experience obsessions without the compulsions.

Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder always demonstrate both obsessions and compulsions.

persecution

James fears that he is always being watched. He is convinced that people are after him. He is suffering from delusions of ___________.

True

Jason is feeling tired, sad, and worthless. He is having trouble sleeping and has no interest in things lately. Jason is probably suffering from depression.

A panic disorder.

Jason tells a counselor that, at least once a week, he feels intense apprehension with labored breathing and shaking hands for no apparent reason. The counselor might conclude that Jason suffers from which of the following?

schizophrenia

Jerry is experiencing hallucinations, disruptions of thought and perception. He is likely suffering from ___________.

True

Many veterans experience posttraumatic stress disorder which is having flashbacks of traumatic war experiences.

Learned helplessness.

Martin Seligman noted that dogs that had been taught that they could not escape an electric shock acted as though they were depressed. He attributed their "depression" to which of the following?

True

Men are four times more likely than women to succeed in killing themselves.

True

Negative symptoms dominate when a person with schizophrenia demonstrates continued difficulty in establishing social contacts, low motivation, and a somewhat blunted affect.

False, positive

Negative symptoms represent an excess or distortion of normal behavior of schizophrenia.

personality

Paranoid, schizoid, antisocial, avoidant, borderline, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, dependent, histrionic, and schizotypal are all types of ____________ disorder.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Personality disorder characterized by disregard for rights of others, lack of remorse or guilt for antisocial acts, irresponsibility in job or marital roles, failure to learn from experience, and a profound poverty of deep and lasting emotions

Antisocial

Persons with this personality disorder persistently violate the rights of others.

True

Phobias are considered anxiety disorders.

False, negative

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia represent diminished or absent behavior of schizophrenia.

Bipolar disorders

Rapid flight of ideas and pressure of speech is a symptom of which of the following?

True

Repeated and uncontrollable urges to perform certain actions, like hand washing or counting objects, are called compulsions.

Positive Symptoms

Represent an excess or distortion of normal behavior of schizophrenia; may include hallucinations, delusions, and excessive verbal behavior

Negative Symptoms

Represent diminished or absent behavior of schizophrenia; may include flattened emotions, diminished social behavior, apathy, anhedonia, and catatonic motor behavior

early adulthood

Research has shown that the symptoms of ADHD decrease by _______.

Indicated that there may be a genetic disposition toward the development of bipolar disorder.

Research using genetics has provided which of the following?

He is highly at risk to attempt suicide.

Richard has experienced a prolonged depression since the death of his spouse. What would accurately describe his situation?

delusions of persecution.

Robert believes he is being tracked by the Secret Service, which is ensuring that he cannot be hired by any employer, because he is experiencing:

seasonal affective disorder.

SAD stands for:

True

Schizophrenia involves a class of severe and disabling mental disorders characterized by extreme disruptions of perceptions.

50 to 60

Several investigations have shown that ___________ percent of people with antisocial personality disorder exhibit abnormal brain waves.

Conversion Disorder

Somatic symptom disorder that is manifested as a sensory or motor system disorder for which there is no known organic cause

Mutism

Speech disturbance characteristic of schizophrenia in which an individual may not utter a sound for hours or days at a time

Echolalia

Speech disturbance characteristic of some forms of schizophrenia in which people repeat virtually every statement they hear uttered

ninth

Suicide ranks as the _____ leading cause of death among all American adults.

seek out individuals who give them unfavorable feedback.

Swann's research suggests that a depressed person will:

False, 9

The DSM-5 identifies five related personality disorders: paranoid, schizoid, antisocial, avoidant, and borderline.

dissociative identity disorder.

The film Fight Club was a fictitious example of a disorder known as:

Monoamine Theory

The first formal biochemical theory of mood disorders; proposes that depression is related to reduction in activity of the monoamine neurotransmitters norepinephrine and/or serotonin in specific regions of the brain

five times

The likelihood of having bipolar disorder was __________ higher in creative individuals as in age-matched controls.

True

The monoamine theory involves serotonin and norepinephrine.

serotonin and norepinephrine.

The monoamine theory largely deals with:

Major depressive disorder

The persistent feeling of intense sadness, loss, and worthlessness, often accompanied by thoughts of?suicide

not having developed a superego

The psychoanalytic view sees people diagnosed with antisocial personality as ______.

Dissociative disorders

These disorders may be best explained by the psychoanalytic perspective and misuse of defense mechanisms.

Hallucinations

These may occur in any of the sense modalities, but most often a schizophrenic person hears voices that seem to be coming from outside the person's head.

Negative

These symptoms represent diminished or absent behavior in schizophrenia.

Amygdala

This part of the brain is responsible for fear and aggression, which explains why it is associated with the acquisition of conditioned fear.

Lykken

This person devised a complex learning task in which three groups of male subjects (imprisoned sociopaths, nonsociopathic inmates, and college students) were told that electric shocks would be randomly administered for incorrect responses as a stimulant for good performance

interpersonal relationships

To make matters worse for a depressed individuals, these individuals usually experience a breakdown in ___________ because they are irritable.

Somatic Symptom Disorder

Type of somatic disorder characterized by multiple and recurrent physical symptoms that have no physical cause

Obsessive-compulsive disorder.

What anxiety disorder is characterized by persistent, unwanted, and unshakable thoughts and/or irresistible repeated actions?

Phobias

What anxiety disorders are characterized by a persistent fear of and associated avoidance of a specific object or situation?

Conversion disorder

What is loss of function, such as paralysis, or loss of vision or feeling, with no physical damage, known as?

Maladaptive

What is the behavior that impairs a person's ability to function adequately in everyday social and occupational roles called?

Dissociative identity disorder

What is the term for a dissociative disorder in which a person experiences several "personalities," each with distinct traits and memories?

positive

When Jeanine believes that her mailman is a spy and she hears voices, she is experiencing ______ schizophrenia symptoms.

negative

When Jeanine has difficulty establishing social contacts, she is experiencing _________ symptoms.

2013

When was the DSM-V published?

Bipolar I disorder

Which disorder contains more severe mania?

Increased hippocampus volume.

Which is not a characteristic of the brain of someone with schizophrenia?

Illness anxiety

Which of the following is not a personality disorder listed in the DSM-5?

schizophrenia; dissociative identity disorder

While ________ involves delusions and hallucinations, ________ involves the existence of multiple, intact personalities within one individual.

Someone who provides negative feedback.

Who would a depressed person prefer to talk to?