Psychology Chapter 11 Social Psychology

Which of the following are factors that related to cross-cultural differences in cultural traditions and conformity?

-Differing terrain -Differing weather

Which of the following neurtransmitters and/or neurohormones are associated with prosocial behavior?

-Serotonin -Oxytocin -Dopamine

There are several factors that contribute to attraction, such as:

-Similarity -Acquaintance -Proximity

What is the definition of conformity?

A change in behavior brought about by following the standards of others.

Stereotype

A generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.

_______________ is giving aid to another person with the ultimate goal of benefiting that person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself.

Altruism

Solomon ____ carried out the classic experiment on conformity.

Asch

_________ are evaluations of people behaviors, beliefs, and concepts.

Attitudes

______________ theory seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are.

Attribution

The self-serving _______ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.

Bias

What type of love occurs later in a relationship and is characterized by strong affection we have for those with whom our lives are deeply involved?

Companionate love

____________ occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes a sense of personal responsibility.

Deindividuation

What is a key emotion involved in altruism, and happens when we feel a oneness with the emotional state of another?

Empathy

The _____ __________ effect means that the more we encounter someone (or something) the more likely we are to start liking the person or thing.

Mere exposure

Which classic study in psychology raised serious ethical concerns?

Milgram's obedience study

The influence other people have on us because we want them to like us is ____________.

Normative social influence

Milgram's classic study involving teachers, learners, and electric shock, was designed to examine the power of

Obedience

____________ is behavior that complies with the explicit demand of the individual in authority.

Obedience

What type of love is a state of intense absorption in someone that includes intense physiological arousal?

Passionate

The murder of Kitty Genovese inspired researchers to examine whether.

People are less likely to help If other people are present.

Evolutionary psychologists propose that sex differences in mate selection relate to biological differences in the production of offspring. Evolutionary psychologists have used __________ as evidence of these evolutionary differences.

Personal ads

Evolutionary psychologists propose that sex differences in mate selection relate to biological differences in the production of offspring. Evolutionary psychologists have used _____________ as evidence of these evolutionary differences.

Personal ads

__________ involves trying to change someone's attitudes and/or their behavior.

Persuasion

Group ____________ effect is the solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion.

Polarization

Evolutionary psychologists focus on gender differences in the accounting of attraction. The goal of both sexes is to ____________.

Procreate

___________ exchange theory is the equity in a relationship.

Social

____________ comparison is the process in which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people.

Social

Which of the following is NOT evidence that contradicts the evolutionary psychology perspective on attraction?

Studies that illustrate biological roles of gender.

The ____________ attribution error is the tendency to explain the behavior of others in terms of their personalities rather than aspects of the situation.

Fundamental

The ______ may be explained by the fact that, when making attributions about someone, the immediate environment is more stable and less attention grabbing than the observed person's behavior.

Fundamental attribution error

______________ is a type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternate points of view.

Groupthink

Bystander effect

The tendency for an individual to be less likely to help in an emergency when other people are present.

According to the social exchange theory, the objective of relationships is:

To minimize costs and maximize benefits

_____________ Stanford prison experiment concluded that situational factors and social roles powerfully affect human behavior

Zimbardo's

Risky shift occurs when

group decisions tend to be riskier than decisions made by an individual

When are attitudes more likely to guide behavior?

-When a person has strong attitudes -When a person is very aware of his or her own attitudes -When a person rehearses and practices his or her strong attitudes

The term social _________ describes an imitative behavior involving the spread of behaviors, emotions, and ideas. For example, this type of imitative behavior can be observed in the copying of unhealthy behaviors among adolescents like drinking and smoking.

Contagion

A negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because they are a member of that group is called ____________?

Discrimination

Social __________ is when an individual's performance improves in the presence of others.

Facilitation

True or False: In a study on physical attractiveness, researchers found that participants rated individual faces as more attractive than faces that were created by averaging up to 32 other faces.

False

____________ are cognitive shortcuts that enable us to make decisions rapidly.

Heuristics

____________ cultures value personal accomplishments and emphasize uniqueness, and have been associated with lower levels of conformity.

Individualistic

In group decision making, people who hold a minority opinion can change group opinion via __________ social influence.

Informational

The influence other people have on us because we want to be correct is referred to as _____________.

Informational social influence

A model of relationships that emphasizes the ways commitment, investment, and the availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction in a relationship, is describing which on the following?

Investment model

When participants brains were scanned as they judged pictures of people, the brain responded to judgments that were different from the group judgments as if they were __________.

Mistakes

The Stanford prison experiment

Ran for 6 days before halting due to participant safety concerns

Person Perception

Refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.

_______-___________ is the degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves.

Self-Esteem

When someone is asked to identify themselves, and they answer with the religious or ethnic group affiliations, this is stating their ______ identity.

Social

Social Cognition

The area of psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information. The way in which individuals think in social situations.

Social Psychology

The scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.

Social loafing occurs when an individual exerts less effort in a group because of the _______ accountability for individual effort.

reduced