Psychology Chapter 2 Test

What stage of sleep are you most likely experiencing if an EEG of your brain activity showed sleep spindles and K-complexes? 2 REM 1 3

2

humans have _ pairs of chromosomes. 15 23 46 78

23

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false? Sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms. Sleep deprivation has been found to lead to ADHD. Sleep deprivation is associated with obesity. Sleep deprivation can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function.

Sleep deprivation has been found to lead to ADHD.

Crack is regarded as more addictive than cocaine because it is ________. smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly cheaper, so people can afford more of it easier to get, so people can take more at once frequently smoked in combination with pharmaceuticals

Smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________. unconsciousness conscience consciousness REM sleep

conscience

Melatonin release from the pineal gland is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________. twilight; gloom pulsing light; steady light light; darkness darkness; light

darkness; light

The ________ receive(s) incoming signals from other neurons. soma terminal buttons myelin sheath dendrites

dendrites

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity. depressant hallucinogen antipsychotic stimulant

depressant

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________. schizophrenia obsessive-compulsive disorder Parkinsonâ s disease depression

depression

Which of the following is not a part sympathetic activation during the fight or flight response? adrenaline surges into the bloodstream pupils dilate heart rate and blood pressure increases digestion functions become more active

digestion functions become more active.

________theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist. dissociative jungian social-cognitive cognitive behavioral

dissociative

Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression? dopamine; acetylcholine serotonin; GABA serotonin; glutamate dopamine; norepinephrine

dopamine norepinephrine

_ is the field of study that focuses on genes and their expression. social psychology evolutionary psychology epigenetics behavioral neuroscience

epigenetics

The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off. evolution by natural selection genetic mutation behavioral genetics survivalism

evolution by natural selection

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness? cognitive behavioral Freudian evolutionary dependent

evolutionary

Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by ________. evolutionary psychologists historical psychologists behavioral geneticists behavioral psychologists

evolutionary psychologists

Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain. fissures; folds cortex; forebrain folds; grooves grooves; folds

folds; grooves

Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain. fissures; folds folds; grooves grooves; folds cortex; forebrain

folds; grooves

Parsons and her colleagues are doing a study comparing differences in brain activity levels between patients with schizophrenia and controls with no psychological disorders. Their hypothesis requires a high level of detail and good detection of differences over time. Which of the following is the best brain imaging technique to use? functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) computerized tomography (CT) scan magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) positron emission tomography (PET)

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Wendy's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendys ________ must be ________ and her fathers must be Bb. genotype; bb phenotype; Bb genotype; Bb phenotype; bb

genotype; bb

________ refers to a person's genetic makeup,while ________ refers to a person's physical characteristics. phenotype; genotype genotype; phenotype dna; gene gene dna

genotype; phenotype

The myelin sheath is made from ________. glial cells somas terminal buttons axons

glial cells

The two major hormones secreted from the pancreas are a. estrogen and progesterone b. norepinephrine and epinephrine c.thyroxine and oxytocin d. glucagon and insulin

glucose and insulin

Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish? feel someone touching her hand speak in simple words hear someone talking to her groan and move her eyes

groan and move her eyes

Mescaline is considered a(n) ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences. hallucinogenic opioid stimulant depressant

hallucinogenic

Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system? insomnia melatonin homeostasis rhythm

homeostasis

________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels. homeostasis synergy resting potential reuptake

homeostasis

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting? substantia nigra thalamus Brocaâ s area hypothalamus

hypothalamus

In a resting state, sodium (Na+) is at a higher concentration outside the cell and potassium (K+) is more concentrated inside the cell. During an action potential, the sodium levels ________ inside the cell. stay the same decrease increase only if potassium levels remain the same increase

increase

An action potential involves Na+ moving________ the cell and K+ moving ________ the cell. inside; outside outside; inside inside inside outside outside

inside outside

Mona lives on the east coast of the USA. She takes an overnight flight to the west coast to visit with family for a month; when she arrives she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from ________. night terrors homeostasis parasomnia jet lag

jet lag

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)? crying while asleep snoring while asleep talking while asleep kicking and punching while asleep

kicking and punching while asleep

Marlowe wakes up from a dream about his teeth falling out. He looks in a dream dictionary and finds losing teeth is usually dream symbolism for anxiety. Marlowe is focused on the ________ content. manifest biological latent circadian

latent

One example of ________ is the differences between hemispheres in the areas underlying language function. lateralization brain organization synaptogenesis Wernicke's area

lateralization

Which of the following senses is not first routed through the thalamus? taste smell vision audition

