Psychology Chapter 1 Guided Reading

Ethnic group

A group of people who share a common religion, color, or national origin.

Social-learning theory

Theory that suggests people can change their environments and that people can learn intentionally by observing others.

Any action that other people can observe or measure

behavior

Psychologists study human __________ by observing and measuring how people act.

behavior

Emphasizes the influence of biology on human behavior.

biological perspective

"I am the field of psychology that deals with evaluating psychological problems, such as anxiety or depression, and helping people overcome it."

clinical

Emphasizes the role that thoughts play in determining behavior.

cognitive perspective

Branch of psychology that studies social systems that promote and foster individual well-being for members of a community.

community psyhcology

Psychologists can use psychological _______________ to learn about aspects of human behavior that cannot be measured.

constructs

"I am the field of psychology that helps mainly people who have adjustment problems.

counseling psychologist

Branch of psychology that focuses on behavior and mental processes under different cultural conditions.

cross-cultural psycholgoy

true or false: Psychologists of the [humanistic] perspective assume that mental processes are made possible by the nervous system.

false; biological

true or false: A [developmental] psychologist works within the criminal justice system.

false; forensic

true or false: Most psychologists are interested mainly in animal behavior.

false; human

true or false: The [social sciences], such as chemistry and physics, are concerned with the nature of the physical world.

false; natural sciences

true or false: A [psychologist] is a medical doctor who specializes in the treatment of psychological problems and can prescribe medication for clients.

false; psychiatrist

true or false: The [evolutionary] perspective is rooted in the ideas of Sigmund Freud.

false; psychoanalytic

true or false: Human society and the nature and interactions of individuals are the focus of the [physical sciences], including history and economics.

false; social sciences

true or false: The [learning] perspective stresses the effects of ethnicity, culture, gender, and culture on behavior and mental processes.

false; socio-cultural

Branch of psychology that examines the relationships between behavior and physical health.

health psychology

Branch of psychology that deals with people and work.

industrial psycholgoy

Some psychologists believe that ___________, or looking within, is one way to learn about ourselves.

introspection

Emphasizes the effects of experience on behavior.

learning perspective

The concept of right or good conduct

morality

Psychology has roots in the _______________ sciences which attempt to explain the nature of the physical world through observation and experimentation.

natural

A basic truth or law

principle

Psychologists are interested in the ___________, or basic truths, that govern behavior and mental processes because it is concerned with the behavior and interaction of people, psychology can be considered a ____________ science.

principles; social

The school of thought called _______________ emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior.

psychoanalysis

Emphasizes the influence of unconscious forces on human behavior.

psychoanalytic

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

psychology

Branch of psychology that focuses on patients who are struggling with disabilities.

rehabilitation psychology

Emphasizes the influence of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status on behavior and mental processes.

socio-cultural perspective

The field of ___________________ is based on the discovery of the basic elements of consciousness.

structuralism

A statement that attempts to explain why things are the way they are and why they happen the way they do

theory

true or false: Members of [ethnic groups] are united by their common heritage, race, language, or common history.

true

true or false: Research that has no immediate application and is done for its own sake is called [basic] research

true

true or false: Researchers use [psychological constructs] to describe things that cannot be seen, touched, or measured directly.

true

true or false: [Cognitive activities] are mental processes, such as dreams, perceptions, thoughts, and memories.

true

true or false: [Cognitive] psychologists study mental processes to understand human nature.

true

true or false: [Geriatrics] is the branch of medicine that focuses on the diseases and problems of the elderly.

true

true or false: [Personality] psychologists identify human characteristics, or traits.

true

"I am the field of psychology concerned with the changes that occur throughout a person's life span."

Developmental psychologist

"I am the field of psychology dedicated to identifying and helping students who have problems that interfere with learning."

Educational psychologist

"I am the field of psychology that focuses on conducting research through experiments."

Experimental psychologist

__________ psychology is based on the idea that our perceptions of objects are more than the sums of their parts.

Gestalt

"I asserted that psychology was a science and must be limited to observable, measurable events, an assertion that led me to found behaviorism."

John B. Watson

Evolutionary perspective

Psychological perspective that focuses on the evolution of behavior and mental processes.

Biopsychosocial

Psychological perspective that focuses on the interaction of biological processes, psychological dispositions, and social factors.

Humanistic perspective

Psychological perspective that stresses the capacity for human self-fulfillment and the importance of consciousness, self-awareness, and the capacity to make choices.

"I founded psychoanalysis and the theory of psychodynamic thinking."

Sigmund Freud

_________________ is the scientific study of observable behavior.

Behaviorism

"I lived in ancient Greece and outlined the laws of associationism."

Aristole

"I concluded that people learn to behave in certain ways because they have received positive reinforcement for their behavior."

BF Skinner

"I disagreed with the structuralists and argued that experience is a constant stream of consciousness."

William James