psychology chap. 14
Hippocrates
4 humors (black bile, yellow bile, blood, phlegm) helped answer the question of where do traits come from
humanistic approach
An approach to psychology emphasizing a person's positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny.
collective unconcious
Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
personal unconscious
Jung's name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud
five factor model
Openess to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism developed by McCrae and Costa
acculturation
The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another.
determinism
The assumption that behavior is caused by heredity and environment
trait
a reasonably stable aspect of personality
self concept
a view of oneself as an individual
carl jung
analytic psychlogy everyone has a repressed unconscious and an inherited collective unconscious
archetypes
basic, primiative concepts that are in every collective unconscious wise old man, fairy god mother, young hero
albert bandura
behavior could be learned from direct experience and observation
erik erikson
believed social relationships are the most important factors in personality emphasized the emotional climate in a mother child relationship
karen horney
believed the chilhood memories played a large role in the development of adult personality greatest influence is social relationships feelings of insecurity casued hostility for the child
carl rogers
believes everyone is basically good
individuation
bringing together conscious elements with unconscious stereotypes
congruence
consistency between self-perceptions and experience
Gordon Allport
decided that a person's behavior is a collection of traits cataloged 18,000 words to describe human traits
Hans Eysenck
focused on the relationship between two personality dimensions introversion and extroversion
j.b watson
founded behaviorism believed external influences shaped behavior
erich fromm
his theory centered around the need to belong and the loneliness that freedom can bring
abraham maslow
humans are seperated from lower animals because they recognize a desire to achieve self actualization t reach their full potential
harry stack sullivan
interpersonal psychoanalysis; groundwork for enmeshed relationships, developed the Self-System, a configuration of personality traits
learning perspective
learning is the mechanical result of reinforcement
Freud
made psychoanalysis everyone struggles with an inner conflict weird guy
self efficacy
models behavior after someone
super ego
moral principle develops throughout early childhood
phenomenological perspective
one view can become a whole group's view
stages of development
oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage
extrovert
outgoing, thrives in social settings
Personality
patterns of feeling, motives, and behavior that set people apart
alfred adler
people are motivated to overcome feelings of inferiority
socialization
people learn socially socially desirable behavior of their particular culture
projection
people see their own faults in others
social cognitive theory
personality is shaped and learning is acquired by interacting with the environment, different behavior, and personal factors
sociocultural perspective
perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture
Id
pleasure principle develops at birth
libido
psychological energy that needs to be released
repression
pushes away threatening thoughts or ideas into the unconscious
b.f skinner
radical behaviorism believed that we should pay attention to outer behavior not inner behavior
self actualization
reaching full potential
ego
reality principle develops when a child's demands for instant gratification cannot be met
regression
return to an earlier or less advanced condition or developmental stage when faced with anxiety
introvert
shy, reserved, typically self centered
displacement
someone takes stress from one area of their life and applies it elsewhere
Raymond Cattell
source traits (underlying traits), surface traits (what we see)
Trait Theory
study of human personality
inferiority complex
the need to compensate for physical problems
defense mechanisms
used to avoid emotions or ideas that will cause anxiety
rationalization
uses self deception to justify unacceptable ideas or behaviors
reaction formation
when people act contrary to their true feelings ("Grease")
sublimation
when someone channels their behavior into a socially acceptable activity
Denial
when someone refuses to accept the reality of a situation