smell

Shoresh suggests that Ted cluck like a chicken during the hypnosis not because he is experiencing an altered state of consciousness but because he is playing the role of a hypnotized person. This is a good example of the ________ theory of hypnosis. dissociative hypnotic mediation social-cognitive cognitive-behavioral

social-cognitive

Our ability to make our legs move as we walkacross the room is controlled by the ________nervous system. autonomic somatic sympathetic parasympathetic

somatic

Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary. sympathetic somatic parasympathetic autonomic

somatic

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity. depressant antipsychotic stimulant hallucinogen

stimulant

Which of the following is not a structure of the forebrain? thalamus hippocampus amygdala substantia nigra

substantia nigra

Jeremy has Parkinsons disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor skills. In addition to motor symptoms, Jeremy has noticed changes in his mood. It is likely that Jeremy's ________ is producing less ________ than it needs to. substantia nigra; dopamine motor cortex; acetylcholine motor cortex; dopamine substantia nigra; acetylcholine

substantia nigra; dopamine

Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________. falls asleep in the middle of the day sleeps more than 12 hours in a 24-hour period suffers from chronic sleep deprivation suffers from insomnia due to large amounts of debt

suffers from chronic sleep deprivation

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration. parasympathetic somatic autonomic sympathetic

sympathetic

The space between two neurons is called the ________. soma synapse vesicle terminal button

synapse

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing ________. motor information to body areas, such as arms, legs, and face temperature, touch, and pain language, such as speech cognition and emotion

temperature, touch, and pain

The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system. axons; terminal buttons dendrites; synaptic vesicles terminal buttons; transport proteins terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

The ________ is a sensory relay station where all sensory information, except for smell, goes before being sent to other areas of the brain for further processing. amygdala hippocampus hypothalamus thalamus

thalamus

Which theory of dreams suggested that they do not, in fact, have any meaning at all but rather are simply the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural firing that occurs while we sleep? The neo-dissociationist view The activation-information-mode model The activation-synthesis model The wish fulfillment approach

the activation synthesis model

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same effect. This is an example of ________. tolerance withdrawal psychological dependence physical dependence

tolerance

A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ________. be twice as strong travel twice as fast down the axon undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration last twice as long

undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration

Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________. usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors report no memory of the events that occurred during the period they were hypnotized can be coerced into harming themselves and others by a skilled hypnotist usually do not have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are not in control of their own behaviors

usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ________. A disruption in signals that regulate breathing, which are sent from the brain, cause periods of interrupted breathing. An individual dreams she cannot breathe and wakes up in a panic. An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep. Signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing are blocked in the hypothalamus.

An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep.

What occurs during stage 1 sleep? Our respiration slows down while our heartbeat quickens. Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down. Our respiration quickens while our heartbeat slows down. Both our respiration and heartbeat quicken.

Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain? Wernicke area hippocampus Broca's area thalamus

Broca's area

Which psychodynamic theorist proposed the idea of a collective unconscious that is shared by all members of the human species? Carl Jung John Hobson Sigmund Freud Rosalind Cartwright

Carl Jung

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer? Rosalind Cartwright Sigmund Freud Carl Jung John Hobson

Rosalind Cartwright

Henry Gustav Molaison (H. M.) had brain surgery for which of the following reasons? He was born with an extra area of the cortex. He had severe seizures. He suffered serious symptoms as a result of having polio. He had encephalitis as a child.

He had severe seizures

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gageâ s accident, which led to brain injury? Temporal lobe injury causes people to be incapable of controlling their emotional impulses. Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, but specific brain areas are not linked to specific behaviors. Injury to the frontal lobe does not affect behavior. Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is false? It renders the maintenance of a normal circadian cycle difficult. It refers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a regular basis. It carries a much higher risk of leading to substance abuse. It can result in sleeping problems.

It carries a much higher risk of leading to substance abuse.

A(n) ________ uses magnetic fields to create pictures of a given tissue. EEG MRI PET CT

MRI

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep. night terrors REM non-REM NREM

REM

Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children? They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with emotions. They decrease neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with hyperactivity. They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. They decrease neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control.

They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control.

Damage to the ________ disrupts one's ability to comprehend language, but it leaves one's ability to produce words intact. amygdala Broca's Area Wernicke's Area occipital lobe

Wernicke's Area

Which of the following is not a risk factor for SIDS? smoking in the home premature birth hyperthermia above average birth weight

above average birth weight

A(n) ________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the neurons cell body down the axon to the axon terminals. depolarization hyperpolarization threshold of excitation action potential

action potential

The ________ gland secretes epinephrine. a. adrenal b. thyroid c. pituitary d. master

adrenal

A(n) ________ facilitates or mimics the activity of a given neurotransmitter system. axon ssri agonist antagonist

agonist

Stage 1 sleep is characterized by a predominance of ________ wave activity in the brain. alpha beta delta kappa

alpha

Stage 1 sleep is characterized by a predominance of ________ wave activity in the brain. beta kappa delta alpha

alpha

Which is the main type of chemical messengers secreted by the male gonads? estrogens androgens endorphins dopamine

androgens

________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation. norepinephrine acetylcholine beta-endorphin GABA

beta-endorphin

Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a(n) ________ rhythm. biological lucid heterostatic suprachiasmatic

biological

Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a(n) ________ rhythm. suprachiasmatic biological heterostatic lucid

biological

The central nervous system is comprised of ___. sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems organs and glands somatic and autonomic nervous systems brain and spinal cord

brain and spinal cord

Which of the following brain processes is not a function of the cerebral cortex? reasoning breathing memory emotion

breathing

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________. autonomic; sympathetic nervous systems central; peripheral nervous systems parasympathetic; sympathetic nervous systems autonomic; somatic nervous systems

central; peripheral nervous systems

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________. chromosomes; DNA chromosomes; genes genes; DNA DNA; genes

chromosomes; DNA

Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different ________. chromatins chronologies chromotropes chronotypes

chronotypes

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world. circadian melatonin external diurnal

circadian

Which one of the following processes does not occur to excess neurotransmitters in the synapse? collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release reuptake drifting away from the synapse break down into inactive fragments

collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release

Randolf is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. He suddenly has vivid memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of his parent's hands, and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. This is because the sense of smell projects directly to the ________, which is responsible for emotional memories. medulla frontal ganglia limbic system reward pathway

limbic system

A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness. cognizance insomnia narcolepsy meditation

meditation

The ________ is the difference in charge between the intracellular and extracellular space of a neuron. extracellular fluid resting potential membrane potential intracellular fluid

membrane potential

Hyperpolarization means that the ________. potassium gates open sodium gates open membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential membrane potential becomes more positive than the resting potential

membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential.

Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place? difficulty comprehending language motor skill deficits in the left side of her body sensory deficits in the right side of her body difficulty producing language

motor skill deficits in the left side of her body

A(n) ________ is a sudden, permanent change in a sequence of DNA allele chromosome epigenetic mutation

mutation

Multiple sclerosis involves a breakdown of the _. soma myelin sheath synaptic vesicles dendrites

myelin sheath

Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________. narcolepsy insomnia night terrors restless leg syndrome

narcolepsy

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldnâ t resist falling asleep. Samek may have ________. damage to his K-complex narcolepsy REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) somnambulism

narcolepsy

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have? narcolepsy night terrors restless leg syndrome sleep apnea

night terrors

Dmitris is in a car accident and his parietal lobe is injured. Which of the following is the most likely behavioral effect of his accident? blindness no sensation in his legs and feet Wernickeâ s aphasia a loss of both his sense of taste and his sense of smell

no sensation in his legs and feet

People who have their corpus callosum severed for medical reasons would be able to tell you about which images shown to ________. neither visual field only the right visual field only the left visual field both visual fields

only the right visual field

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________. lucid dreaming somnambulism protoconsciousness parasomnias

parasomnias

The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract. somatic autonomic sympathetic parasympathetic

parasympathetic

If your ________ is activated, you will feel relatively at ease. somatic nervous system sympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system spinal cord

parasympathetic nervous system

The ________ secretes hormones that regulate the body's fluid levels. adrenal pituary testis thyroid

pituitary

The ________ secretes messenger hormones that direct the function of the rest of the endocrine glands. ovary thyroid pituitary pancreas

pituitary

Ainsley is participating in a study that aims to determine whether the occipital cortex becomes more active in response to moving versus stationary stimuli. When she arrives at the lab, she ingests a â tracerâ and then enters the scanning machine. What type of brain imaging is most likely being conducted in this study? positron emission tomography (PET) magnet resonance imaging (MRI) electroencephalograph (EEG) computerized tomography (CT) scan

positron emission tomography (PET)

sympathetic activation is associated with pupil dilation storage of glucose in the liver increase heart rate both A and C

pupil dilation & increase heart rate

________ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall. range of reaction evolutionary psychology behavioral genetics environmental psychology

range of reaction